The agricultural and food industries produce many byproducts that are rich in natural antioxidants with potential health benefits. This study aims to extract bioactive compounds from the yellow passion fruit rind (YPFR), with therapeutic properties like antibacterial, anticancer, and antioxidant activity. In this study, phytochemical extraction was performed using supercritical fluid extraction with CO2 and 10

BACKGROUND:Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is an alarming health concern, affecting approximately 537 million people worldwide. As a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, DM demands a comprehensive understanding of its diverse pathophysiological mechanisms and disease progression. METHODS:This traditional review has consolidated literature on the pathogenesis of hyperglycemia, its progression into complications, and advances in optimal treatment strategies. The literature in the last two decades has been reviewed using several keywords, including "diabetes," "diabetes-associated complications", "novel therapeutic interventions for diabetes-associated diseases", "phyto-extracts as antidiabetic drugs", etc. in prominent databases, such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. RESULTS:We have discussed macrovascular and microvascular complications, such as atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD), stroke, diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, as well as various pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions that are currently available for the management of DM. We have also focused on the potential of natural products in targeting molecular mechanisms involved in carbohydrate metabolism, insulin production, repair of pancreatic cells, and reduction of oxidative stress, thereby contributing to their antidiabetic activity. Additionally, novel therapeutic approaches, like genetic, stem cell, and immunomodulatory therapies, have been explored. We have also discussed the benefits and limitations of each intervention, emerging research and technologies, and precision medicine interventions. CONCLUSION:This review has emphasized the need for an improved understanding of these advancements, which is essential to enhance clinicians' ability to identify the most effective therapeutic interventions.

Bamboo is highly regarded for its rich nutritional value and versatility as a sustainable resource. Its unique nutraceutical properties contribute to various pharmacological effects, making it a standout in natural health and wellness. This study compared elemental, nutritional, and phytochemical characteristics of ten bamboo species (Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa bambos, Bambusa spinosa, Bambusa vulgaris, Bambusa textilis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Thyrsostachys siamensis and Fargesia nitida) collected from the Niyamgiri Hill Range in Western Odisha, India. We conducted a systematic ethnobotanical survey to collect the selected bamboo samples from the study region. Nutritional, phytochemical and elemental analyses were performed to evaluate mineral content, macronutrients, micronutrients and phytochemical composition in aqueous extract of bamboo shoots of different species. Bambusa vulgaris emerged as the most ethnopharmacologically significant bamboo species, exhibiting a cultural index of 0.96. It displayed higher levels of key nutritional and phytochemical components, including crude fibre, crude protein, neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre, alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin and total energy, than the other species. Additionally, Bambusa vulgaris contained substantial quantities of essential minerals, such as potassium, phosphorus, iron, copper, calcium and magnesium. These findings offer valuable insights into the diversity of these bamboo species and their potential applications in nutrition and industry. The composition and quantitative determination of specific compounds provide useful insights that could reveal their potential uses and aid in developing new drugs and formulations, contributing to sustainable resource utilization.

Passiflora edulis Var. flavicarpa (passion fruit) generates vast waste (60–70

Non-selective dumping and burning of agricultural waste have caused severe health hazards and environmental pollution. However, these waste materials can be utilized sustainably as soil fertilizer, renewable energy feedstock, and valorization for essential nutrients and phytochemicals. Being an agrarian country, India produces a significant amount of agricultural waste, further contributing to a severe environmental hazard. Therefore, there is a dire need to address this serious issue for the sustainable utilization of agricultural waste. In the present study, passion fruit bagasse (seed) was processed to extract valuable phytochemicals following several bioorganic chemistry techniques and then characterized for their identification and biological activities (in vitro antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity). 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HPLC, and mass spectrometry confirmed three vital phytochemicals of which two are stilbenoids and the other one is dihydroxy benzoic acid. These isolated and identified compounds were further subjected to in vitro antioxidant activity using DPPH assay, where the stilbenoid compounds showed superior results than the dihydroxy benzoic acid. However, these isolated compounds showed significantly higher antioxidant activity than other tested standard compounds like ascorbic acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin. This study indicated that futile waste passion fruit bagasse could be bio-processed for isolating value-added phytochemicals. Further, because of the crucial biological activity possessed by the isolated phytochemicals, their application in the food, health, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors would be very promising.

India, the land of spices and condiments, is endowed with a plethora of herbs, spices, and unusual plants. Spices have been used as flavoring and coloring agents in Indian society since time immemorial. Spices have also been shown to have antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. Assessing spices’ taste, nutritional, and bioactive qualities during postharvest processing is critical for quality control and preventing adulteration. Various illegal colors are frequently used to adulterate spices for fraudulent trading operations. For instance, Sudan dyes are widely substituted with hot chili, red pepper, or tomato products; metanil yellow in turmeric; tartrazine, amaranth, and sunset yellow FCF in ginger and chili powder; and magenta III and rhodamine B in saffron. These adulterants degrade the flavoring, fragrance, cosmetics, medicinal, and preservative value of spices, their authentication is critical in quality control. Apart from these adulterants, various aflatoxins secreted after fungal contamination also cause quality degradation of spices. According to the literature evaluation, HPLC is a rapid and adaptable technique for efficiently identifying these compounds in spices. The proposed chapter summarizes application of HPLC for detection, quantification, and quality assessment of various spices. Some of the recently published work on the said topic from various search engines (Google scholar, Scopus, science direct, etc.) is mentioned in the chapter.

The physico-chemical, polyphenols, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of berries and mixture of male and female leaves of Hippophae salicifolia were investigated. The mineral, vitamin C, sugar, total protein, and total tannin contents of the berries and the leaves were evaluated. Further, the extracts of berries and mixture of leaves samples obtained by successive solvent extraction were investigated for their polyphenols, antioxidant and antibacterial properties. Total phenolic content was highest in leaves-methanol extract (157.97 ± 2.09 mg GAE/g) followed by berries-aqueous extract (48.45 ± 1.94 mg GAE/g), while total flavonoid was predominant in leaves-acetone extract (75.64 ± 3.21 mg QE/g) and berries-methanol extract (28.93 ± 2.08 mg QE/g). Gallic acid, caffeic acid, and rutin were the major polyphenols confirmed by HPLC analysis. Berries-aqueous and leaves-methanol extracts showed excellent global antioxidant score. Best antibacterial activity was observed by methanol extracts against eight different strains. Overall, the leaves and berries of Hippophae salicifolia collected from Northeast India exhibited good antioxidant and antibacterial activity and can be utilized by food and pharmaceutical sectors.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the potential of isolated novel bacterial strains for rice straw (RS) hydrolysis in terms of total sugar and COD (chemical oxygen demand) solubilization to improve overall biomethane yield. Four out of seven pretreatment setup with isolated bacterial strains i.e., Bacillus paralicheniformis VKVVG3 (CDf), Perlucidibaca piscinae VKVVG6 (CDct1), Bacillus clausii VKAK2 (RSa1) and Bacillus mojavensis VKAK1 (CDb1) exhibited higher saccharification compared to untreated RS. The CDf pretreated RS showed highest efficiency with 137% COD solubilization and 320% sugar accumulation at optimal dosage of 10(9) CFU/mL within 4-day of incubation. The batch reactor (20L) study with CDf pretreated RS produced 476 mL/g VSsubstrate compared to 310 mL/g VSsubstrate for untreated RS which corresponds to 53.6% higher than untreated RS. The FESEM, FTIR, and XRD analysis also support the overall results, indicating excellent degradation of the structural morphology of the RS microcrystalline structure. Furthermore, the fitting error in bio-kinetic parameters using modified Gompertz, Fitzhugh, and Monomolecular models were 5.47, 2.44, and 4.28% respectively, with R-2 values above 0.99, also supports the experimental data. The results of this study revealed many positive interpretations concerning the future expansion of the existing system for bacterial pretreatment of RS. (C) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the quality of oils extracted from yellow and purple passion fruit seeds endemic to Northeast India. In this context, physicochemical properties (acid value, iodine value, etc), thermo physical analysis such as TGA and DSC was performed. Further, the antioxidant properties of seed oils were determined by TPC, TFC, DPPH and ABTS.+ analysis and their interrelation was analysed from Pearson correlation. Lower acid value (2–4.4 mg KOH g−1) and peroxide value (4.2–4.5 mg eq 1000 g−1) confirmed the good quality of oil. The thermal stability of different oils was found to be in the high range of 334.4 °C to 349.5 °C. Fatty acid composition of oils by GC analysis revealed abundance presence of approximately 70% of PUFA and the calculated oxidizability value suggested high oxidative stability in the oils. The universal oil quality score was observed to be high (>50%) when compared to other standard edible oil. Lowest radical inhibitory concentration was observed in yellow passion fruit seed oil from Manipur (70.7 ± 1.7 µg/ml in DPPH and 85.3 ± 5.5 µg/ml in ABTS). Profound antibacterial activity of oils was observed against K. Pneumonia (7.5 ± 0.35 to 12 ± 0.7 cm), B. Subtilis (5 ± 0.7 to 11 ± 0.7 cm), P. aeruginosa (2 to 11.5 ± 0.7 cm) and M. luteus (5 to 10 ± 0.7 cm). This work could add more information on uncommon passion fruit seed oil from Northeast India and further employ in various food and pharmaceutical sectors.

Passiflora edulis is an exotic fruit found in limited parts of India. The pulp of the fruit is mainly consumed while the rind and seeds are discarded. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the physicochemical, nutritional, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of unused rind and seeds from yellow passion fruit (YPF) and purple passion fruit (PPF) collected from Northeast India. Physical investigation of biomass showed low ash and moisture content. Elements like K, Ca and Mg were the major macro elements present in both YPF and PPF rind and seed. A significant quantity of vitamin C, carbohydrate and reducing sugar was observed in the rinds, whereas total protein content was predominant in seeds. Methanolic extract of the rind of YPF showed the highest TPC and TFC followed by acetone extracts. High antioxidant activity (DPPH scavenging, ABTS (2,2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) and metal chelating) were displayed by methanolic and acetone extracts from rinds and seeds. The global antioxidant score was mathematically calculated to classify the best extract among the rind and seed samples. The presence of gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, myercetin and kaempferol in different extracts of YPF and PPF was confirmed from HPLC analysis. Gallic acid was found ranging from 17.52–83.00 mg/g, where flavonol glycosides were found ranging from 1.64–10.84 mg/g in both YPF and PPF rind and seed extract. Methanolic extracts of seeds showed the best antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, followed by rind extracts. The obtained findings could help understand the nutritional and therapeutic values of passion fruit from Northeast India for their food and pharmaceutical applications.

One of the primary concerns in the use of biodiesel is its susceptibility towards radical-mediated oxidative reactions. The presence of unsaturated methyl esters renders biodiesel vulnerable to oxidation. It necessitates strategic interventions, which among a few others, includes the use of antioxidant additives. Natural antioxidants have multiple significant advantages over their synthetic counterparts. In the present study, the activity of methanolic passion fruit seed (PFS) extract as an antioxidant additive for waste cooking oil (soybean) biodiesel has been evaluated. The PFS extract contained a high proportion of phenolic compounds and exhibited excellent antiradical activity against model radical DPPH, which encouraged us to explore the case of unstable biodiesel further. At a concentration of 200 ppm, the PFS extract augmented the fuel's resistance towards oxidation to levels where it could comply with European and the Indian specifications for blend-stock biodiesel. The performance of PFS extract was comparable to that of synthetic antioxidants, including butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. The present study substantiates the utility of plant extracts rich in phenolics as an antioxidant additive for biodiesel.

Hydro-distillation was performed to determine the quantity of essential oil in different parts of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) plant. Parameters affecting the oil extraction process were evaluated using Response Surface Methodology. The generated second order polynomial model was highly significant with R2=0.9744 and P<0.0001. Highest yield of 2.38% vw−1 was obtained using the leaves part at distillation time of 180min, which was about 40% more than stems part and 17% more than whole aerial parts. Higher essential oil content of fresh plant (2.43% on a dry weight basis) compared to dried plant (2.12% on a dry weight basis) indicates that the moisture content has a significant effect on oil yield. GC/MS analysis of the oil extracted from leaves part revealed about 95% of commercially important compounds viz. citronellal (55.23%), geraniol (26.29%) and citronellol (13.41%), indicated very high quality citronella oil. The oil was found effective against all the six tested bacteria strains namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli, which revealed that citronella oil could be applied for the treatment of infections caused by various gram positive or negative pathogenic organism. The hydrosol obtained after hydro-distillation was analyzed using HPLC and was found to contain sugar alcohols such as adonitol, erythritol and mannitol which could be utilized in nutraceutical industries.

We developed an efficient chimeric promoter, MUASMSCP, with enhanced activity and salicylic acid (SA)/abscisic acid (ABA) inducibility, incorporating the upstream activation sequence (UAS) of Mirabilis mosaic virus full-length transcript (MUAS, -297 to -38) to the 5' end of Mirabilis mosaic virus sub-genomic transcript (MSCP, -306 to -125) promoter-fragment containing the TATA element. We compared the transient activity of the MUASMSCP promoter in tobacco/Arabidopsis protoplasts and in whole plant (Petunia hybrida) with the same that obtained from CaMV35S and MUAS35SCP promoters individually. The MUASMSCP promoter showed 1.1 and 1.5 times stronger GUS-activities over that obtained from MUAS35SCP and CaMV35S promoters respectively, in tobacco (Xanthi Brad) protoplasts. In transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, var. Samsun NN), the MUASMSCP promoter showed 1.1 and 2.2 times stronger activities than MUAS35SCP and CaMV35S(2) promoters respectively. We observed a fair correlation between MUASMSCP-, MUAS35SCP- and CaMV35S(2)-driven GUS activities with the corresponding uidA-mRNA level in transgenic plants. X-gluc staining of transgenic germinating seed-sections and whole seedlings also support above findings. Protein-extracts made from tobacco protoplasts expressing GFP and human-IL-24 genes driven individually by the MUASMSCP promoter showed enhanced expression of the reporters compared to that obtained from the CaMV35S promoter. Furthermore, MUASMSCP-driven protoplast-derived human IL-24 showed enhanced cell inhibitory activity in DU-145 prostate cancer cells compared to that obtained from the CaMV35S promoter. We propose chimeric MUASMSCP promoter developed in the study could be useful for strong constitutive expression of transgenes in both plant/animal cells and it may become an efficient substitute for CaMV35S/CaMV35S(2) promoter. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

ABSTRACT We successfully produced two human β-defensins (hBD-1 and hBD-2) in bacteria as functional peptides and tested their antibacterial activities against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus employing both spectroscopic and viable CFU count methods. Purified peptides showed approximately 50% inhibition of the bacterial population when used individually and up to 90% when used in combination. The 50% lethal doses (LD50) of hBD-1 against S. Typhi, E. coli, and S. aureus were 0.36, 0.40, and 0.69 μg/μl, respectively, while those for hBD-2 against the same bacteria were 0.38, 0.36, and 0.66 μg/μl, respectively. Moreover, we observed that bacterium-derived antimicrobial peptides were also effective in increasing survival time and decreasing bacterial loads in the peritoneal fluid, liver, and spleen of a mouse intraperitoneally infected with S. Typhi. The 1:1 hBD-1/hBD-2 combination showed maximum effectiveness in challenging the Salmonella infection in vitro and in vivo. We also observed less tissue damage and sepsis formation in the livers of infected mice after treatment with hBD-1 and hBD-2 peptides individually or in combination. Based on these findings, we conclude that bacterium-derived recombinant β-defensins (hBD-1 and hBD-2) are promising antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-based substances for the development of new therapeutics against typhoid fever.