The utilization of temporary immersion system-bioreactors (TIB) has shown promise for sugarcane micropropagation due to its capacity for high-yield seedlings production. However, the temporary immersion system also carries the risk of somaclonal variations (SV) in regenerated plants. SV, encompassing phenotypic changes resulting from genetic or epigenetic alterations, and it presents challenges in preserving the genetic uniformity of the seedlings, a crucial factor for sugarcane productivity. A molecular marker like Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) offers a reliable means to assess the genetic stability of TIB-derived sugarcane seedlings, ensurinng that the temporary immersion system-based micropropagation produces true-to-type planting materials. In this study, SSR analysis was conducted to determine the relative genetic stability of TIB-derived sugarcanes, using 15 SSR markers, generating over 200 DNA fragments ranging from 150 to 4,000 bp in size. The genetic stability was calculated as the Jaccard’s similarity index of the SSR patterns of TIB-derived sugarcanes compared to their mother plants. The genetic stability varied between 92 and 96% in three Indonesian sugarcane varieties (PSKA 942, PS 094, and PS 091) which is relatively high considering the high cell mass multiplication in TIB (up to 30 multiplies). Morphological observations in the field also revealed no differences between TIB-derived sugarcane and their mother plants, convincing the true-to-type of micropropagation products. This study demonstrated the high relative genetic stability of TIB-derived sugarcanes, paving the way for large-scale commercial application in plantations.

Optimization of in vitro shoot growth is necessary to shorten the culture time and produce vigorous oil palm plantlets. This research was conducted to determine the best media and culture techniques to accelerate in vitro shoot growth of oil palm. Shoots of oil palm derived from somatic embryogenesis were grown on DF media with two culture systems (solid medium and double-layer) combined with hormone treatments (0.5-1 mg L-1 giberellin/GA3 and 0.5 mg L-1 Benzyl amino purine/BAP or thidiazuron/ TDZ). Further optimization was conducted using different bottle closures (polypropylene screw caps and plastic wraps) and macronutrients (standard or double concentrations). This research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), with each treatment consisting of 5 bottle replications and each bottle consisting of 5 shoots. The results showed that media with double-layer system combined with GA3 (0.5-1 mg L-1) and TDZ (0.5 mg L-1) gave the highest shoot height increment. The use of double-strength macronutrient media combined with screw bottle caps increased shoot height (136-167 %) and decreased shoot tip necrosis (0-24 %). Plastic wrap bottle caps increased shoot tip necrosis (STN), while doubling macronutrients reduced STN. The growth of oil palm shoots began to slow down after 5 weeks of culture. In conclusion, the optimal conditions for in vitro shoot growth of oil palm were at usage of double-layer media added with GA3 0.5-1 mg L-1, TDZ 0.5 mg L-1, and double macronutrients on bottle jars with polypropylene screw caps.

The performance of kopyor Dwarf coconuts from embryo culture in the field has not been reported. This study was conducted to determine the difference in vegetative and generative performances of three fruit color phenotypes (brown, green, and yellow) of kopyor Dwarf coconuts in the first year after the first flower appeared. The coconuts were planted in Bogor, West Java at 260 masl with average temperature 26.9 ºC and average rainfall 4,300 mm/year. Each color phenotype was represented by 20 kopyor coconut trees from the same planting date that had not been flowering yet. When the first flowers appeared, Kopyor Brown Dwarf (KBD) had 14.6 fronds, while Kopyor Yellow Dwarf (KYD) and Kopyor Green Dwarf (KGD) had 15.5 and 17.1 fronds respectively. Other vegetative components when the first flower appeared were not significantly difference among the three color phenotypes such as stem girth (90.7-99.2 cm), stem height (18.6-23.9 cm), frond length (3.9-4.2 m) and canopy diameter (5.8-6.1 m). KBD coconuts started flowering faster than that of KGD and KYD. The numbers of flowers formed in the first year of flowering were 15 to 17 flowers per tree. There was an initial sharp decrease in the survival of young fruits, but this levelled off after 2-3 months. On average 18-22 fruits per bunch at flowering decreased to 5-6 fruits per bunch at maturity. The survival of fruits in KGD (6.2 fruits per bunch) was higher than KBD (4.0 fruits) and KYD (4.5 fruits) at 11 months after flowering. The average fruit size and weight of brown phenotype were higher than green and yellow phenotypes. The mature brown fruits had a lower husk percentage, but higher shell and fruit meat percentages than those of the green and yellow fruits.[Keywords: fruit color phenotype, kopyor Dwarf coconut, fruit abortion, fruit quality] AbstrakKeragaan kelapa Genjah kopyor asal kultur embrio di lapang belum pernah dilaporkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengamati perbedaan keragaan vegetatif dan generatif tiga varietas kelapa Genjah kopyor yang berbeda dari warna buah (coklat, hijau dan kuning) pada tahun pertama sejak bunga pertama muncul. Kelapa tersebut ditanam di Bogor, Jawa Barat pada 260 mdpl dengan rerata suhu 26,9 ºC dan curah hujan 4.300 mm/tahun. Tiap fenotipe warna diwakili oleh 20 pohon kelapa kopyor berumur sama yang belum berbunga. Pada saat bunga pertama muncul, kelapa Genjah Coklat Kopyor (GCK) memiliki 14,6 pelepah daun, sedangkan Genjah Kuning Kopyor (GKK) dan Genjah Hijau Kopyor (GHK) berturut-turut memiliki 15,5 dan 17,1 pelepah. Parameter vegetatif lain ketika bunga pertama muncul tidak berbeda nyata antar fenotipe warna misalnya lingkar batang (90,7-99,2 cm), tinggi batang (18,6-23,9 cm), panjang pelepah (3,9-4,2 m) dan diameter tajuk (5,8-6,1 m). GCK mulai berbunga lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan GHK dan GKK. Jumlah bunga yang terbentuk selama satu tahun pertama pembungaan adalah 15 sampai 17 bunga per pohon. Jumlah buah muda yang bertahan hidup menurun tajam pada awal, namun relatif stabil setelah 2-3 bulan. Rata-rata terbentuk sebanyak 18-22 buah per tandan pada awal pembungaan dan menurun menjadi 5-6 buah per tandan saat dewasa. Buah yang bertahan hidup pada GHK (6,2 buah per tandan) lebih tinggi dibanding GCK (4,0 buah) dan GKK (4,5 buah) pada umur 11 bulan setelah bunga mekar. Rata-rata ukuran dan bobot buah fenotipe coklat lebih tinggi daripada fenotipe hijau dan kuning. Buah kelapa GCK mempunyai persentase sabut yang lebih rendah, tetapi persentase tempurung dan daging buah yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan buah kelapa GHK dan GKK.[Kata kunci: fenotipe warna buah, kelapa Genjah kopyor, kerontokan buah, kualitas buah]

AbstrakBioreaktor perendaman sesaat (BPS) telah digunakan secara luas untuk propagasi skala massal berbagai tanaman penting, termasuk tanaman tebu. BPS menyediakan sistem kultur semi-otomatis dan kondisi optimal bagi pertumbuhan tanaman. Beberapa faktor menentukan pertumbuhan tanaman pada BPS, salah satunya densitas dari eksplan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian dilakukan untuk menentukan bobot awal yang optimal untuk kalus tebu yang dikulturkan pada BPS, serta mengevaluasi pengaruh perbedaan bobot awal kalus tersebut terhadap proliferasi dan regenerasi kalus tebu. Kalus tebu diinduksi dari daun muda yang masih menggulung dari empat varietas tebu unggul Indonesia. Bobot awal kalus yang dikultur ke dalam bejana TIB yaitu 0,05 g; 0,1 g; 0,2 g; 0,5 g; dan 1,0 g untuk setiap bejana. Kalus kemudian melalui tahap proliferasi pada BPS sebanyak tiga siklus, kemudian kalus diregenerasi pada BPS dengan perlakuan auksin dan sitokinin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 0,2 g merupakan bobot awal kalus yang efisien untuk proliferasi kalus tebu pada TIB, dimana eksponensial multiplikasi kalus tercapai pada bobot awal tersebut, yaitu untuk masing-masing varietas 130,3 kali (PSKA 942), 136,8 kali (PS 094), 21,3 (PS 881), dan 12,9 kali (PS 091) setelah 12 minggu. Densitas kalus pada TIB berkorelasi negatif dengan karakteristik fisikokimia medium. Hal ini menggambarkan variasi intensitas pertumbuhan dan metabolisme kalus dengan adanya perbedaan densitas pada BPS. Penggunaan BAP 0,2 mg L-1 bersama kinetin 0,2 mg L-1 paling sesuai untuk memacu regenerasi kalus tebu dengan menghasilkan jumlah tunas terbanyak dalam waktu relatif lebih cepat (1 – 2 minggu lebih cepat) dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya dan dengan tingkat kejadian pencoklatan yang rendah.[Kata kunci: kultur in vitro, kultur cair, proliferasi]AbstractTemporary immersion bioreactor (TIB) has been utilized for the mass-scale propagation of many important plants, including sugarcane. TIB facilitates a semiautomated culture system and provides optimal conditions for plant growth. Several factors determine plant growth in the TIB, such as explant density. Therefore, an experiment was carried out to determine the optimal initial weight of sugarcane calli and to evaluate its effect on the proliferation and regeneration in TIB. Sugarcane calli were induced from spindle leaves isolated from four Indonesian prime sugarcane varieties. The initial weights of the calli cultured in the TIB flasks were 0.05 g, 0.1 g, 0.2 g, 0.5 g and 1.0 g per flask. The calli were proliferated through three cycles in TIB, and subsequently regenerated in TIB with auxin and cytokinin treatments. The results of the experiments showed that 0.2 g was the most efficient initial weight for sugarcane callus proliferation in the TIB, resulting in an exponential multiplication rate of 130.3-fold (PSKA 942), 136.8-fold (PS 094), 21.3-fold (PS 881), and 12.9-fold (PS 091) within 12 weeks. In the TIB, callus density showed a negative correlation with the physicochemical properties of the medium, demonstrating various growth intensities or metabolic activities of calli at different densities in the TIB. The use of 0.2 mg L-1 BAP along with 0.2 mg L-1 kinetin was suitable for promoting the regeneration of sugarcane calli and producing the highest number of shoots in a relatively short amount of time (1 – 2 weeks faster) with low incidences of browning.[Keywords: in vitro culture, liquid culture, proliferation]

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), a tuber-producing plant, is a functional food that produces carbohydrates while meeting nutritional needs. Propagation of sweet potato through tissue culture is often hampered in the initial culture due to contamination. The study aimed to optimize sterilization of explants and growth of in vitro culture of purple sweet potato. Tubers of purple sweet potato cv. Antin 2 were ex vitro cultured through a semi-immersion system to produce shoots. The shoots as explants were sterilized with alcohol, fungicide, and sodium hypochlorite (P1); alcohol and sodium hypochlorite (P2); sodium hypochlorite (P3), and washed on sterile distilled water as control (C). The explants were then cultured on MS solid medium in tubes and jars. Growth and multiplication of shoots were carried out on MS solid medium added with cytokinins (BA and kinetin) at different concentrations. The results showed that the best sterilization method was obtained in the sodium hypochlorite (P3) and alcohol-sodium hypochlorite (P2) treatments, with sterile shoots reaching 100%. Planting the explants in jars gave higher normal shoot formation (85–100%) than that in tubes (12.5–48%). The use of kinetin at 0.5–1 mg L-1 gave good shoot vigor. The best axillary shoot multiplication was found on media with 0.5 mg L-1 BA. Growing explants on the semi-immersion system and sodium hypochlorite sterilization produced the highest sterile ones, whereas culturing three explants promotes normal growth straight after sterilization.

Industry of geospatial information requires a proper standard which can adapt the user requirements in parallel with the technological improvements over time. Geospatial database is an essential end product that can be used as an input to the Decision Support System. The aforementioned important role can be defined as a main indicator for effectiveness and efficiency of the provision of geospatial data and information. Standard is fundamental especially in a situation where there are so many available technologies and infrastructures on the market. Defining a robust and reliable standard and mechanism to derive the geospatial database is a main key for the successful production of the national geospatial database. NoSQL databases use a different approach to represent the storing mechanism which is generally in a form of relational structured tables. The main difference is related with the flexible model, component and storing mechanism which must not be structured in a tabular and relational way. This paper discusses geospatial database standards by using the NoSQL approach that will be implemented in order to adopt the Indonesian Geographic Feature Catalogues. The implementation of the standard in an operational stage of the geodatabase production can provide the alternative solution in competition with the traditional Relational Data Base Management System approach. Especially in the era of big data and crowd sourcing with a lot of variety in the data structure nowadays, NoSQL raises as an alternative solution to accommodate and utilize its advantages in an applicative way but still selective for the portrayal purposes.

The mining environment is a place to work with a high level of risk. One of the factors that cause work accidents in the mining area is work fatigue or work fatigue. The purpose of this study was to reveal the role of sleep quality as a mediator of the relationship between workload and work fatigue in mining workers in Indonesia. Research participants were mining workers who worked in the field with a 12-hour / day shift work system (n = 232). Measurements were made using 3 scales, namely Full Time Equivalent (FTE) for workload, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) for sleep quality, and Three-Dimensional Work Fatigue Inventory (3D-WFI) for work fatigue. The results of the analysis using bootstrapping 5000 showed that workload has a significant effect on the level of work fatigue which is mediated by sleep quality. High workload results in poor sleep quality and high levels of fatigue so that mining companies need to maintain the quality of sleep for field workers to minimize work accidents due to work fatigue.

Personal branding studies have become popular in the last decade, but have been practically used for a long time. Personal branding is widely implemented in celebrities, social media and including politics. In the political context, personal branding is one of the strategies for winning elections. Especially in Indonesia it happened because of the change from representative democracy to direct democracy. This has resulted in every Indonesian citizen being able to directly elect candidates for political leadership at both national and local levels. This study aims to describe the personal branding strategy of legislative candidates in the election. Personal branding in the legislature has not appeared much in academic discourse compared to personal branding of the president or regional head. The research used a qualitative approach with a case study of Ir. Ridwan Bae is a politician from the Golkar Party in the Southeast Sulawesi constituency. Three informants were interviewed in a structured and in-depth manner. The results of the interviews were analyzed by thematic analysis using three stages of qualitative coding. Based on the results of the analysis, there are three personal branding strategies, namely image, rational attribution and emotional attribution. In forming this image, there are three important things to pay attention to, namely the general description of the persona, uniqueness and authenticity. Rational attributes used in personal branding strategies are leadership, ability, credibility and consistency. Finally, there are three elements of emotional attributes, namely being role models, party attributions and values.

Expanding the process of buying and selling goods or business transactions from offline to online becomes a challenge for its users. The intensity of purchasing goods by consumers through e-commerce is influenced by various factors, one of which is the perception of electronic service quality and electronic word-of-mouth (e-wom). The purpose of this study is to find out the role of perceptions of electronic service quality and electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM) toward re-purchase intention through e-commerce. Respondents in this research were individuals with an age range of 18-35 years and the total of respondents were 232 people. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. Data was collected using the re purchase intention, perception of electronic service quality, and e-WOM scales. Methods of data analysis using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results of the study explain that one’s perception of electronic service quality and information circulating through e-WOM each have a role in influencing or strengthening consumer intentions to repurchase products through e-commerce.

The Creation of the Character of Xiao Mei in the Play Script of Senja dan Penantian by Hernandes Saranela Inspired by the Chinese Widow Film. The Panji story that appeared around the XIII century at the end of King Airlangga in Singasari, East Java, became popular in the golden age of the Majapahit kingdom. In 1330 Gajah Mada was appointed by King Putri Majapahit Tribhuanatunggadewi as the ‘Mahapatih’ of the Majapahit kingdom. One year later, in 1331, to be precise, Mahapatih Gajah Mada made an oath known as the “Palapa Oath.” The “Palapa Oath” stated, among other things, that Gajah Mada would not enjoy/eat a palapa before “Nusantara” could be unified. As Mahapatih, every effort was made to realize the ideals contained in the “Palapa Oath.” Mahapatih Gajah Mada increasingly found a clear path after Tribhuanatunggadewi died, and was replaced by his first son named Hayam Wuruk. When he was crowned, king Hayam Wuruk was 16 years old. Under the inexperienced ‘Raja Muda,’ Mahapatih Gajah Mada’s power grew even more remarkable. It is even said that the real king of Majapahit was Gajah Mada. Due to the tremendous efforts of Mahapatih Gajah Mada, the expansion of the Majapahit empire was influential in various regions throughout the Archipelago. Furthermore, with a synchronic approach, it can be assumed that the spread and existence of the Panji story in various regions in Indonesia can be considered as traces of Mahapatih Gajah Mada’s expansionary politics in realizing his ideals as pronounced in the famous ‘Palapa Oath.’ As it is known, the distribution of the Panji story then adapted to local cultures, which made the Panji story have various versions. For example, the Panji story’s performance in Central Java, Malay, Lombok, Kalimantan, and even to countries on the Southeast Asian peninsula. So two important things to note are that the spread of the Panji story in various regions is in line with Gajah Mada’s expansionary politics. It contains the spirit of ‘Kenusantaraan.’ Various versions of the Panji story in the multiple areas show the nature of diversity in the Archipelago’s unity, which is centered in the Majapahit Kingdom. That is what inspired the founders of this republic to adopt the philosophy of “BHINEKA TUNGGAL IKA,” including the color of the flag “red and white” derived from “coconut sugar,” which has been known since the Majapahit era.Keywords: the distribution of the Panji story; the Palapa Oath; the Archipelag

Fraudulent criminal acts that have been regulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP) with various modes, one of which is fraud by shamans with a multiplied money mode has made law enforcers increasingly have to rack their brains to be able to prove it. This study aims to examine and analyze law enforcement by the judge in decision No.61 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN.Blora with consideration of the criminal elements. The research method used is a sociological juridical approach. The specifications of the study were conducted using descriptive analytical methods. The data used for this study are primary and secondary data. The data consists of primary data and secondary data using field research methods, interviews, and literature studies. Based on the research it was concluded that the case ruling number 61 / Pid.B / 2019 / PN Bla with a fraud case with shamanism practices in the mode of duplicating the judge's money considering that the Defendants have been indicted by the Public Prosecutor with alternative indictments, so the Panel of Judges paid attention to the facts The aforementioned law decides on the first alternative indictment as regulated in Article 378 of the Criminal Code Jo Article 55 paragraph (1) of the 1st Criminal Code by considering the elements of that article.Keywords: Criminal Law Enforcement; Fraud; Multiple Money.

Kebijakan Satu Peta pada Tingkat Ketelitian 1:50.000 telah diatur lewat Peraturan Presiden Nomor 9 Tahun 2016. Peraturan ini bertujuan untuk mewujudkan satu peta yang mengacu pada satu referensi geospasial, satu standar, satu basis data, dan satu geoportal. Untuk mendukung penyusunan 85 tema dalam KSP menyediaan Informasi Geospasial Dasar (IGD) menjadi hal yang penting. Sampai dengan 2017 ketersediaan Peta Rupa Bumi Indonesia skala 1:50.000 baru mencapat 89,92% sementara peta Lingkungan Pantai Indonesia (LPI) dan Peta Lingkungan Laut Nasional (LLN) baru mencapai 51%. Pemenuhan kebutuhan peta dasar untuk mendukung Kebijakan Satu Peta memerlukan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) yang kompeten. Metode yang digunakan adalah kajian kualitatif dengan metode Rapid Assessment Process (RAP). Inventarisasi kebutuhan SDM dilakukan melalui pengumpulan data primer yaitu mendata jumlah tenaga yang dibutuhkan pada masing-masing pekerjaan penyediaan peta dasar. Nama-nama jabatan yang dibutuhkan di lapangan kemudian disesuaikan dengan nama jabatan yang ada dalam KKNI bidang IG. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan menganalisis gap antara jumlah kebutuhan masing-masing jabatan dengan ketersediaan tenaga bersertifikat bidang IG. Dari hasil analisis didapatkan gap antara kebutuhan SDM dengan tenaga tersertifikasi yang ada saat ini. Jabatan yang belum terpenuhi kebutuhannya diantaranya adalah asisten operator survey terestris, operator fotogramteri, operator SIG, teknisi SIG, analis survey terestris, serta supervisor survey dan pemetaan. Rendahnya tingkat kompetensi para peserta uji disebabkan oleh kurangnya pengetahuan terkait proses sertifikasi tenaga professional dan tidak dapat dikuasainya keseluruhan Unit Kompetensi yang dibutuhkan dalam jabatan yang dituju.

The purpose of this research was to understand the adversity quotient among startup founders in Yogyakarta. Phenomenology was the approach and analyzed by Miles and Huberman interactive model. The data collection method in this research was semi-structured interview. Respondents in this study consisted of three startup founders with these criteria: 1) aged 18-24 years old, 2) age of startup at least 1 year, 3) based in Yogyakarta, 4) willing to be interviewed. This study found two forms of adversity quotient on startup founders: 1) coping strategies and 2) characters. Coping strategies encompassed immediate problem solving, having goals and visions, taking lessons from problems, and finding solutions. While the characters consisted of concepts such as responsibility, learning from experience, having strong principles, persistence, and optimism.

The hospitality industry is one of the fastest growing service industries with the majority of employees are millennial workers. Millennial workers concerned to successful of their career so that they are willing to leave one organization to another to realize career success. Based on that, it is important for organization to help realize employee career success through career development. Moreover, career success can also be realized by the commitment of employees to their careers. This research is a quantitative with multiple regression analysis, which aims to determine career success reviewed from perceptions of career development and career commitment. Respondents in this study are millennial workers who work in hospitality industry which are taken by quota sampling method. The results of this study state that perceptions of career development and career commitment are predictors of career success in millennial workers in hospitality industry. The influence is 44.8% on increasing career success.

Osteomyelitis is heterogenous in its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management. Osteomyelitis is generally categorized as acute or chronic based on histopathologic findings, rather than duration of the infection. Necrotic bone ispresent in chronic osteo-myelitis, and symptoms may not occur until six weeks after the onset of infection.1 Epidemiology of chronic osteomyelitis is less well characterized compared with acute osteomyelitis. Adult osteomyelitis most commonly arisesfrom open fractures, diabetic foot infections, or the surgical treatment of closed injuries. Hematogenous osteomyelitis accounts for approximately 20% of cases of osteomyelitis in adults. It is more common in males regardless of age. Although rare in adults,it most frequently involves the vertebral bodies.2 S.aureus is the most common isolate in all types of bone infection and is implicated in 50-70% of cases of chronic osteomyelitis.3

ABSTRACTThis research aimed to find out the relationship between customer satisfaction and the intensity of using prepaid cards such as Simpati,Mentari,Pro XL and Im3.The subject of this research are 40 students of Faculty Y State Universities in Yogyakarta, the range of the age between 18-26 years old, assuming they have gadget. Data collected by using consumer satisfaction scale, the intensity using demographic, and interviews. Unfortunately the result show there is no relationship between customer satisfaction and the intensity of use of prepaid cards.Key words:consumer satisfaction, the intensity of the use of prepaid cards

The application of gamma irradiation on plant materials may increase the genetic variation of the offspring with useful traits. The experiment was conducted to determine the effect of irradiation dosage of gamma ray on growth and development of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) calli. Friable calli of sago palm derived from suspension culture were used as a material source. The primary calli were initiated from apical meristematic tissues of sago palm suckers of Alitir variety from Merauke, Papua. The treatments used were dosage of gamma ray irradiation at 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy. The treated calli were then subcultured on modified Murashige and Skoog (MMS) solid medium containing 3% sucrose and 0.1% activated charcoal and added with 1 mg l-1 2,4-D and 0.1 mg l-1 kinetin. The results showed that at all irradiation dosages, calli biomass increased significantly. The highest proliferation of calli biomass of 5.33 folds from the initial culture after 4 weeks was achieved at gamma irradiation of 25 Gy, whereas the lowest proliferation of calli biomass of 3.4 folds was achieved at control. The best development of embryogenic calli was obtained at 10 Gy that produced 100% somatic embryos, whereas the lowest somatic embryo formation at 0% was obtained at 0 and 25 Gy after one subculture. High response of somatic embryo induction to gamma irradiation at 10 Gy may increase production of somatic embryos. These results can be used in in vitro breeding of sago palm via mutagenesis to create new elite varieties.

Development of somatic embryos of sago (Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) on agar-solidified medium are highly varied producing heterogeneous seedlings. Understanding of this phenomenon may help in improving the cultural procedures and conditions of sago somatic embryogenesis to obtain uniform seedlings in a large scale. This experiment was conducted at the laboratory for plant cell culture and micropropagation, Indonesian Biotechnology Research Institute for Estate Crops from January to March 2006 to examine morphological changes i.e. color and development stages of sago during their somatic embryo development on an agar-solidified medium. Twenty single globular somatic embryos of sago with specific color (yellowish, greenish, and reddish) were cultured in a Petri dish supplemented with a solid medium. The medium was a micronutrients-modified MS (MMS) with half strength of macronutrients containing 0.01 mg l-1 ABA, 2 mg l-1 kinetin, 20 g l-1 sucrose, 0.5 g l-1 activated charcoal, and 2 g l-1 gelrite. Parameter observed was the percentage of embryo’s number based on color and developmental stage. The result showed that at the end of 6-week culture passage, most originally greenish (80.8%) and reddish (95.8%) embryos remained unchanged in their colors, whereas almost half of the originally yellowish embryos turned to greenish and only 30% remained yellowish. At the same time, single globular embryos have changed gradually into the next developmental stages, although not all of the embryos were germinated. The initial color of embryo affected the rate of the developmental stage changes. Yellowish and greenish globular embryos developed more rapidly into cotyledon or germinant stages at 58% and 55% respectively, in 6 weeks than the reddish ones (41%). Therefore, the yellowish and greenish embryos are the best sources of material for in vitro mass propagation and synthetic seed production of sago.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pohon inang epifit (porofit) pada hutan bekas tebangan setelah 6 tahun pembalakan seluas 12 hektar di Hutan Penelitian Malinau (MRF-CIFOR) pada hutan dataran rendah DAS Malinau. Pohon inang epifit di hutan bekas tebangan ditemukan 50 pohon per hektar, yang terdiri dari 162 spesies dalam 42 suku dengan 484 pohon (79.9%) berdiameter 20-51 cm. Pohon inang dari family Dipterokarpa di temukan paling banyak di hutan bekas tebangan (± 50%). Shorea parvifolia Dyer. merupakan pohon inang paling banyak ditemukan (34 pohon).

Mimba ( Azadirachta indica ), merupakan tanaman yang mengandung senyawa Azadirachtin yang dapat digunakan sebagai bioinsektisida. Penelitian dilakuakn dengan metode maserasi dan ekstraksi menggunakan pelarut n heksan dan etanol kemudian diekstraksi dengan petrolium eter dan etil asetat. Ekstrak yang didapatkan kemudian di analisis dengan IR dan HPLC. Ekstrak daun mimba dilakukan uji tosisitas dengan cara disemprotkan pada walang sangit yang berada di dalam wadah dengan kosentrasi ekstrak daun mimba yang bervariasi. Dari hasil analisis spektrum IR menunjukan adanya gugus –OH, C-H, C=O, C=C,-CH 2 , C-H 3 dan C-O hasil dari kromatografi HPLC sampel mempunyai waktu retensi (t R ) 2,8 hal ini menunjukan dalam ekstrak daun mimba terdapat senyawa azadirachtin yang di cocokan dengan waktu retensi azadirachtin standar. Kadar azadirachtin  dalam sempel 3,29%, 22,72% dan 23,55%. Dari hasil uji toksisitas ekstrak daun mimba yang disemprotkan  pada walang sangit dengan metode LD 50 di dapatkan dosis 29,3 % untuk mematikan setengah dari jumlah walang sangit.