Air Pollution knowledge of health care providers determines communication of adverse effects of pollution to the patients. Hence a study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of health care providers on air pollution. A pilot cross-sectional study by telephonic survey, with informed consent and voluntary participation was conducted in October 2025 in health block Syri of district Solan, India.16 (36.4%) Doctors and 28 (63.6%) Paramedical staff, mean age 36.18 years, SD 9.8, participated. All perceived that air pollution affects human health and dampness (87.5% Doctors, 85.7% Paramedics)/ Foul smell (56.3% Doctors, 82.1% Paramedics) were also the causes. 81.3% Doctors significantly knew about Air Quality Index compared to 42.9% Paramedics (Chi square- 6.11, df 1, p= 0.01). 93% of respondents believed that patient’s indoor hospital stay gets affected by pollution and indoor plants can improve air quality. Only 4 doctors and 1 Paramedic knew about the concept of Air Changes Per Hour (x2 = 4.64, df = 1, p = 0.03). Only 64% (x2 = 7.39, df = 1, p = 0.00) Paramedics could name three diseases caused by air pollution. Majority of respondents (61%) knew names of indoor plants. Very less respondents (6%) bothered to check air quality in hospitals. However about 50% did care about dampness and foul smell and kept windows open for ventilation. Significantly low (18% Doctors, 50% Paramedics, x2 = 4.10, df = 1, p = 0.04) had seen information, education and communication (IEC) materials on air quality in hospital. Only 3 Paramedics had undergone training on air quality. The pilot study with low sample size as its limitation was a pioneer attempt in the region and it had inferred that the knowledge on air quality was inadequate among health care providers. There was also lack of attitude and practice of checking air quality. This was probably due to unavailability of IEC material in hospitals and no trainings of health care providers. The Department of Health has been sent recommendations to take up sensitization of health care professionals on various aspects of air quality.

Background: Modalities of fixation in intertrochanteric fractures have been a topic of debate since times immemorial. Our special aims at comparing the functional outcome of Intraheal™ proximal hip stabilizing nail (PHSN, GPC Medical Limited) fixation in 200 patients of intertrochanteric fractures. Methods: 200 patients of intertrochanteric fracture fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in our study. Preoperative AP and Lateral views of hip joint were taken for all patients. In post-operative period, the patients were reviewed at 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months by the operating surgeon. Functional assessment, radiological assessment of bony union and complications were evaluated in follow up period. Results: 200 patients underwent Intraheal™ proximal hip stabilizing nail fixation. They were followed-up the patients at 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6 and at 12 months postoperatively AP and lateral pelvic X-rays were obtained at each follow-up, and implant position changes, all complications, and fixation failures were recorded. We included a total of 200 patients meeting the criteria in this study and follow up was done till 12 months postoperatively. Intra-operative complications, time of hospital stay, Varus fixation and fracture displacement were assessed. Conclusion: Advantages noted with PHSN fixation were excellent Harris hip score, lesser screw cutout, early union rate. However, PHSN had greater incidence of anterior thigh pain at all intervals of follow-up. There were no significant local wound complications or duration of hospital stay.

Scheduling automotive part manufacturing is more arduous and complex. Getting an optimum schedule for automotive part manufacturing is a very back-breaker task. In today’s scenario, every industry and research organization need an energy-efficient system to cope up with the global environment. In the present work, we proposed energy-efficient fuzzy scheduling system for crankcase manufacturing. This study consists of the development of an energy-efficient fuzzy inference system, and its results are validated by a fuzzy set approach. Fuzzy logic can consider multiple criteria and can deal with uncertainty also. This scheduling system will help for identifying job priorities and select the best alternative route with multi-criteria scheduling through fuzzy logic. Three inputs are selected for both job priorities and route selection. Inputs are further divided into three ranges for developing 27 rules in the fuzzy reasoning tool. Fuzzy logic provides a decision by a combination of the rules for selecting job priorities and route selection. This study is very useful for all automotive industry as well as research organizations.

Before constructing the actual production plant architecture, the simulation builds a virtual production model that is identical to the real environment and offers insights into the future. By using simulation, we can test the behaviour of the expensive and sophisticated manufacturing system without physically putting any money in it. In this study, Flexsim is used for the first time to model and simulate the production of two-wheeler crankcase covers. In this work, a simulation model for crankcase cover production processes in the automotive sector is developed. Flexsim simulation tool is used as an optimization tool for analysing the bottleneck or performing the line balancing. The results indicate that by eliminating the bottleneck in the production line, it increases the line efficiency as well as the production throughput. Initially production line efficiency is just 51.8% when bottleneck is present. After bottleneck is removed, it increases not only throughput but also line efficiency to 97.29%. All manufacturing sectors will profit from these findings.

The simulation creates the virtual production model which is exactly like the real environment, and it provides future insights before laying down the actual production plant layout. With the help of simulation, we can simulate the complex and costly manufacturing system without investing money physically and check the system’s real-life behavior. In this study, for the first time, the modelling and simulation of two-wheeler crankcase cover manufacturing are done with the help of Flexsim. This study deals with the development of a simulation model for crankcase cover manufacturing systems in the automobile industry. Flexsim simulation tool is used as an optimization tool for analyzing the effect of varying the number of operators and process stations on system performance using various scenarios. The results indicate that scenario 2 is best for crankcase cover manufacturing which reduces the overall idle time of all process stations and optimizes the number of die-casting machines (DCM) and vertical milling center (VMC). These results are useful for all industries for simulating their process or product layout.

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is one of the innovative technology under Industry 4.0 umbrella, which has captured the interest of academia and industry due to its exponential growth. Successful implementation of AM will enable change in Business models. However, theoretical development in the field of AM with regard to its impact on supply chain management is rare. Further, the main goal is to identify the benefits of AM technologies over conventional manufacturing and their impact on business models. Particularly, this study provides quick access to key arguments about AM impact on the supply chain and conceptual model to enhance sustainability by mediating the role of the supply chain.

This study focused on finding the best electric scooter among the popular six alternatives based on the five criteria. The six alternatives taken in this study are Ola S1 STD, Ola S1 pro, Ather 450x, Simple one, TVS iQube electric, and Hero electric photon HX. The criteria taken in this study are on-road price (Delhi), driving range, battery capacity, maximum speed, motor power, and battery charging time. The specification parameter of the various electric scooters are collected and fuzzy AHP is applied for weights calculation and the TOPSIS method have been used for finding the ranking of alternatives. The best alternative identified from this research is a simple one electric scooter. This integrated model can be incorporated into any automotive industry for vehicle selection, and the results are beneficial for all new customers. The sensitivity analysis is also been performed for checking the robustness and stability of this model.

Background: The main objective of this observational study was to evaluate the functional and radiological outcome of variable angle volar plates in intra-articular distal end radius fractures. Methods: Patients with distal end radius fractures (AO type 3C) treated operatively between Jan 2020 and Dec 2020 and then followed up for at least 12 months. A total of 32 patients (11 men and 21 women) with a mean age of 51.9 years were included in the study. The functional outcome was assessed by using modified Mayo wrist score (MMWS), disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score, wrist range of motion (ROM) and grip strength relative to the uninjured side and radiological assessment of radial height, volar tilt, and radial inclination. Results: MMWS and DASH scores improved postoperatively over time. Signs of radiographic union started around 12 weeks after surgery. The most common complication observed was finger and wrist stiffness, which was resolved with active wrist and finger movements. Non-union or hardware-related complications/ late complications such as tendon irritation/attrition were not observed with variable angle volar locking plates. Conclusions: Distal end radius fracture fixation with variable angle plate gives favourable radiological and clinical outcomes. These results can be owed to features such as low profile, variable locking, anatomical design and implant biomechanics. The surgeon determined angulation of the distal row of screw fixation may decrease the incidence of joint penetration and improve fixation of radial styloid and lunate facet stability.

Friction stir welding is an efficient joining process for light metal alloys, offering benefits such as high joint efficiency and reduced grain sizes. This work is to investigate the process parameters that can improve the welding quality and reduce the brittle intermetallic compounds, including Al 3 Mg 2 (β) and Al 12 Mg 17 (γ) in the welded region. It was perceived that the process parameters influenced the morphological characteristics and input heat, thereby affecting the materialization of intermetallic compounds. The primary diffraction peaks of both Al and Mg were present in all the joints. Two specific intermetallic phases, Al 3 Mg 2 and Al 12 Mg 17 , were formed as a result of the diffusion of Al and Mg atoms during welding. These intermetallic compounds were found in all the joints. The Al 12 Mg 17 phase, when mixed with the Mg phase, tended to migrate towards the weld surface where the AZ91D plate was positioned. This migration might lead to constitutional liquation, which refers to the melting of specific phases during solidification, resulting in the materialization of eutectic microstructures. The highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value of 116.64 MPa was achieved with a rotational tool speed of 800 r/min and a traverse speed of 20 mm/min. On the other hand, the lowest UTS value of 68.32 MPa was observed with a rotational tool speed of 400 r/min and a traverse speed (TS) of 20 mm/min. It was noted that lower UTS values were associated with the materialization of dense layers of intermetallic compounds (Al 12 Mg 17 and Mg + Al 12 Mg 17 ) in the stir zone when using lower rotational tool speed and TS. It suggests that improper processing parameters can lead to the materialization of intermetallic compound in the stir zone, which subsequently decreases the mechanical properties of the weldments.

Introduction: Blood is a scarce, but life saving resource. At the same time, unsafe transfusion practice also puts millions of people at risk of Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs). Aim: To determine the prevalence and trend of blood borne infection namely Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among blood donors donating blood in a tertiary care hospital of Haryana, India. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted from September 2012 to August 2014 to calculate the prevalence and trend of HIV positivity among blood donors over a period of five years (2008-2012). Results were expressed in terms of frequency and percentage. Results: There were a total of 1,59,077 donations, including both voluntary and replacement donors. The overall prevalence of HIV infection among blood donors was found to be 0.26% over a period of five years (2008-2012). The HIV prevalence among blood donors showed an increased trend from 2008 (0.18%) to 2011 (0.34%), and then there was a dip in the year 2012 (0.23%). Conclusion: The number of female blood donors were less in comparison to male blood donor. The maximum number of donors were voluntary males followed by replacement males.

Background: Worldwide, one million cases of bacterial meningitis are estimated to occur and 200,000 of them die annually. Case fatality rates vary with age at the time of illness and the species of bacterium causing infection. In view of variable clinical features and complication rates in various studies, the present study was planned to assess the clinical and laboratory profile of patients with acute bacterial meningitis and analyze the therapeutic response and short-term sequelae. Materials: This study was conducted in the department of pediatrics at Pandit Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (PGIMS), Rohtak. A total of 50 pediatric patients with signs and symptoms of acute bacterial meningitis who satisfied the inclusion or selection criteria were enrolled in the study. Appropriate statistical tests were applied for analysis and trial registry was done with PGIMS. Results: In the present study, slightly more males (54%) were found than females (46%). The sequelae and mortality were 33.3%, 26.1% and 7.4%, 8.7% in males and females, respectively. There were higher chances of sequelae or mortality in males as compared to females (OR 1.289, 95% CI 0.073-6.11, P > 0.05). Predominant cells were polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells except in >120 months age group where both PMN (50%) and mononuclear (50%) cells were equally visualized. Mean CSF protein was slightly higher in 2-24 months age group. Conclusion: We compared the group with sequelae with the group with no sequelae and found neurological deficit (P < 0.01), and presence of complications (P < 0.01) were significantly associated with sequelae.

Background: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to a group of clinical symptoms compatible with acute myocardial ischemia and includes unstable angina, non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Aims and Objectives: To study the incidence of lipid profile abnormalities in young patients (age 40 years or below) with ACS with clinical and cardiovascular risk profile. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 223 young patients of acute coronary syndrome with age 40 years or below. 89 young patients with acute coronary syndrome having lipid abnormalities were further followed up after 1 month. Results: Majority of patients (55.15%) in the study population belonged to 35–40 years age group. Mean age of study population was 35.65 + 4.62 years with 90.13% males and 9.86% females. Main presenting symptom was precordial chest pain in 93.72% patients. Smoking was the commonest risk factor in young adults (81.7%). Other risk factors like diabetes, hypertension, family history were less common in young adults. Drug addiction was also higher in younger population (16%). Majority of young adults with acute coronary syndrome had more than 1 (47.53%) risk factor. Majority of patients were in Killip class I (86.9%) and only few patients (13.1%) had Killip class II or above. ST elevation myocardial infarction was far more common than NTEMI/USA and was found in 164 (73.5%) patients. Most common type of infarction was anterior wall myocardial infarction (62.80%). Majority of young patients had negative TMT, so it suggests that ACS in younger population has lesser complications during presentation, hospital stay and on follow-up. Conclusion: ACS in young continues to increase in Indian subcontinent. Younger patient with an ACS have different clinical characteristics and a different prognosis than older patients. The extent of CAD and degree of myocardial necrosis has influence on presentation and subsequent MACE in ACS and in this study, it appears dyslipidemia do not play any significant role in influencing extent of CAD and has little effect on outcome whether during acute stage or on immediate follow-up after ACS.

Background: Fractures around the distal third tibia are one of the challenging problems faced by orthopaedic surgeons owing to associated conditions such as disruption of syndesmosis, fibula fractures, articular extensions, ankle joint dislocations, and compromised soft tissue envelope. The present study is a functional evaluation of the results of the fixHEAL™ locking compression plate for distal tibia fractures. Materials and Methods: We conducted a single-centre study through our post-market surveillance project including data for 56 patients with distal third tibial fractures operated from August 2019-November 2021 was collected. The patient's pre-operative clinical and radiographic examination findings were noted. Orthopaedic procedures were performed by a single surgeon aptly skilled and experienced to handle complex orthopaedic trauma. The functional outcome was assessed by Olerud-Molander functional evaluation score (OMFES). Clinical assessment of bony union and complications in the perioperative and postoperative period was also considered. Results: Radiographic union was observed in all cases by 6 months, except 2 cases where secondary surgery was done to achieve bony union. Conclusion: Functional outcome is influenced by the fracture geometry, co-morbidities, associated soft tissue injury and perioperative complications. Excellent soft tissue handling during surgery and management of associated injuries is a prerequisite for satisfactory results.

The research focuses on the multi-objective single-machine static scheduling problems of motorcycle crankcase cover. To solve these static scheduling problems, dispatching rules are used. Various dispatching rules used in this study are the earliest due date (EDD), shortest processing time (SPT), critical ratio (CR), longest processing time (LPT), weightage shortest processing time (WSPT), cost over time (COVERT), and hodgson’s algorithm. The objective of the paper is to sequence the different crankcase covers and to minimize average flow time, an average hour early, and an average hour past due, etc. This study helps us to obtain optimal job prioritization of two-wheeler crankcase covers in the automobile industry. Results show that shifting the production system from WSPT approach scheduling to the EDD scheduling approach, minimizes the mean flow time by 2.75%, weighted mean flow time by 27.91%, and maximum lateness by 21.87%.

Introduction: Overweight, obesity, and associated health problems are on the rise in the developing and developed world. The spreading of the fast-food culture, sedentary lifestyle, and increase in body weight has led some to coin the emerging threat of “globesity” epidemic. Methodology: Multistage random sampling was used in this cross-sectional study. 1080 individuals of 15-64 years age group who were further subdivided into five subgroups (15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64 years) taking 90 individuals from each Anganwadi area were selected and interviewed. Appropriate statistical tests were used for analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight (BMI = 25.00-29.99 kg/m ) was found to be 22.8% and it was higher among females (26.7%) as compared to males (18.9%). The prevalence of overweight was highest in 25- 34 years age group (27.8%) and lowest in 15-24 years age group (13.0%) among males whereas among females, it was highest in 45-54 years age group (38.0%) and lowest in 25-34 years age group (15.7%). Conclusion: This study confirmed the high burden of raised body mass index (BMI) in rural areas and reiterated the need to address these issues comprehensively as a part of noncommunicable disease (NCD) prevention and control strategy.

The Automotive industry is one of the biggest emerging sectors in terms of revenue. Every automotive industry has an indispensable need for optimum manufacturing scheduling systems for generating good revenues and profits. This need can be pulled off by identifying and prioritizing the scheduling parameters. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) is one of the best techniques of operation research in selecting the best parameters or factors among the various alternatives. This study includes the identification and prioritization of the various important scheduling parameters (SPs) in the Indian automotive industry. The twelve scheduling parameters have been identified in this study and these parameters are prioritized by the fuzzy- Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) and Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory Model (DEMATEL). The expert’s views are gathered from the five automobile industries. Makespan, energy consumption, due date, and travel time are the crucial parameters obtained using Fuzzy TOPSIS. The least important parameters obtained using Fuzzy TOPSIS are work in process, flow time, and release date. The most influential parameters identified using the DEMATEL method are completion time and processing time. This study is valuable for every industry and research organization in the field of the automobile industry.

Background: Cephalomedullary nailing for peritrochanteric femoral fractures is widely popular owing to low risk for perioperative morbidity. The evaluation of outcomes of peritrochanteric fracture fixation has usually relied upon objective measures. The purpose of the present study is functional and clinical evaluation including complications after intraHeal™ Proximal Femoral Nail Advanced for fixation of peritrochanteric fractures. Methods: We conducted a single center study through our post market surveillance project including 468 patients (range 26-93 years, mean age 81 years) with unstable peritrochanteric fractures (AO/OTA 31-A2, 31-A3) treated with intraHeal™ Proximal Femoral Nail Advanced. Functional evaluation was done using Harris hip score, parker score, range of motion, leg length, body mass index, neck-shaft angle and grade of osteoarthritis hip at various stages of follow up. Clinical assessment of bony union and complications in perioperative and postoperative period was also considered. Results: Radiographic union was achieved at an average 3 months in 94.5% of cases, with satisfactory reduction in 84.6% of cases. According to the Harris Hip Score 83% had excellent or good results. Parker score averaged 6 (between 6 and 8). In 36 cases postoperative complications were recorded, of which 13 required major or minor surgical procedure. 38 Patients were excluded from study due to death within 1 year of surgery. Conclusion: The intraHeal™ Proximal Femoral Nail Advanced is an excellent alternative in treatment of all types of unstable peritrochanteric fractures. This study emphasizes the importance of acceptable anatomical reduction in anteroposterior and the lateral projection in reducing the risk of cut-out failure.

Material selection is an important task for designers in all industries. To satisfy customer needs, designers have to predict the performance of all available materials and find out the best material for the product. Since the various materials are available in the market with diverse characteristics, which makes the material selection process is complex. So, there is an indispensable need for a proper material selection methodology. The designers have to identify the best approach which enhanced the product performance and also reduced the time of designing. In this study, first-time selection of materials for two-wheeler crankcase cover has done using integrated TOPSIS (Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution) PROMETHEE (Preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation), and MOORA (Multi-objective optimization by ration analysis) model. The final rankings of alternatives obtained from this integrated model have also been compared with each other for finding the best material for crankcase cover. Six aluminum alloys (Alloy 360, Alloy 380, Alloy A380, Alloy 383, Alloy B390, and Alloy 13) have been taken as alternatives, and seven attributes (Brinell hardness, yield strength, % elongation, young's modulus, ultimate tensile strength, fatigue strength, and material cost) have been taken as criteria for this study.

Aims: Special drive campaigns on substance use disorders (SUDs) in India are usually organized in educational institutes, non-governmental organizations, or few selected localities. Hard to reach communities of construction, prison, and industrial sites quite often remain uncovered. Materials and Methods: During a month-long special drive in 2019, under a cross-sectional study, we reached these communities of Solan town through awareness camps and incorporated standardized screening tools for evaluating morbidity patterns of SUDs. Results: Statistically significant relationship existed between 360 participants (90.8% males, 9.2% females; mean age of 33 years) and their educational levels with χ2 (1, n = 360) =130.59, P = 0.000. Fagerstrom's scale inferred very high nicotine dependence in 10.6%, 7.9%, and 2.4% of prisoners, industrial workers, and laborers, respectively. Whereas, Fagerstrom scale for smokeless tobacco revealed 31% of significant dependence potential amongst laborers. Alcohol use disorder identification test revealed 28 persons with harmful alcohol dependence. Drug abuse screening test revealed 13.6% of prisoners having moderate level drug abuse potential. The Kruskal–Wallis test showed a statistically significant difference, in levels and potential of substance use in construction, prison, and industrial sites. Conclusion: The study proved the utility of special drives in evaluating SUDs morbidity patterns in hard-to-reach communities.

Background and objectivesSeroprevalence estimation of COVID-19 is quite necessary for controlling the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Seroprevalence rate in recovered COVID-19 patients help us to identify individual with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and its protective nature. The objective of present study was to evaluate seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among potential convalescent plasma donors and analysis of their deferral reasons.Materials and methodsA total 400 potential convalescent plasma donors were enrolled over five-month period for this prospective study. Inclusion criteria were lab confirmed COVID-19 recovered patients and 14 days of symptoms free period. All prospective plasmapheresis donors were tested for IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibody through chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay, CBC, serum protein, blood grouping along with other required test for normal blood donation as per Drugs & Cosmetics Act. After pre donation testing and medical examination if donor was found to be ineligible for plasmapheresis was deferred. Seroprevalence rate was calculated by positive IgG antibody test results among the potential plasma donors.ResultsSeroprevalence rate was 87% for IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in prospective convalescent plasma donors (recovered COVID-19 patients). There was no significant difference in seroprevalence rate between different sub-groups with respect to gender, age, blood groups, Rh factor, mode of treatment, day of Ab testing and repeat plasma donation. Most common reason for their deferral was absent IgG SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (13%) followed by absenteeism of eligible screen donors (6.7%), low Hb (1.7%) and poor veins for plasmapheresis (1.7%). Till five-month study period none of the plasmapheresis develop symptoms of reinfection with COVID-19.ConclusionIn all, 13% recovered patients did not develop IgG antibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies persist for quite some time and are protective against reinfection. More long-term serology studies are needed to understand better antibody response kinetics and duration of persistence of IgG antibodies.