Tana Luwu area owns a relatively high diversity and production potential of sago, but it has not yet been managed optimally. This study aims to identify and analyze the diversity of morphological characteristics and the production of various sago accessions in Tana Luwu. Based on morphological characteristics, the sago palm in Tana Luwu is divided into two groups by the presence of thorns on the rachis and petioles. The presence of thorns has the largest coordinate axis angles, representing a higher diversity distance than other morphological characteristics. Some accessions show very high production potential, with a total production of 476.66 kg per dry tree starch. The average sago production in the six accessions is 276.40 kg per dry tree starch. Accessions with a yield potential > 200 kg per dry starch are observed in Kapa, Uso, Kasimpo, and Sabbe. Therefore, sago in these accessions is potentially developed to obtain superior varieties. Two significant morphological characteristics that contribute to sago production are stem height (r = 0.73) and the number of leaves (r = 0.78).

The propagation of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) seedlings through indirect primary embryogenesis has significant potential to produce many healthy seedlings relatively quickly. However, there is a concern that plant growth regulators (PGRs) applied in the culture media could result in somaclonal variations. To address this issue, the appropriate concentration of PGR needs to be identified to increase the success of the somatic embryogenesis process of propagation while preventing somaclonal variations. This study aimed to develop a protocol for the propagation of C. arabica through indirect somatic embryogenesis and evaluate somaclonal variation in plantlets derived from somatic embryogenesis, considering the genotype and PGR used. Three cultivars of coffee, i.e., AS2K, S-795, and Sigarar Utang, and two types of PGRs (2,4-D and 2iP) at different combination concentrations, were used as the factorial experimental design. The concentration of PGRs was 4.52 and 9.04 mu M for 2,4 D and 4.93, 9.86, 14.79, 19.72, and 24.65 mu M for 2iP. All combinations were replicated 10 times. The findings revealed that PGRs influenced percentage of callus formation which ranged from 87.02% to 93.81%, while coffee cultivars significantly impacted the development of torpedoes and germination of somatic embryos with the number of torpedoes and germinated somatic embryos were 32.20-94.20 and 21.10-82.20 for 'AS2K', 37.90-62.90 and 27.70-50.20 for 'S-795', and 39.40-72.00 and 29.60-60.60 for 'Sigarar Utang', respectively. Among the PGRs evaluated, the combination of 4.52 mu M 2,4-D and 19.72 mu M 2-iP demonstrated the highest efficacy with 94.20 torpedoes and 82.20 germinated somatic embryos for 'AS2K', whereas 4.52 mu M 2,4-D and 14.79 mu M 2-iP were preferred for 'S-795' and 'Sigarar Utang'. Furthermore, molecular analysis using 10 SSR primers of the resulting plantlets indicated no evidence of somaclonal variation.

Soft-rot disease (SRD) in Phalaenopsis, caused Dickeya dadantii, has resulted in significant losses in the orchid sector in Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate the inoculation method of Dickeya dadantii and identify the resistance response of individual regenerated plantlets of Phal. amabilis from irradiated protocorm. A detached leaf assay was used to evaluate the inoculation method and resistance response of SRD. Based on the results of this study, Dickeya dadantii bacteria could only infect the leaves through wounding tissue. The density of bacteria that could infect leaf tissue was OD600 = 0.2. All dilution factors tested caused soft rot symptoms in P. amabilis. On the other hand, Vanilla planifolia only showed symptoms at a dilution factor of 10-0. Four accessions of regenerated plantlets from irradiated protocorms were resistant to SRD. They were from irradiation 5 Gy (IP 05 Gy-23, IP 05 Gy-31, and IP 05 Gy-33) and one accession from the control treatment or without irradiation (IP 0 Gy -1). These results showed that 5 Gy irradiation increased plant resistance to SRD in Phalaenopsis. A dose of 5 Gy can potentially produce mutant lines resistant to SRD in Phalaenopsis or other plants, too.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh primer SSR terpaut toleran terhadap suhu tinggi dengan menggunakan bulked segregant analysis (BSA) dan dilanjutkan dengan single marker analysis (SMA). Penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler Tanaman, Departemen Agronomi dan Hortikultura, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB). Bahan genetik yang digunakan DNA tetua IPB 4S, Situ Patenggang, DNA dari genotipe F2, 12 Primer SSR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan primer SSR RM 337 mengikuti segregasi hukum Mendel, kemudian berdasarkan single marker analysis dengan menggunakan karakter bobot gabah bernas menunjukkan primer SSR RM 337 terpaut toleran terhadap suhu tinggi dengan nilai peluang yang sangat nyata. Genotipe F2 yang memiliki pola pita DNA seperti Situ Patenggang (Tetua toleran) dan daya hasil tinggi menghasilkan 54 genotipe F2. Diferensial seleksi berdasarkan genotyping dengan menggunakan primer RM 337 menghasilkan kenaikan bobot gabah bernas sebesar 37.96%.

Teak is an insect-pollinated species, and seed production depends on pollinators. The objectives of this study were to determine potential pollinators of teak and their foraging behavior in obtaining alternate food sources as the basis for management recommendations. Four traps, i.e. Moczarsky-Winkler selector traps, sticky traps, yellow-pan traps, and manual traps (insect net), were put up among blooming inflorescences during the flowering period of March to May. Insects were collected and counted weekly and identified. The presence and location of the pollen on their bodies were observed. The time and duration of foraging behavior, the duration of a single visit, the number of visits in an hour, and the landing position when approaching the teak flower as well as the understory were also observed. The result showed Ceratina sp., and Braunsapis sp. (Apidae), Nomia sp. (Halictidae) were potential teak pollinators in the CSO in East Java. The insect foraging behavior supports the ability to deposit pollen onto the stigma. The presence of Mimosa pudica in the understory plays as an alternate food source for pollinators. Intensive weeding and trimming of old or dead branches should be less practiced to enhance pollinators’ populations and nesting sites.

The tolerant seedlings are determined by their physiological and biochemical responses. This study aimed to determine stomatal density, relative water content, and proline in prope legitimate seedlings under drought stress. The research was carried out at the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Research Center in July 2018 – February 2019, arranged in a randomized split-plot experimental design with six replications. The main plot was soil moisture content, and the sub-plot was the cocoa prope legitimate seedlings. The differences of mean values were tested using analysis of variance, followed by the DMRT and T-student test at 5 % level, analysis of the relative decrease in stomatal density and relative water content, proline content ratio, and the dendrogram analysis. The results showed that the cocoa seedlings under drought experienced significant changes in relative water and proline content but not stomatal density. Drought decreased in the relative water content of 50% and increased proline content in the seedlings. The relative water and proline content divided the prope legitimate seedlings into two groups. The prope legitimate seedlings from KW 516, KW 641, Scavina 06, KKM 22, KW 617, and ICCRI 03 clones were drought-tolerant.

Abstract. Darojat MR, Ardhie SW, Oktavia F, Sudarsono. 2023. New leaf fall disease in rubber-pathogen characterization and rubber clone resistance evaluation using detached leaf assay. Biodiversitas 24: 1935-1945. Leaf fall disease (LFD) has become a significant issue for rubber plantations worldwide. Over the last four years, a newly emerging LFD has posed an alarming problem in natural rubber production. The most efficient way to control LFD is to use resistance rubber clones. Therefore, this study aims to characterize the pathogen causing the newly emerging LFD and evaluate rubber clone resistance to the pathogen using detached-leaf assay. The fungal pathogens were isolated from 32 F1 progenies of PB 260 x SP 217 crosses, and the fungi were characterized and identified based on their morphological and molecular characteristics. The results showed that the isolated pathogen causing LFD was Neopestalotiopsis sp. Although they were all pathogenic, the arrays of isolated fungi exhibited various degrees of virulence, and P-212 was the most virulent fungal isolate. The resistance evaluation showed that rubber clones, isolates, and rubber clones by isolate interactions had a significant (p<0.05) effect on the lesion-symptom diameters. Based on the lesion diameter responses, the IRR 112 and RRIC 100 rubber clones were resistant to Pestalotiopsis sp. since they only showed less than 10 mm lesion diameters. The IRR 39 and PB 260 rubber clones were susceptible and showed more than 20 mm lesion diameters. The detached-leaf assay can easily screen rubber clones' responses to the fungi causing LFD. The resistance evaluation results can assist future rubber breeding strategies for the newly emerged LFD-resistant characters.

Abstract. Lukman, Dinarti D, Siregar UJ, Turjaman M, Sudarsono. 2023. Isolation and molecular identification of agarwood-inducing fungi and their virulence test using Aquilaria sp. seedlings. Biodiversitas 24: 140-148. Agarwood is a lump of fragrant resin with a dark color and distinctive aroma from secondary metabolite products that accumulate in wood fibers produced from the genus Aquilaria and Gyrinops, a plant defense mechanism against damage caused by wounds and infection of specific fungal pathogens. The three main factors in producing agarwood sapwood are the presence of plants that have the potential to produce agarwood (family Thymelaceae) as a host, a supportive environment, and the presence of specific fungal pathogens. The isolation, identification, and virulence testing of local isolates must be made to get the correct agarwood-inducing pathogens without posing potential environmental problems. A total of five explants of Aquilaria sp. branches producing agarwood from the study site were used. This study aims to isolate local strains of fungi associated with agarwood formation from North Aceh regency, Aceh province, Indonesia, figure out their virulence against and ability to induce agarwood from seedlings of target trees, and determine their species identity. The experiments comprised isolation, macroscopic and microscopic identification, virulence tests, and species identification based on ITS sequences. The study resulted in five local Aceh isolates (LAI-1- LAI-5). Four isolates (LAI-1 - LAI-4) can induce agarwood formation, and oneisolate (LAI-5) is a white rot fungus. The ITS sequence analysis showed that LAI-1 - LAI-4 were Fusarium solani, while two colonies taken from LAI-5 isolate were identified as Ceriporia lacerataor Irpex laceratus (LAI-5 colony#1), and Daldinia eschscholtzii (LAI-5 colony #3). Based on these findings, the LA-5 isolate was probably a mixture of the two white rot fungus isolates.

Abstract. Hatta ANNL, Sukma D, Maskromo I, Sudarsono S. 2023. Validated SNAP markers based on the CYP P450 87 A3 gene in coconut (Cocos nucifera) are associated with yearly stem height increase. Biodiversitas 24: 2503-2512. Tall and dwarf coconuts are coconut types used worldwide as the parents in hybrid coconut production, and they differ in their yearly stem height. The yearly stem height of coconuts is estimated as 11 leaf scars length. The CYP P450 87 A3 gene is essential in the yearly stem-height increase (YSI) character. This study aims to validate single nucleotide-amplified polymorphism (SNAP) markers based on sequence variabilities of the coconut CYP P450 87 A3 gene and analyze their association with the coconut YSI character. The CYP P450 87 A3 partial genomic fragments were PCR amplified, sequenced, and used to develop SNAP markers. The markers were subsequently validated using 155 samples of 31 coconut varieties. The analysis showed that at least 17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) exist in the exon-1 and 2 of the coconut CYP P450 87 A3 gene, and SNAP markers were successfully developed. Single-locus analysis showed that the validated CYP2_SNP1 SNAP marker locus was associated with coconut YSI characters. The developed SNAP marker based on the partial CYP P450 87 A3 gene can potentially support future marker-assisted selection (MAS) in coconut breeding, especially for developing coconut with low YSI character.

Abstract. Prihatini R, Dinarti D, Sutanto A, Sudarsono. 2023. Sex-linked Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) identification and molecular marker development of salacca (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss). Biodiversitas 24: 704-712. Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss is a native tropical fruit species of Indonesia with three different sex types, i.e., female, male, and hermaphrodite. Early sex identification plays a vital role in the dioecious plant development, cultivation, and breeding program. The morphological and histological markers cannot differentiate salacca sex types during vegetative stages, during which molecular approaches are offered. Isolation of salacca's partial Transducin Beta Like-3 (TBL3) gene was done using Phoenix dactylifera L. TBL3-specific primers. After DNA sequencing and multiple sequence alignment, the putative TBL3 aligned data was used to construct a phylogenetic tree, find SNAP primers, and use the generated markers as predictors for sex-type phenotypes of salacca. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the dendrogram of aligned TBL3 partial sequences of salacca and other taxa showed that the salacca TBL3 is closely related to P. dactylifera and Elaeis guineensis Jacq. since the three palms belong to the same Arecaceae family. The partial sequence of the TBL3 gene of hermaphrodite salacca revealed ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) compared to those of female and male plants. Protein alignment of the sequence also showed several differences, which may lead to different flower morphogenesis. The salacca SNAP sex-types markers were developed from one of the SNP sites and validated using samples from farmer plantations. The SNAP primer pairs of STBL1F-Ref - STBL1-Rev amplified a 300 bp fragment from hermaphrodite samples, whereas no band was amplified from the female and male samples. On the contrary, primers STBL1F-Alt - STBL1-Rev amplified a 300 bp fragment from female and male plants but not from the hermaphrodite plants. The salacca's TBL3 sequences and the SNAP markers are valuable tools for further salacca genomic exploration.

This study aims to answer questions about how to use appropriate language and terms to attract consumers' buying interest to make purchases online. This study uses a systematic literature review method. The choice of language and terms in digital marketing is still a problem for most content creators in creating relevant marketing content to attract consumers to make purchases online. Researchers found 14,333 related articles published in 2021 and 2022 then selected and reduced the articles. based on the relevance of the discussion into 168 which were analyzed descriptively qualitatively using the Publish & Perish, Mendeley and VOSviewer applications based on article searches on Google Scholar, Crossreff, PubMed and OpenAlex. Research findings indicate that the use of interesting and valuable language and terms is one of the factors triggers for consumers to make purchases online. Broadly speaking, the choice of language and terms can be categorized into two, namely to target teenage consumers, the language and terms used are more attractive and contemporary in the form of certain slang or idioms. While the language and terms that must be used to target adult consumers, the choice of language and terms that are simpler, not tacky and also not wordy. On the other hand, the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic is still part of consumer activities to make purchases online

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is used as a medicinal plant or seasoning, but its national production can only meet people's needs by 6.4%, and 95% is imported from China. The development rate of new garlic varieties is relatively slow because garlic is generally propagated vegetatively through cloves; therefore, its diversity has become relatively narrow. Character and diversity can be improved by inducing mutations using gamma-ray irradiation. Experiments on garlic subjected to gamma-ray irradiation have shown physiological changes in the putative 3rd (MV3) mutant offspring. The experiment's 4th mutant progeny (MV4) was re-planted and compared with other local genotypes. The aim was to perform clustering based on the yielding characteristics and the intensity of the anthocyanin content. The experiment used a single-plant design with 21 experimental units, namely 16 MV4 genotypes and 5 control genotypes. The analysis of variance showed that the MV4 Lumbu Kuning 1 Gy and Ciwidey 2 Gy genotypes had better tuber weight and diameter than the other genotypes, including the control genotypes. Cluster analysis clustered garlic genotypes into five groups at a cophenetic distance 0.4. Principal component analysis (PCA) also divided the garlic genotypes into four quadrants. Genotypes in quadrant 2 had anthocyanin content intensities superior to those of other genotypes.

Abstract. Mawardi S, Romadhon MR, Rahma, Maskromo I, Dinarti D, Sudarsono. 2023. Flowering type and morphological diversity of Bido coconut from Morotai Island District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1473-1481. In general, coconuts are divided into Tall and Dwarf types. Dwarf coconut is early bearing and has a short trunk, while Tall coconut yields high-quality copra and has a large fruit size. Furthermore, Bido-Tall coconut is an early bearing with a short trunk, medium size fruit, and high-quality copra. This research aims to evaluate Bido coconut population variations and study the flowering types of Bido and other coconut types in the research locations. Morphological and flowering type observation was conducted for Bido Tall, Local Tall, Local Dwarf, and Bido Tall outcrossing progenies at Bido Village, North Maluku, Indonesia. Flowering-type observations were carried out on three successive inflorescences. The Bido Tall, Dwarf, and the Bido Tall outcrossing progenies exhibited natural autogamy pollination, while the Local Tall coconut was semi-autogamy. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results indicated that the stem girth at 20 cm and 150 cm above ground, the internode length, the leaf numbers, the fruit color, and the fruit numbers cumulatively contributed to 68.80% of the observed coconut variabilities. Most Bido Tall coconut individuals were clustered separately from the existing local Tall and Dwarf coconuts. However, the clustering analysis showed average similarity among Bido Tall, the Local Tall, and Dwarf coconuts are still above 70%. The similarity coefficient among the Bido Tall coconut, the Bido Tall outcrossing progenies (natural hybrids), and the Local Tall was higher than among Bido Tall to the Local Dwarf coconuts.

Leaf morphological characters and nutrient content in leaf tissue can vary depending on plant genotype. The nutrient solution culture can produce leaves with good nutritional content. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate and validate cassava putative mutants' morphological traits and Zn content using a nutrient solution culture system. This research was carried out from January to May 2022 at the greenhouse of Cikabayan Experimental Garden, IPB University, Bogor. This study used two cassava cultivars and ten mutant genotypes from the cassava research team of IPB University, resulting from mutation breeding by gamma irradiation. The plant characters observed in this study included the number of leaves, length and width of the leaflet, leaf colour, plant height, fresh and dry weight leaf, and analysis of Zn content. The data were analyzed using ANOVA at a significant level of α = 5%, followed by Tukey's further test. The results showed that the G2D1-422 genotype had a higher Zn content than the wild type (Ratim/G2) and the other genotypes. The high Zn genotypes (G2D1-422) and low Zn genotypes (Ratim (G2) had not significantly different in fresh and dry leaf weight. Meanwhile, the plant genotype did not affect other growth characteristics such as plant height, the number of leaves, and the length and width of the leaflets, and overall, the characters were similar between the observed genotypes.

Identification of kinship in various coffees in the Indonesian Industrial & Beverages Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI) is essential for the coffee breeding process in the future. The kinship analysis can be done by using multivariate analysis. This study aimed to identify the kinship pattern and specific morphological characteristics of the coffee clone collections by using multivariate analysis. The experiment was carried out through the observational method corrected with analysis of covariance. The plant materials used were five genotypes of robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) and three arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) genotypes. Robusta genotypes studied were BP 308, BP 436, BP 42, SA 237, and SA 237; and arabica genotypes were S 795, Kartika 1, and Kartika 2. The study used an IPGRI (International Plant Genetic Resources Institute) list descriptor modified for coffee plants characterization. The morphological characters consisted of 46 characters. The results showed that coffee clones in the IIBCRI had relatively high diversity in clone grouping, both between types and between clones within the species. The grouping results showed that subgroup 1 of the robusta coffee consisted of BP 308, SA237, and SA203 coffee clones. Conversely, subgroups 2 of the robusta coffee consisted of BP 436 and BP 42. As for arabica coffee, subgroup 1 consisted of Kartika 1 and Kartika 2 clones, while the S795 clone has grouped solely in subgroup 2. Based on this study, the IIBCRI was also considered suitable for selecting and identifying morphological lines of coffee, particularly robusta coffee.

Indonesia is the fourth largest coffee producer in the world, even though it is not the original plant. Efforts to increase coffee genetic diversity in Indonesia through the results of the introduction are also carried out to improve the quality and quantity of coffee in the international market. The aim is to obtain robusta coffee clones that are able to adapt in several agroclimates in Indonesia and have stable yield potential, so that they can be cultivated extensively. The analytical method is AMMI biplot with six clones are FRT04, FRT06, FRT07, FRT09, FRT23, FRT65, and six locations are Bangelan, Kalibendo, Kaliselogiri, Gumitir, Malangsari, Silosanen.Then the agroclimate is suitable for widespread cultivation. The results of the study based on observations made on the production of coffee plants, which are climate types, which are somewhat wet and are getting good production results in the locations of Bangelan, Kaliselogiri and Silosanen. FRT07and FRT09 clones is the best clone of production and able to adapt, has interaction between locations with clones tested annually.

Abstract. Wegadara M, Dewanti M, Diningsih E, Rachmawati F, Sukma D, Sudarsono. 2022. Genetic diversity based on SSR markers of 30 Aeridinaesub-tribe orchid genetic resources of Indonesian Ornamental Crop Research Institute, Cianjur, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2943-2956. Advances in molecular biotechnology encourage molecular markers to identify plant diversity to become increasingly common. Using SSR markers, this study will determine the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 30 accessions from five parental genera of Aeridinaeorchids from the IOCRI genetic resource collection. Molecular characterization of 30 orchid sub-tribes Aeridinaegenetic resources of IOCRI was carried out using 17 polymorphic SSR markers. The resulting binary data was then analyzed using the GenAlEX program to determine Na, Ne, Ho, He, and the PowerMarker V3.25 program to determine the values of MAF, D, and PIC. Molecular characterization using 17 SSR primers generated 240 amplified DNA fragments across 30 accessions, with the fragment sizes ranging from 56-4818 bp. Factorial analysis (PCoA) and phylogenetic tree construction clustered the 30 Aeridinae accessions into three major clusters. Accessions belonging to the Vanda genus are clustered into three clusters (Clusters I, II, and III). The Vascostylisis in Cluster I, along with 12 Vanda accessions. Two accessions of Vanda, two Aranthera, three Arachnis, and one Aerides genera are clustered into Cluster III. This study showed that interspecific hybrids among accessions of Vanda within Cluster I and Cluster II should be possible since they are genetically closely related. Intergeneric hybrids among the accession of Vascostylis and Vanda's genera belonging to Cluster I, should also be possible. Furthermore, intergeneric hybrids among Aerides, Arachnis, Aranthera, and Vanda accessions within Cluster III should also be possible. The generated data from this study should be helpful for future Aeridinae breeding activities intended to generate new hybrid varieties.

Abstract. Lukman, Dinarti D, Siregar UJ, Turjaman M, Sudarsono. 2022. Characterization and identification of agarwood-producing plants (Aquilaria spp.) from North Aceh, Indonesia, based on morphological and molecular markers. Biodiversitas 23: 4861-4871. Agarwood is one of the non-timber export commodities important as raw materials for bioindustry. There are 26 agarwood-producing plant species in Indonesia belonging to three families (Thymelaeaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae). This study aims to identify the agarwood-producing plant species in North Aceh District, Aceh Province, Indonesia, based on their morphological and molecular characters. The evaluated morphological characteristics include the bark and leaf structures of endemic plants. Molecular characterization was carried out by sequencing of matK, ITS, and trnL-trnF genes. The collected data were analyzed using the appropriate software, such as R software, BlastX, Geneious Prime and MEGA X. The evaluated 66 accessions were clustered into two major groups based on their morphology. Group 1 consisted of 10.61% of the evaluated accessions is identified as Aquilaria beccariana. Group 2 was further classified into two subclusters (Group 2a and 3b). Group 2a consisted of 10,61% of the accessions as A. malaccensis and Group 2b consisted of 78,79% of the accessions as A. microcarpa. All samples are identified as A. malaccensis based on the matK DNA sequences. Meanwhile, Groups 1 are identified as A. beccariana and Group 2a and 2b as A. microcarpa based on the ITS sequences. Based on the trnL-trnF sequences, Groups 1 and 2a was identified as A. malaccensis and Group 2b as A. microcarpa.

Abstract. Hatta ANNL, Sukma D, Maskromo I, Sudarsono. 2022. Mining and validating novel SSR markers based on coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) whole genome and their use for phylogenetic analysis. Biodiversitas 23: 5122-5131. The coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) genome sequences were available at the chromosome level in 2019, and they can be used to develop the whole genome SSR markers. This study aimed to conduct in silico analysis of the whole coconut genome to mine SSR sequences, design SSR markers distributed across coconut chromosomes, validate the designed primers to generate SSR markers, and use them for the phylogenetic analysis of coconuts. The SSR loci were mined from publicly available coconut genomes. Targeted primers for amplifying 20 dinucleotide SSR loci were selected and used for phylogenetic analysis of coconuts. The SSR mining identified 543,774 dinucleotide repeat motifs across the coconut genome, and most of the dinucleotide SSRs are AG (46.18%) and AT (40.03%) repeats. Primer pairs targeted to amplify 876 SSR loci and distributed in 16 coconut chromosomes were successfully designed and deposited in a public data repository for public access. The 237 SSR primer loci were novel and could generate new SSR markers. Among 20 selected and tested primers, 18 produced SSR markers, and 15 pairs yielded polymorphic markers when used to evaluate 25 coconut accessions. The analysis showed that the designed SSR primers were informative for evaluating coconut genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis.

Mutu Pendidikan merupakan kesesuaian antara kebutuhan pihak yang berkepentingan atau stakeholders baik internal (peserta didik, pendidik, kepala sekolah dan tenaga kependidikan lainnya) maupun eksternal (calon peserta didik, orang tua, masyarakat, pemerintah, dunia usaha dan industri), dengan layanan yang diberikan oleh pengelola pendidikan. Fokus dalam penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan penerapan konsep deming dalam pengembangan mutu pendidikan di MA Darussalam. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskripti dengan jenis penelitian empiris. Hasil penelitian yakni dalam mengembangkan mutu pendidikan, MA Darussalam menggunakan metode atau cara konsep Deming yang berjumlah 14 poin akan tetapi ada satu poin yang tidak sesuai dengan konsep Deming yaitu akhiri praktek menghargai bisnis dengan harga.