The Future of Affective Science special issue covered a broad range of topics, ranging from the valuation and experience of emotions to their expression and regulation. Despite the breadth of these topics, consideration of diverse contexts was limited in that most studies relied on Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) samples and/or failed to explore the rich diversity present in those countries with vast population heterogeneity. We argue that a more systematic approach is essential to advance theory and research on how diverse contexts impact and interact with different components of emotion processes. Specifically, future research should compare a wider range of cultures; examine the interplay between culture, individual, and situation; and transcend the traditional Eastern/Western or WEIRD/non-WEIRD dichotomy and other group comparisons by embracing a dimensional approach to diverse contexts. We provide concrete examples of how leveraging these three approaches to expand the scope of diverse contexts can benefit the future development of affective science, a field heavily impacted by sociocultural context.

Diversity climate is associated with numerous outcomes across psychological, physical, and occupational domains. The Diversity Climate Scale (DCS) was created to measure diversity climate perceptions among individuals with diverse and complex social identities, with a range of importance ascribed to those identities, and across diverse contexts (proximal and distal environments). The DCS was constructed and examined across four separate studies. Study 1 presents the development of the scale, preliminary factor structure, and convergent validity. Studies 2 and 3 confirmed the factor structure of the DCS and established the convergent and divergent validity with increasingly generalizable samples. Study 4 extended these analyses with a community sample, examined the predictive validity of the measure, and demonstrated that favorable proximal and distal diversity climate differed significantly across groups with different constellations of marginalized identities and differences in the importance ascribed to those identities. When controlling for lifetime discrimination, perceiving a more positive proximal climate was consistently associated with decreased depressive symptoms and increased life satisfaction, while perceptions of distal climate interacted with proximal climate and discrimination to predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Applications of the DCS and considerations for future research are discussed.

College students consume alcohol based on different motivations, and past research indicates that these drinking motives can differentially predict alcohol-related consequences. However, little is known about how drinking motives and consequences operate in Latinx individuals and other ethnic minority groups. The present study examined social drinking motives and their links to drinking consequences and problematic drinking in a college sample. Participants were 106 Latinx, Asian/Asian American, and European American undergraduates. Social motives were positively and significantly linked to drinking outcomes, but these main effects were qualified by an interaction between social motives and ethnicity on drinking outcomes, such that greater social motives was significantly linked to problematic drinking and drinking consequences for European Americans, but not for Latinx or Asian/Asian American participants. Implications for theory and intervention are discussed.

Objectives: Mindfulness programs are increasingly popular, yet little is known about how individuals perceive mindfulness: its origins, how it is learned, its functions, and practitioners. Using methods from Cultural Consensus Theory (CCT), the present study sought to examine whether a cultural consensus on mindfulness exists among early adults in the US, and what the content of that consensus might be.Methods: College-attending early adults aged 18-25 (Study 1 N = 275 – convenience sample; Study 2 N = 210 – nationally representative sample) completed questionnaires on beliefs about mindfulness, exposure to mindfulness, and demographics. Data were analyzed using a CCT-derived Bayesian cognitive psychometric model.Results: Early adults converged on a cultural consensus about mindfulness in both studies, and the content of this consensus was also replicated. Participants consensually agreed that mindfulness has Buddhist origins, is both spiritual (but not religious) and secular; takes patience to learn and a lifetime to master; is an antidote to suffering, but also gives one a competitive edge in the business world; is practiced more by women, and less by Conservatives. Prior exposure to mindfulness was related to greater knowledge of this cultural consensus.Conclusions: Early adults view mindfulness as a universal practice that people their age can learn, that serves both spiritual and instrumental functions, and that is not limited to wealthy or White people. Results provide useful information that can inform debates about mindfulness in the US, and guide practical efforts to increase inclusivity and participation in such programs for early adults in future.

The biological processes that occur in the real world have complex dynamics. Mathematical models that try to describe these phenomena have nonlinear structures, observations are made at discrete time points and include measurement errors, and are difficult to estimate. In particular, when modeling dynamics of repeated measurements on individuals or objects, they are analyzed by mixed-effects diffusion models. The standard estimation methods in these cases are: maximum likelihood, EM, SAEM, Newton Raphson, among others. In this paper we propose a specific inference methodology for models. Apply extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to the estimation of both states and parameters of nonlinear state-space models. To illustrate the methodology, the states and parameters of an Ornstein- Uhlembeck (O-U) mixed-effects model were estimated, obtaining precise estimates with small standard deviations. To measure the estimation quality of the algorithms was used as a measure of goodness-of-fit known as the square root of the mean quadratic error, obtaining very small errors.

Consideramos un modelo de efectos mixtos general, donde la variabilidad de los efectos aleatorios de los individuos o unidades experimentales son incorporados a través de una ecuación diferencial estocástica. Estos modelos son útiles para analizar simultáneamente datos de medidas repetidas tomadas en tiempo discreto y con errores. Se implementó un algoritmo Monte Carlo por cadenas de Markov para hacer la inferencia a posteriori. Se realizó un análisis de diagnóstico sobre los parámetros estimados para detectar si el modelo es adecuado y mostrar su convergencia, además se muestran las trazas y las densidades estimadas a posteriori. La metodología se ilustró empleando datos sintéticos.

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe examined whether two key emotion regulation strategies, cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, moderated the relations between discrimination (i.e., foreigner objectification and general denigration) and adjustment.MethodsParticipants were U.S. Latino/a and Asian‐heritage college students (N = 1,279, 67% female, 72% U.S. born) from the Multi‐Site University Study of Identity and Culture (MUSIC). Students completed online self‐report surveys in 2009.ResultsMulti‐group path analysis demonstrated that a fully constrained model fit well for both Latino/a and Asian‐heritage student data. The results showed that with increasing levels of denigration (but not foreigner objectification), the combination of lower cognitive reappraisal and higher expressive suppression was related to greater depressive symptoms, anxiety, and aggression.ConclusionsOur findings highlight the importance of examining multiple emotion regulation strategies simultaneously—considering what strategies are available to individuals and in what combination they are used—to understand how best to deal with negative emotions resulting from experiencing discrimination.

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of Latino mental health with an emphasis on the relationship between acculturation and mental illness. The problematic pattern of limited mental health literacy and access to care (e.g., via insurance) resulting in limited care is underscored, as is needed attention to trauma-informed care and major depression. Effective socioculturally responsive mental health care is reviewed, including integrated behavioral health care (IBHC), and culturally adapted evidence-based practice. The chapter also demonstrates that promotores de salud [community health care workers] represent an especially effective cultural resource capable of supporting and leading mental health interventions within Latino communities.

This work gives lower and upper bounds on the effective energy density W̃ of a two phase composites material composed by a periodical mixed of two nonlinear homogeneous isotropic dielectric materials in prescribed proportion. These bounds are given as a function of θ, which is the volume fraction of the material with lowest dielectric constant in the mixture. The dielectric constant conductivity of the k−material are given respectively by ν1(z) = α1|z| , ν2(z) = α2|z|, where 0 < α1 < α2 and 1 < p <∞ . For anisotropic composites the bounds are given in the form Φ(p, r, θ) ≤ ∼ ∫ Sr W̃ ≤ Ψ(p, r, θ) , where the functions Φ,Ψ reduce smoothly to the optimal lower and upper bound of the linear composite when p→ 2. The method to obtain this bounds, in the case p 6= 2, follows a generalization of the Hashin–Shtrikman variational principles constructed from a comparison medium which is in general nonlinear and reduces to linear when p = 2. Resumen. Este trabajo da cotas inferiores y superiores para la densidad de enerǵıa eficaz W̃ de un material compuesto de dos fases, constituido por una mezcla periódica de dos materiales dieléctricos isotrópicos homogéneos no lineales en proporción prescrita. Estas cotas son dadas como una función de θ, que es la fracción de volumen del material con constante dieléctrica más bajo en la mezcla. La constante dieléctrica de conductividad del k-material se dan, respectivamente, por ν1(z) = α1|z| , ν2(z) = α2|z|, 56 G. Tepedino, J. Quintero, E. Marquina, J. Soto. donde 0 < α1 < α2 y 1 < p <∞. Para compuestos anisotrópicos los ĺımites se dan en la forma Φ(p, r, θ) ≤ ∼ ∫ Sr W̃ ≤ Ψ(p, r, θ) , donde las funciones Φ,Ψ se reducen suavemente a la cota inferior y superior del compuesto lineal cuando p→ 2. El método para obtener estas cotas, en el caso p 6= 2, sigue de una generalización de los principios variacionales de Hashin–Shtrikman construido a partir de un medio de comparación que es en general no lineal y se reduce al lineal cuando p = 2.

We tested the hypothesis that African Americans wou ld show greater anxiety than their European American counterparts when entering labora tory research settings. We examined subjective and physiological anxiety measures obtai ned both inside and outside the research laboratory from 126 African Americans and 147 Europ ean Americans in three separate studies. Consistent with our hypotheses, African Americans r epo ted experiencing significantly more baseline anxiety and showed greater baseline physio logical arousal consistent with anxiety than European Americans. These differences were evident when controlling for anxiety observed outside of the research setting as well as baseline differ ences in overall emotional experience. Our findings highlight the need to cons ider laboratory-induced anxiety as a potential confound in studies involving African Americans. Th is may be especially important in race comparison studies in which undetected baseline anx iety could alter the interpretation of subsequent race comparisons.

We tested the hypothesis that African Americans would show greater anxiety than their European American counterparts when entering laboratory research settings. We examined subjective and physiological anxiety measures obtained both inside and outside the research laboratory from 126 African Americans and 147 European Americans in three separate studies. Consistent with our hypotheses, African Americans reported experiencing significantly more baseline anxiety and showed greater baseline physiological arousal consistent with anxiety than European Americans. These differences were evident when controlling for anxiety observed outside of the research setting as well as baseline differences in overall emotional experience. Our findings highlight the need to consider laboratory-induced anxiety as a potential confound in studies involving African Americans. This may be especially important in race comparison studies in which undetected baseline anxiety could alter the interpretation of subsequent race comparisons.

TOPIC Juvenile mental health courts for adjudicated youth. PURPOSE To describe the role of psychiatric nurses in reducing mental health disparities for adjudicated youth via juvenile mental health courts. SOURCES ISI Web of Knowledge; Sage Journals Online; HighWire; PubMed; Google Scholar and Wiley Online Library and websites for psychiatric nursing organizations. Years included: 2000-2010. CONCLUSIONS Juvenile mental health courts may provide a positive and effective alternative to incarceration for youth with mental health problems with psychiatric nurses playing a key role in program implementation.

In this chapter we first review theories of emotion that are most relevant to a consideration of the roles of biology and culture. We then review the existing cross-cultural and crossethnic research relevant to these theories, with particular emphasis on studies that have actually measured biological responses that occur during emotional reactions. We conclude by presenting a revised version of our earlier biocultural model of emotion (Levenson, 2003) that allows for both biological and cultural influences, and that is informed by existing empirical data.

The present study tested whether empathic accuracy and physiological linkage during an emotion recognition task are facilitated by a cultural match between rater and target (cultural advantage model) or unaffected (cultural equivalence model). Participants were 161 college students of African American, Chinese American, European American, or Mexican American ethnicity. To assess empathic accuracy-knowing what another person is feeling-participant's (raters) used a rating dial to provide continuous, real-time ratings of the valence and intensity of emotions being experienced by 4 strangers (targets). Targets were African American, Chinese American, European American, or Mexican American women who had been videotaped having a conversation with their dating partner in a previous study and had rated their own feelings during the interaction. Empathic accuracy was defined as the similarity between ratings of the videotaped interactions obtained from raters and targets. To assess emotional empathy-feeling what another person is feeling-we examined physiological linkage (similarity between raters' and targets' physiology). Our findings for empathic accuracy supported the cultural equivalence model, while those for physiological linkage provided some support for the cultural advantage model.

A prenatal intervention designed to prevent the onset of major depressive episodes (MDEs) during pregnancy and postpartum was pilot tested at a public sector women’s clinic. The Mamás y Bebés/Mothers and Babies Course is an intervention developed in Spanish and English that uses a cognitive-behavioral mood management framework, and incorporates social learning concepts, attachment theory, and socio-cultural issues. The four goals of this project were to develop the intervention, assess its acceptability, test the feasibility of conducting a randomized trial with public sector patients, and obtain estimates of its effect size. Forty-one pregnant women at high risk for developing MDEs were randomized to the Mothers and Babies Course (n = 21) or a comparison condition (n = 20). Assessments occurred during pregnancy and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum. Differences in terms of depression symptom levels or incidence of MDEs between the two groups did not reach statistical significance in this pilot trial. However, the MDE incidence rates of 14% for the intervention condition versus 25% for the comparison condition represent a small effect size (h = 0.28) that will be further examined in a larger scale study. The intervention was well received by the participants and implementation of a randomized trial appeared quite feasible as indicated by our follow-up rate of 91% at 12 months. Implications for the continuing development of preventive interventions for perinatal depression are discussed.

Background: The authors' goal was to pilot test a newly developed manual-based group psychotherapy, called Integrated Group Therapy (IGT), for patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence.Method: In this open trial, patients with DSM-IV bipolar disorder and substance dependence (N = 45) were recruited in sequential blocks to receive either group therapy (N = 21) or 6 monthly assessments, but no experimental treatment (N = 24).Results: When compared with patients who did not receive group therapy, patients who received IGT had significantly better outcomes on the Addiction Severity Index drug composite score (p < .03), percentage of months abstinent (p < .01), and likelihood of achieving 2 (p < .002) or 3 (p < .004) consecutive abstinent months.Conclusion: IGT is a promising treatment for patients with bipolar disorder and substance dependence, who have traditionally had poor outcomes. It is unclear, however, how much of the improvement among the group therapy patients is attributable to the specific content of the treatment. A study comparing this treatment with another active psychotherapy treatment is warranted.

BACKGROUNDThis study examined patterns of medication compliance and reasons for noncompliance among patients with bipolar disorder and substance use disorder.METHODForty-four patients with current bipolar disorder and substance use disorder were administered a structured interview regarding lifetime compliance with prescribed psychotropic medications.RESULTSPatients who were prescribed both lithium and valproate were significantly (p = .03) more likely to report full compliance with valproate than with lithium. Side effects were the most common reason for lithium noncompliance, but were not cited as a reason for valproate noncompliance. Also, a common pattern of noncompliance among patients prescribed benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, and tricyclic antidepressants was the use of more medication than prescribed.CONCLUSIONValproate may have greater acceptability than lithium among patients with bipolar disorder and substance use disorder. Clinicians should also be aware that these patients may take higher doses of medication than prescribed.