Beekeeping serves as a vital supplementary livelihood for farmers, contributing to both economic gains and agricultural sustainability. This study examines the adoption of beekeeping practices among farmers in Haryana, identifying the factors influencing their engagement and challenges faced in the process. Data were collected through structured interviews with farmers across selected districts, focusing on variables. The findings revealed that majority of farmers (56.67%) prefer alternative occupations over beekeeping, citing limited family support (23.33%), socio-cultural constraints (13.33%) and lack of land and resources (58.66%) as key barriers. Additionally, financial challenges, including insufficient funds (65.33%) and lack of loan facilities (42.00%), hinder adoption. The majority of farmers (94.67%) cited low initial investment as a major motivator, followed by low labour requirements (92.66%) and minimal technical demands (89.33%). The study emphasizes the need for enhanced policy support, capacity-building initiatives and improved market connectivity to boost the adoption and sustainability of beekeeping. In this regard, the main challenges are securing comprehensive and reliable data on beekeeping practices and adoption rates among farmers in Haryana. These insights aim to guide stakeholders in promoting beekeeping as a viable and sustainable livelihood option in Haryana.

The Indian economy, heavily reliant on agriculture, faces challenges due to increasing population pressure and declining landholding sizes, pushing farmers to diversify their income sources. Beekeeping, requiring minimal capital investment and leveraging natural resources like nectar and pollen, emerges as a viable alternative. This study, conducted in Kaithal, Kurukshetra, and Karnal districts of Haryana, aimed to assess farmers’ knowledge of beekeeping practices. A total of 150 respondents were surveyed using structured interviews and secondary data sources. The results revealed that most beekeepers had a moderate to high knowledge of various aspects of beekeeping, including honey production, bee flora, and biological aspects. Socio-economic factors such as age, education, social participation, and media exposure significantly influenced knowledge levels. Beekeeping not only enhances crop productivity through pollination but also offers employment opportunities, making it an essential strategy for rural development. The study emphasizes the potential of beekeeping in uplifting smallholder farmers and mitigating the limitations of traditional agriculture.

Collective efforts are recommended in order to ensure that dairy workers have equal employment opportunity and a comparable wage structure. The government should provide support in terms of technology upgrade and services infrastructure. There is high level of participation among women in indoor activities such as feeding animals, providing water, cleaning sheds, milking, and processing milk products. Nevertheless, their participation in outdoor activities, including fodder cutting and marketing milk and milk products, is low since mobility is restricted, technical skill is limited, patriarchal, social, cultural, and religious constraints are present. There was a wide variation in the participation of men and women in dairy activities based on household categories (apart from landholding sizes). Family members across the households had difficulty communicating with one another. Among participants in the study, there was a weak correlation between their participation in the study and the improvement of their livelihoods.

This study presents a sociological appraisal of the working conditions experienced by agricultural women labourers in rural Haryana. We explore the multifaceted challenges faced by women engaged in agricultural work in this region. Our analysis highlights the intersectionality of gender, economics and social dynamics in shaping the experiences of agricultural women labourers. Despite contributing significantly to agricultural production and household economies, women often receive lower wages, lack job security and endure harsh working conditions. The Study was conducted on 140 respondents from two districts named Jhajjar and Fatehabad of Haryana state. Analysis clearly revealed that more than three-fourth of the respondents (76.42%) reported long and irregular working hours followed by exposure to harsh weather (75.00%) and gender discrimination (67.85%). In conclusion, this study underscores the urgent need for targeted interventions and policy reforms to address the systemic inequalities faced by agricultural women labourers in rural Haryana. By promoting gender equality, enforcing labour rights, and improving access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, policymakers can work towards creating more equitable and empowering environments for women in rural agricultural communities.

Drip irrigation is an efficient method of watering and has significant impact on the growth of fruits crops. The present study was undertaken to assess the knowledge and adoption level of drip irrigation in guava crop among farmers of Haryana state. Majority of farmers belonged to 36 to 50 years age group (60.00%), general castes (82.50%), educated up to graduation and above (67.50%), having no membership of social organization (70.00%), belonged to joint families (67.50%), having high income (40.00%) and having medium family size and high mass media exposure (67.50%). Knowledge level of majority of sampled farmers was high (65.00%) followed by moderate (25.00%) level. Forty five percent farmers had high adoption level and 35 percent had moderate level. A number of socioeconomic characteristics, including age, land ownership, income, exposure to mass media, education, and socioeconomic position, have been found to be strongly correlated with the degree of awareness and use of drip irrigation in guava crops. The conclusion is that in order to see a broader adoption of micro-irrigation technology, more work has to be done to improve farmers' understanding of drip irrigation.

Dairy farming is integral to the economies of every country, providing employment and income for millions, especially those dependent on small farming. The dairy sector forms an essential part of the agricultural economy, contributing 9% of the total agricultural produce and offering livelihood to about 80% of the total farmers in the farming community of India. It is a mix of urban and rural agriculture which acts as a backbone in the socio-economic fabric of the country. In India, the agricultural sector has been subjected to a gendered division of labor. Women have always played pivotal roles in dairy farming because of the nature of the agriculturally based lifestyle they share with the males of this society. Over the years, women have traditionally managed a variety of animals on the farm. This has, of course, included milking cows during different time periods in history. The styles of dairying have changed physically but the roles of women in dairying have not. Even in these times of transition, more and more women from urban lifestyles are choosing dairy farming as a way of life.

International organizations such as the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have been actively involved in supporting agricultural development programs globally. The concept of providing credit facilities to farmers is not unique to India and has historical roots in various countries. However, the specific program known as the

Due to the unavailability of an appropriate scale regarding farmers’ attitude toward drip irrigation technology, the need to develop a scale was acknowledged and an attempt was made to construct a Likert’s Summated Rating scale. A total of 72 items were collected with the help of literature review and were screened during 2024 based on 14-point criteria suggested by Edward (1957). A total of fifty-nine assertions were chosen, and data were collected through Google form which was sent to seventy-four specialists through email and by visiting to the professors and scientists in the university. A set of statements were eliminated and the remaining ones were chosen for item analysis based on the answers provided by the 30 experts and then it was administered to 30 farmers of Fatehabad district in Haryana. The scale’s reliability was tested using the odd-even method, and the reliability coefficient was 0.806. The content validity was used to assess the scale’s validity. In the end, the finalized scale had 30 items (18 positive and 12 negative).

Super straw management system is a machine in which an additional equipment attached with combine harvester so it cut standing stubble in small pieces on the soil surface in which crop harvesting and residue management both can be done in a single operation. A research involving 120 farmers who were adopters (60 adopters) and non adopters (60 non adopters) of the Super straw Management system was conducted in rural areas of the Fatehabad district of the Indian state of Haryana in 2021–2022. This paper's main goal is to investigate Super Straw Management System adoption as a viable, innovative solution to rice residue burning in rice-wheat cropping systems, as well as the socioeconomic effects of adoption on farmer’s livelihoods. The reasons for not implementing the super straw management system were also evaluated. According to the findings, medium adoption of SMS was discovered among farmers (41.67%), followed by low adoption among farmers (38.33%) and high adoption among just 20% of the farmers. Factors like age, size of land holding, size of family, annual income, participation in social organisations, media exposure, and socioeconomic status were found significantly associated with adoption of SMS among farmers. While caste, level of education, the family's secondary occupation, and the type of family were not found to be significant with farmers' adoption levels, Results about the reasons why the Super Straw Management System was not adopted clearly demonstrated that there is no alternative for ex-situ straw management while using SMS (rank I). At the same time, farmers (rank II) did not show a readiness to pay additional custom charges. More than 3/5 of the respondents agreed that conventional combines are easily available for hiring (rank III); combine harvesters with SMS used more fuel (3 to 3.25 l/ha) and required higher engine power (8–10 hp) than conventional combine harvesters. Cumulative socio-economic impact of SMS was reported increased with respect to increase in decision making powers which is ranked Ist, followed by increased in extension contacts (IInd rank) and change in attitude for quality education of children (IIIrd rank).

The majority of people in India are dependent directly or indirectly on agricultural sector, which is the country’s largest economic sector. In 2005–06, the Indian government introduced the National Horticulture Mission, a program for the comprehensive development of horticulture, in recognition of the incredible potential of horticulture to promote the expansion of Indian agriculture. The present study was undertaken in the year 2022 to assess the attitude of beneficiary’s farmers towards National Horticulture Mission in Sirsa and Karnal districts of Haryana. A total of 120 farmers were personally interviewed for the purpose of the study and revealed that 43.33 per cent of the respondents had a favourable attitude towards NHM. The type of family, size of horticultural land holding and their socio-economic status, level of education, size of land holding, annual income from horticulture crops, annual family income, mass media exposure had significant association with attitude towards NHM. Establishment of proper cold storage facilities for perishable horticultural crops and more efficient system for diffusion of information to the farmers so that they can adopt new practice efficiently is recommended.

The study was set about in the state of Haryana to gauge the knowledge and adoption level of the drip irrigation system (DIS) in the cotton crop amongst the farmers. The research highlighted that more than two-thirds of the farmers (68.33%) had a high level of knowledge of DIS. The socio-economic factors such as the family income, size of the landholdings, exposure to the mass media, education level and the socio-economic status of the respondents were significantly correlated with the overall levels of knowledge and adoption of DIS by the farmers. On a whole, more concentrated efforts are the call of the hour to increase the knowledge levels and adoption of micro irrigation techniques on a wider scale.

Water is becoming increasing scare which limits agricultural development not only in Indiabut also in many parts of the world. Drip irrigation is an incredibly efficient wateringmethod that slowly delivers water directly to plant root system. The present study wasundertaken to assess the knowledge and adoption level of drip irrigation in citrus cropsamong farmers of Haryana state. Majority of respondents belonged to middle age group(51.67%), general castes (96.67%), joint families (68.33%) and having land between 4-10hectares (45.00%). It was found that majority of sampled farmers (61.67%) had high levelof knowledge while 31.67 per cent had moderate level of knowledge of drip irrigation.More number of farmers had high level of adoption (40.00%) whereas 35.00 per cent hadmedium and 25.00 per cent had low level of adoption of drip irrigation. Socio-economicfactors like income, landholding, mass media exposure, education and socio-economic statusof farmers were found significantly associated with the level of knowledge and adoptionof drip irrigation. It is concluded that more efforts are required to increase the knowledgeof farmers about drip irrigation for wider adoption of micro-irrigation technologies.

The women’s health and well-being has the direct bearing on the health status of the family members as well. Women are usually vulnerable to malnutrition for both social and biological reasons, throughout their life cycle. The present study was conducted to assess the knowledge of women about food and health aspects. A total of 120 women respondents (60 each from rural and urban) were surveyed with the help of well structures Interview schedule as per objectives. The basic difference between the rural and urban consumption pattern was that more respondents of urban were daily consuming rice (70.00%) and fruits (86.67%) whereas daily consumption of these items in rural areas was 55.00 and 65.00 per cent respectively. The pearl millet was mainly consumed by rural respondents seasonally (85.00%). The specific knowledge of respondents about food and health aspects was somewhat higher among urban respondents as 50% respondents from urban were having high specific knowledge whereas only 21.67% rural respondents were having high level of specific knowledge. The results indicated that specific knowledge about food and health aspect was significantly affected by education, service occupation, land holding, income, SES and mass media exposure. It was found that main health problems of rural women were common disease (51.66%), infectious (18.33%), chronic(11.67%), pregnancy and gynecological (6.67%), whereas respondents from urban area were suffering from infectious(47.62%), common (36.67%), chronic problems (20.00%) and psychological (15.00%). It is suggested that specific knowledge about health and nutrition aspects must be imparted to rural as well as urban women