This study makes use of polycondensation to produce poly (L-lactic acid)-(polyethylene glycols), a biodegradable copolymer, then puts it with organically modified montmorillonite (o-MMT) going through an intercalation process to produce a series of nanocomposites of PLLA-PEG/o-MMT. The exfoliation and intercalation of the montmorillonite-layered structure could be found through X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The lower the molecular weight of poly (ethylene glycol), the more obvious the exfoliation and dispersion. The nanocomposites were investigated under non-isothermal crystallization and isothermal crystallization separately via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). After the adding of o-MMT to PLLA-PEG copolymers, it was found that the PLLA-PEG nanocomposites crystallized slowly and the crystallization peak tended to become broader during the non-isothermal crystallization process. Furthermore, the thermal curve of the non-isothermal melt crystallization process of PLLA-PEG copolymers with different proportions of o-MMT showed that the melting point decreased gradually with the increase of o-MMT content. In the measurement of isothermal crystallization, increasing the o-MMT of the PLLA-PEG copolymers would increase the t1/2 (crystallization half time) for crystallization and decrease the value of ΔHc. However, the present study results suggest that adding o-MMT could affect the crystallization rate of PLLA-PEG copolymers. The o-MMT silicate layer was uniformly dispersed in the PLLA-PEG copolymers, forming a nucleating agent. The crystallization rate and the regularity of the crystals changed with the increase of the o-MMT content, which further affected the crystallization enthalpies.

In this study, the montmorillonite (MMT) clay was modified with NH4Cl, and then the structures were exfoliated or intercalated in a polylactic acid (PLA) matrix by a torque rheometer in the ratio of 0.5, 3.0, 5.0 and 8.0 wt%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the organic modified-MMT(OMMT) was distributed successfully in the PLA matrix. After thermal pressing, the thermal stability of the mixed composites was measured by a TGA. The mixed composites were also blended with OMMT by a co-rotating twin screw extruder palletizing system, and then injected for the ASTM-D638 standard specimen by an injection machine for measuring the material strength by MTS. The experimental results showed that the mixture of organophilic clay and PLA would enhance the thermal stability. In the PLA mixed with 3 wt% OMMT nanocomposite, the TGA maximum decomposition temperature (Tmax) rose from 336.84 °C to 339.08 °C. In the PLA mixed with 5 wt% OMMT nanocomposite, the loss of temperature rose from 325.14 °C to 326.48 °C. In addition, the elongation rate increased from 4.46% to 10.19% with the maximum loading of 58 MPa. After the vibrating hydrolysis process, the PLA/OMMT nanocomposite was degraded through the measurement of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and its Tg, Tc, and Tm1 declined.

The c-MYC oncogene is overactivated during Burkitt's lymphoma pathogenesis. Targeting c-MYC to inhibit its transcriptional activity has emerged as an effective anticancer strategy. We synthesized four series of disubstituted quindoline derivatives by introducing the second cationic amino side chain and 5-N-methyl group based on a previous study of SYUIQ-5 (1) as c-MYC promoter G-quadruplex ligands. The in vitro evaluations showed that all new compounds exhibited higher stabilities and binding affinities, and most of them had better selectivity (over duplex DNA) for the c-MYC G-quadruplex compared to 1. Moreover, the new ligands prevented NM23-H2, a transcription factor, from effectively binding to the c-MYC G-quadruplex. Further studies showed that the selected ligand, 7a4, down-regulated c-MYC transcription by targeting promoter G-quadruplex and disrupting the NM23-H2/c-MYC interaction in RAJI cells. 7a4 could inhibit Burkitt's lymphoma cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest and apoptosis and suppress tumor growth in a human Burkitt's lymphoma xenograft.

We theoretically investigate optical detection of a weak classical force acting on a free particle in a dissipative coupling optomechanical system with a degenerate parametric amplifier (PA). We show that the PA allows one to achieve the force sensitivity far better than the standard quantum limit (SQL) over a broad range of the detection frequencies. The improvement depends on the parametric gain and the driving power. Moreover, we discuss the effects of the mechanical damping and the thermal noise on the force sensitivity. We find that the robustness of the force sensitivity is much better than the SQL against the mechanical damping and the thermal noise is achievable in the presence of the PA with a high parametric gain. For the temperature T = 1 K, the improvement in sensitivity is better by a factor of about 7 when the driving power is set at a value corresponding to the SQL with no PA.

We report an efficient mechanism to generate a squeezed state of a mechanical mirror in an optomechanical system. We use an especially tuned parametric amplifier (PA) inside the cavity and the parametric photon phonon processes to transfer quantum squeezing from photons to phonons with almost 100% efficiency. We get 50% squeezing of the mechanical mirror which is limited by the PA. We present analytical results for the mechanical squeezing thus enabling one to understand the dependence of squeezing on system parameters like gain of PA, cooperativity, and temperature. As in cooling experiments the detrimental effects of mirror's Brownian and zero point noises are strongly suppressed by the pumping power. By judicious choice of the phases, the cavity output is squeezed only if the mirror is squeezed thus providing us a direct measure of the mirror's squeezing. Further considerable larger squeezing of the mirror can be obtained by adding the known feedback techniques.

We show the utility of the weak value amplification to observe the quantum interference between two close lying atomic coherent states in a post-selected atomic cat state, produced in a system of N identical two-level atoms weakly interacting with a single photon field. Through the observation of the negative parts of the Wigner distribution of the post-selected atomic cat state, we find that the post-selected atomic cat state becomes more nonclassical when the post-selected polarization state of the single photon field tends toward becoming orthogonal to its pre-selected state. We show that the small phase shift in the post-selected atomic cat state can be amplified via measuring the peak shift of its phase distribution when the post-selected state of the single photon field is nearly orthogonal to its pre-selected state. We find that the amplification factor of 15 [5] can be obtained for a sample of 10 [100] atoms. This effectively provides us with a method to discriminate between two close lying states on the Bloch sphere. We discuss possible experimental implementation of the scheme, and conclude with a discussion of the Fisher information.

The study has been carried out to investigate acute oral toxicity, acute dermal toxicity in SPF rats and dermal irritation in rabbits. The result shows: 1) acute oral toxicity test shows that LD50 of saponins from Sapindus mukorossi is 9260 mg/kg (95% confidence interval is 6360 - 13,500 mg/kg) and 7940 mg/kg (95% confidence interval is 4890 - 12,900 mg/kg); 2) acute dermal toxicity test shows that LD50 of saponins from Sapindus mukorossi is more than 5000 mg/kg in both female and male Wistar rats; 3) dermal irritation test in rabbits shows that the average score of dermal irritation per day of each rabbit is zero after 14 days of continuous dermal irritation. According to the classification standard of toxicity in “Hygienic Standard for Cosmetics” (2002 version), the sample is classified as “practical nontoxic” and “non dermal irritation”. Thus, we can conclude that the saponin extraction from S. mukorossi Gaerth is safe for cosmetics.

The study has been carried out to investigate the effects of single factors such as solvents extraction temperature, times, solid-liquid ration, and the time of extractions on the yields of saponins present in the pulp of Sapindus mukorossi Gaerth. On this basis, an L9 orthogonal design of experiment was adopted to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of saponins. The factors that influence the extraction of saponins are put in the order of extraction times, extraction time, solid-liquid ration, and the best combination is that the powder of the pulp is extracted with EtOH (solid-to-solvent ratio = 1:8, w/v) for three times at 60°C for 3 hours. Under these conditions, about 1.63 g saponins will be extracted from 10 g raw material. The stability test showed that the Sapindus mukuross saponins can maintain surface activity at water temperature (25°C - 40°C), pH (6.3 - 7.7) and water hardness (50 - 250 mg.L-1). It is proved that Sapindus mukuross saponins are quality non-ionic active agent.

We study the effect of a strong coupling field on the absorptive property of a ring cavity with two mirrors oscillating at slightly different frequencies to a weak probe field. We observe double electromagnetically induced transparency windows separated by an absorption peak at line centre in the output probe field under the action of a strong coupling field. We find that increasing driving power can broaden the two transparency windows, which results in narrowing of the central absorption peak. At high driving power, the linewidth of the sharp central absorption peak is approximately equal to the mechanical linewidth. We show the normal mode splitting in both the output probe field and the generated Stokes field. We also find that the suppression of the four-wave mixing process can be achieved on resonance.

We demonstrate the existence of the phenomenon of the inverse electromagnetically induced transparency (IEIT) in an opto mechanical system consisting of a nanomechanical mirror placed in an optical cavity. We show that two weak counter-propagating identical classical probe fields can be completely absorbed by the system in the presence of a strong coupling field so that the output probe fields are zero. The light is completely confined inside the cavity and the energy of the incoming probe fields is shared between the cavity field and creation of a coherent phonon and resides primarily in one of the polariton modes. The energy can be extracted by a perturbation of the external fields or by suddenly changing the Q of the cavity.

In recent year, the technology evolution of wireless networks promoted the development of multifunctional pad, computers and mobile phones. The circuit density of density electron product increased as function increased. As a result, the reliability of electron products was more and more important for high density interconnect (HDI) tendency. The copper electroplating process for high throwing power of plating through holes and the thin surface layer with filling via technology were key process for HID. In this paper, copper electroplating formulas that were composed of dual levelers were studied for plating through holes with high throwing power (TP). The base plating solution contained CuSO4, H2SO4, chloride ions, polyethylene glycol (PEG), bis (3-sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS). When leveler A was added in the base plating solution, it resulted in a smooth surface, which looked like a mirror, but its TP was not good. When leveler B was added to the base plating solution, it enhanced the TP of the plated through hole. However, the board surface was rougher than that adding leveler A. Both leveler A and leveler B could not lead to smooth surface and good TP simultaneously. Interestingly, when both leveler A and leveler B were simultaneously added in the base plating solution, they not only enhanced the TP of the plated through hole but also made the board surface smooth and bright. These results show that chemical interaction can achieve unexpected functional plating. Key words： High throwing power, high density interconnection, plating through hole and dual levelers.

The sensitive and selective detection of nucleic acids is important for basic research and many applied fields. Herein, a series of new BODIPY-benzofuroquinoline conjugates were designed, synthesized and evaluated as DNA intercalating dyes. All compounds were characterized by using 1H, 13C NMR, IR, UV–Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy, and DNA binding properties of these conjugates to calf thymus DNA were studied by using fluorescence titration, UV titration, isothermal titration calorimetry and CD analysis. Significant enhancement of the fluorescent quantum yield was observed for all the conjugates in the presence of calf thymus DNA, and one compound showed excellent sensitivity and selectivity offering its potential application as a DNA specific fluorescent probe. Our results showed that these conjugates could intercalate into calf thymus DNA with high binding affinities. The properties of these dyes as fluorescent probes for living cells imaging were also investigated.

We examine the question of coherent perfect absorption (CPA) of single photons, and more generally, of the quantum fields by a macroscopic medium. We show the CPA of path entangled single photons in a Fabry-Perot interferometer containing an absorptive medium. The frequency of perfect absorption can be controlled by changing the interferometer parameters like the reflectivity and the complex dielectric constant of the material. We exhibit similar results for path entangled photons in micro-ring resonators. For entangled fields like the ones produced by a down converter the CPA aspect is evident in phase sensitive detection schemes such as in measurements of the squeezing spectrum.

Through-hole (TH) filling of an advanced printed circuit board (PCB) by copper electroplating is performed using a direct current (DC) plating method and a simple copper plating formula composed of a single organic additive, namely, nitrotetrazolium blue chloride monohydrate (NTBC). Copper is preferentially deposited at the hole center to form a butterfly-shaped copper cross-section in the filled TH during plating. Three key factors are identified for enhancing the filling performance via a center protrusion deposition in the TH and are characterized by practical filling plating results and cyclic voltammetry (CV) analyzes. The filling performance of the copper plating formula for the TH is sensitive to forced convection, chloride ion concentrations and H2SO4 concentrations. An appropriate forced convection combined with weak accelerators [3-(Benzothiazolyl-2-mercapto)-propylsulfonic acid, sodium salt (ZPS) or 3-S-Isothiuronium propyl sulfonate (UPS)] pre-adsorbed on the copper seed layer of the TH can effectively shorten the fill plating time from 9 h to 5 h. The center-protrusion filling mechanism and the role of NTBC in the TH filling are discussed in this work based on the plating results and electrochemical analyzes. (C) 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

We consider an optomechanical double-ended cavity under the action of a coupling laser and a probe laser in electromagnetically induced transparency configuration. It is shown how the group delay and advance of the probe field can be controlled by the power of the coupling field. In contrast to single-ended cavities, only allowing for superluminal propagation, possibility of both superluminal and subluminal propagation regimes are found. The magnitudes of the group delay and the advance are calculated to be 1ms and -2s, respectively, at a very low pumping power of a few microwatts. In addition, interaction of the optomechanical cavity with a time dependent probe field is investigated for controlled excitations of mirror vibrations.

A copper electroplating formula, composed of a single organic additive, nitrotetrazolium blue chloride monohydrate, is developed for the direct filling of the through holes (THs) of a printed circuit board (PCB) and the through-silicon holes (TSHs) of a wafer. Two plating modes, direct current (DC) and periodic pulse reverse (PPR) current, are employed to perform the filling plating. DC plating requires an extended time period and results in void formation at high current density. In contrast, PPR plating requires a shorter time and results in a very thin copper layer on the wafer surface after the TSH is fully filled. (c) 2013 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

We theoretically demonstrate the possibility of using nanomechanical systems as single-photon routers. We show how electromagnetically induced transparency in cavity optomechanical systems can be used to produce a switch for a probe field in a single-photon Fock state using very low pumping powers of a few microwatts. We present estimates of vacuum and thermal noise and show that the optimal performance of the single-photon switch is deteriorated by only a few percent even at temperatures of the order of 20 mK.

Microvia filling of a printed circuit board by acidic copper electroplating was performed to evaluate whether the filling performance of an acidic copper plating solution could be quantified and monitored. The acidic copper plating solution was composed of polyethylene glycol, chloride ions, bis(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide and Alcian Blue. The electrochemical methodology for quantifying the filling performance of the copper plating solution is based on the adsorption and mass transfer of chloride ions. The potential difference that was obtained from galvanostatic measurements at two different rotating speeds of a copper working electrode was confirmed to be an effective indicator of filling performance. A larger potential difference reflected better filling performance. The individual contribution of each additive in the potential difference was explored in detail. The leveler and chloride ion concentrations dominated the potential difference, i.e., the filling performance. When the potential difference was larger than a critical value, i.e., 11 mV, the filling performance was higher than 80%. (C) 2011 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/2.010203jes] All rights reserved.

An accelerator is an indispensable organic additive for the bottom-up filling of copper electroplating in nano-or micro-scale features. However, its effective concentration is too low to be easily determined and controlled. Herein, a new electrochemical analysis method based on self-assembly monolayers of thiol molecules on a gold electrode was developed to accurately determine a trace amount of accelerator. The accelerator employed in copper plating solutions is bis-(3-sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS), which is the most common accelerator for the filling of vias and trenches of interconnects. The SPS concentration in copper plating solutions ranged from 0.3 to 9.0 ppm. Following selective chemisorption of SPS onto the gold electrode, the SPS-modified gold electrode was transferred into a specific electrolyte composed of CuSO(4), H(2)SO(4), polyethylene glycol and chloride ions to run cyclic voltammetry (CV) for copper deposition and stripping. A specific peak current of copper reduction formed in the CV, and its peak area depended on the SPS concentration in the copper plating solution. A good linear calibration line was obtained by using this electrochemical analysis method, which can determine a trace amount of SPS in a concentration range of 0.3-1.0 ppm, which is a significant challenge for traditional instruments. (C) 2011 The Electrochemical Society. [DOI: 10.1149/1.3560479] All rights reserved.

The filling of micron through-holes (THs) in a printed circuit board (PCB) by copper electroplating was investigated in this study. The role of supporting electrolytes, such as H(2)SO(4), Na(2)SO(4) and K(2)SO(4), was explored using practical TH filling plating and linear-sweep voltammetry (LSV) analysis of plating solutions. The copper could selectively fill THs using one organic additive, namely, tetranitroblue tetrazolium chloride (TNBT), as an inhibitor. The inhibiting strength of TNBT depended on the supporting electrolytes. Although H(2)SO(4) could enhance the inhibiting strength of TNBT, it also decreased the filling capability of the copper plating solution; Na(2)SO(4) and K(2)SO(4) did not enhance the inhibiting strength of TNBT but they increased the filling capability of the copper plating solution. Additionally, the protons could chemically interact with TNBT to form precipitate, whereas sodium and potassium ions did not easily interact with TNBT. The filling capability of the copper plating solution using Na(2)SO(4) and K(2)SO(4) as supporting electrolytes could be greatly improved by adding a small amount of bis(3-sulfopropyl)-disulfide (SPS) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with a molecular weight of 600. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.