Context is essential in virtually all human activities. Yet some logical notions seem to be context-free. For example, the nature of the universal quantifier, the very meaning of “all”, seems to be independent of the context. At the same time, there are many quantifier expressions, and some are context-independent, while others are not. Similarly, purely logical consequence seems to be context-independent. Yet often we encounter strong inferences, good enough for practical purposes, but not valid. The two types of examples suggest a general problem: how to characterise the context-free logical concepts in their natural environment, that is, in the field of their context-dependent associates. A general Thesis on Quantifiers is formulated: among all quantifiers, the context-free ones are just those definable by the universal quantifier. The issue of inferences is treated following the approach introduced by Richard L. Epstein: valid ones are an extreme case, the result of the disappearance of context-dependence. This idea can be applied to an analysis of a form of abduction, called “reductive inference” in Polish literature on logic. A tentative Thesis on Inferences identifies the validity of a strong inference that is context-independent.

Supplementary Figure 4 from Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activator RHEB Is Frequently Overexpressed in Human Carcinomas and Is Critical and Sufficient for Skin Epithelial Carcinogenesis

Supplementary Figure 1-7 from Increased Expression of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase RNF5 Is Associated with Decreased Survival in Breast Cancer

Supplementary Figure 5 from Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activator RHEB Is Frequently Overexpressed in Human Carcinomas and Is Critical and Sufficient for Skin Epithelial Carcinogenesis

Supplementary Figure 3 from Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activator RHEB Is Frequently Overexpressed in Human Carcinomas and Is Critical and Sufficient for Skin Epithelial Carcinogenesis

Supplementary Figure 1 from Mitochondrial/Cell-Surface Protein p32/gC1qR as a Molecular Target in Tumor Cells and Tumor Stroma

Supplementary Figures S1-S11 from Preclinical Studies of Celastrol and Acetyl Isogambogic Acid in Melanoma

Supplementary Figure 7 from Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activator RHEB Is Frequently Overexpressed in Human Carcinomas and Is Critical and Sufficient for Skin Epithelial Carcinogenesis

Supplementary Figure 1 from Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activator RHEB Is Frequently Overexpressed in Human Carcinomas and Is Critical and Sufficient for Skin Epithelial Carcinogenesis

Supplementary Figure 2 from Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activator RHEB Is Frequently Overexpressed in Human Carcinomas and Is Critical and Sufficient for Skin Epithelial Carcinogenesis

After the 1968 emigration, very few Jews remained in Poland, and even more miniscule was the number of “Jewish Jews.” Since then the number has grown somewhat, and much of it is due to the process of de-assimilation; i.e., some people with Jewish ancestors raised in completely Polonized families began to recover, reclaim, and readapt their Jewish background. An analysis of this phenomenon is offered with a series of putative reasons for its occurrence. The individuals constituting the “products” of de-assimilation are the majority of Polish Jews today and form much of the current leadership. While individuals everywhere can strengthen their ties to the Jewish people and can experience teshuvah or another kind of “Judaization,” the process of de-assimilation does not seem to be reducible to those moves. It begins with no Jewish identity, and is highly dependent on the attitudes and cultural trends in the majority society. It does not remove the de-assimilationists from the majority culture. The phenomenon is general and deserves to be studied as a sociological mechanism working in other cases of assimilation to a majority culture. In the Jewish case, it is especially dramatic. Probably the first example can be found in the evolution of the Marrano communities settled in Holland. The presence of de-assimilation seems to differentiate some European, first of all East European, communities from the globally dominant American and Israeli ones. Probably this rather new concept is needed to describe a significant part of the world of the Jews of twenty-first century Europe.

Supplementary Table 2 from Molecular Signature of MT1-MMP: Transactivation of the Downstream Universal Gene Network in Cancer

Sometimes an oscillation takes place between two incompatible approaches to an experienced situation: from one to another, then back and then again, and again. The oscillation is not an additional ingredient but an essential aspect of the situation. Both approaches are needed: by assuming one of them the participant is led to understand the need of the other. A process of this kind occurs in interfaith dialogue: we oscillate between considering the other religion from an objective standpoint and perceiving it from the perspective of my own religion. Some kind of oscillation is present in other situations. Several examples are given to show that the process can be seen as familiar even though it has hardly been identified as a separate phenomenon to be analyzed. According to the present author, it is related to but possibly distinct from complementarity as it is known in physics. A preliminary attempt is made to formulate the logic of the oscillation process, which can be called sequential paraclassical logic.

Supplementary Figure and Table Legends from Mitochondrial/Cell-Surface Protein p32/gC1qR as a Molecular Target in Tumor Cells and Tumor Stroma

Multiplex arrays designed for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) are robust and cost-effective for profiling biomarkers. Identification of relevant biomarkers in biological matrices or fluids helps in the understanding of disease pathogenesis. Here, we describe a sandwich ELISA-based multiplex assay to assess growth factor and cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples derived from multiple sclerosis patients, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, and control subjects without any neurological disorder. Results indicate that multiplex assay designed for the sandwich ELISA method is a unique, robust, and cost-effective method for profiling growth factors and cytokines present in CSF samples.

RHEB cancer expression and clinico-pathological data from Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activator RHEB Is Frequently Overexpressed in Human Carcinomas and Is Critical and Sufficient for Skin Epithelial Carcinogenesis

Supplementary Figure 6 from Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Activator RHEB Is Frequently Overexpressed in Human Carcinomas and Is Critical and Sufficient for Skin Epithelial Carcinogenesis

The plasminogen activation system regulates the activity of the serine protease, plasmin. The role of plasminogen receptors in cancer progression is being increasingly appreciated as key players in modulation of the tumor microenvironment. The interaction of plasminogen with cells to promote plasminogen activation requires the presence of proteins exposing C-terminal lysines on the cell surface. Plg-RKT is a structurally unique plasminogen receptor because it is an integral membrane protein that is synthesized with and binds plasminogen via a C-terminal lysine exposed on the cell surface. Here, we have investigated the expression of Plg-RKT in human breast tumors and human breast cancer cell lines. Breast cancer progression tissue microarrays were probed with anti-Plg-RKT mAB and we found that Plg-RKT is widely expressed in human breast tumors, that its expression is increased in tumors that have spread to draining lymph nodes and distant organs, and that Plg-RKT expression is most pronounced in hormone receptor (HR)-positive tumors. Plg-RKT was detected by Western blotting in human breast cancer cell lines. By flow cytometry, Plg-RKT cell surface expression was highest on the most aggressive tumor cell line. Future studies are warranted to address the functions of Plg-RKT in breast cancer.

Growth factors and cytokines play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The shift in the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines contributes toward autoimmunity. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) are elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of MS and ALS patients. Identification of relevant biomarkers helps in the understanding of the disease pathogenesis. The goal is to establish a sandwich ELISA-based multiplex assay to assess growth factor and cytokine levels in CSF samples from MS and ALS patients. Capture antibodies against EGF, FGF, IFN-gamma, IL-6, IL-1beta and IL-4 imprinted in a multiplex array format into each well of a 96-well plate. Arrays subjected to multiplex sandwich ELISA of CSF samples. Test samples included CSF from Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS, N = 10), Secondary Progressive MS (SPMS, N = 10) and ALS patients [N=10]. Control samples included CSF from healthy subjects [N=10]. Colorimetric read-outs from multiplex ELISA are quantified using ImageJ analysis of standards and samples. Results suggest that multiplex array designed for ELISA is a unique, robust, and a cost-effective method for profiling growth factors and cytokines present in biological matrices. [*In memoriam: abstract submitted as a tribute to honor Dr. Barbara Tomik for her valuable contributions towards the collection and preparation of patient samples].