美国拜登政府对特朗普时期的能源政策进行了大量修正和否定,以促进清洁能源发展.2022年中期选举后,在拜登政府的后半任期内,民主党的能源低碳化措施将面临阻力,但前期通过的法案和财政支持仍将发挥作用,能源政策的区域分化更加明显.2023年,俄乌局势将成为影响拜登能源政策的最大不确定性因素,美国能源转型进程将有所放缓.美国或将在新能源领域出台保护主义政策,会对欧洲能源转型造成巨大阻碍,同时围绕跨大西洋联盟形成能源领域技术保护壁垒,对其他国家进行打压.

To achieve the carbon-neutral goal set for 2060, China has promoted renewable energy development for more than two decades. Meanwhile, China's electricity market is undergoing a new round of reform by introducing more market-oriented mechanisms and changing the market structure. This paper investigates the impact of three electric utility market structures experimented with in China on promoting renewable energy through a simulation model. The three market structures are vertical monopoly, weak monopoly (separation of power generators and grids), and monopolistic competition (Cournot-Nash competition). The model is calibrated with the actual data of the regional utility network in Beijing, Tianjin, and Tangshan areas. The simulation results show that the electricity market structure plays a vital role in renewable electricity, and the competition among utilities tends to benefit renewable energy development (wind power here). The study's conclusions are helpful to our understanding of further reforms in the electric utility industry and the long-term clean energy target in China.

Global climate problems caused by the overuse of fossil energy need to be settled urgently. To solve global warming threatening human life and production, environmental control policies have been proposed as the mainstream ways to push renewable energy development worldwide, such as carbon tax, carbon trading, emissions trading, and fiscal subsidies. This study examines how carbon tax and carbon emission trading policies could be coupled with subsidy policies to better promote renewable energy development. The data come from seven carbon emission trading pilots from 2013 to 2017 in China. Based on the evolutionary game, the research simulates the onshore wind power investment to deeply explore the spontaneous evolution process. Considering carbon tax and carbon emission trading policies, the two evolutionary game models are constructed under the context of fiscal subsidy policy, respectively. The results show that, under the scenario of carbon trading and subsidy policy coordination, investors will vote for wind farms and under the scenario of the carbon tax and subsidies coordination, investors will pay the funds in coal-fired power generation. Besides, this is worth noting that excessive carbon tax may give rise to the shrinking of the power industry. Accordingly, it is suggested that the government should continue to implement the carbon emission trading policy and maintain the free quota below 80% and the carbon emission trading price above 120.02 yuan/ton.

The coupled photovoltaic-energy storage-charging station (PV-ES-CS) is an important approach of promoting the transition from fossil energy consumption to low-carbon energy use. However, the integrated charging station underdeveloped. One of the key reasons for this is that there lacks the evaluation of its economic and envi-ronmental benefits. Based on the electricity load of different types of buildings and the data of electric vehicle charging stations in Beijing, this paper analyzes the economic and environmental benefits of integrated charging station developed over different scales by the capacity optimization model. Said benefits are shown to differ considerably with different locations (building types): the construction of the integrated charging station in places where the electricity load is high at night, and where the curve of daytime electricity consumption consistent with the PV generation curve (e.g., hospitals), shows maximal economic benefits and carbon dioxide emissions reduction. In other (e.g., residential) areas, where power consumption is lower across both day and nighttime hours, the economic benefits and carbon dioxide emissions reduction are lowest. The economic and environmental benefits of the integrated charging station also markedly differ on different scales: with scale expansion, the rate of return on investment and the carbon dioxide emissions reduction first increase and then decrease. A decline in energy storage costs increases the economic benefits of all integrated charging station scales, an increase in EVs increases the economic benefits of small-scale investments, and expansion of the peak to-valley price difference increases the economic benefits of large-scale investments.

随着中国"碳中和"目标的提出,与全球能源转型理念和实践的不断深入,以油气供应安全为基础的传统能源安全观亟待更新,以适应外部环境和发展趋势.本文在"碳中和"目标背景下,梳理能源安全面临的外部环境,并对其内涵做出阐释的基础上,提出中国石油企业需由单纯保供的"石油安全观",转变为涵盖加多元要素的"新能源安全观",调整石油企业的发展思路.通过顶层设计、发展比较优势、促进产融结合等手段,维护国家能源安全,保障"碳中和"目标达成.基于石油天然气总量约束、电气化程度,和可再生能源占一次能源比重的不同情景,分析提出中国石油企业实现"碳中和"目标路径及建议.

在考虑成本收益基础上构建有利于可再生能源发展的电价机制,对促进中国能源结构转型升级内在动力的提升具有重要意义.本文建立了整体电力市场机制模型,包含中长期交易市场的电量出清模型、日前市场的增量现货市场模型和实时市场的平衡调度模型,并在实时平衡调度模型中设置目标函数为系统成本最小、弃风量最小双目标函数.在IEEE 6节点标准测试系统里,计算了不同电价机制下的电力市场交易结果,研究发现,与系统边际电价相比,边际节点电价出清的电价机制下风电企业利润更高,弃风率更低.因此,该机制更有利于风电发展;同时,当系统收益一定时,边际节点电价机制能使电力系统总成本最小.

China's national market of carbon emission tradable permits was launched on December 19, 2017. However, the adequate discussions regarding how much CO2 individual companies will be allowed to emit without financial penalty are still needed. Meanwhile, those enterprises not regulated by the cap-and-trade program would be subject to carbon tax. As such, from the perspective of promoting renewable energy, what is the appropriate carbon tax? How much CO2 should industries within the cap-and-trade program be allowed to emit without penalty? This paper uses the Real Options theory to analyze the impacts of the two policies on China's wind power investment considering the uncertainties with regard to the prices of coal, carbon, and electricity, as well as the uncertainty of the utilization hours of wind turbines.

中国以煤炭为主的能源消费结构带来的环境问题和"弃风弃光"严重的可再生能源发电消纳问题越来越引起人们的关注,基于此,本文提出了"风光草"一体化项目,在风力发电、光伏发电的同时种植中草药,提高土地利用效率,增加经济效益和环境效益.选取甘肃酒泉100平方公里土地进行"风光草"一体化项目的规划设计,从而分析评价该项目的经济、环境和社会效益.

The bilateral spot electricity market is very complicated because all generation units and demands must strategically bid in this market. Considering renewable resource penetration, the high variability and the non-dispatchable nature of these intermittent resources make it more difficult to model and simulate the dynamic bidding process and the equilibrium in the bilateral spot electricity market, which makes developing fast and reliable market modeling approaches a matter of urgency nowadays. In this paper, a Gradient Descent Continuous Actor-Critic algorithm is proposed for hour-ahead bilateral electricity market modeling in the presence of renewable resources because this algorithm can solve electricity market modeling problems with continuous state and action spaces without causing the “curse of dimensionality” and has low time complexity. In our simulation, the proposed approach is implemented on an IEEE 30-bus test system. The adequate performance of our proposed approach—such as reaching Nash Equilibrium results after enough iterations of training are tested and verified, and some conclusions about the relationship between increasing the renewable power output and participants’ bidding strategy, locational marginal prices, and social welfare—is also evaluated. Moreover, the comparison of our proposed approach with the fuzzy Q-learning-based electricity market approach implemented in this paper confirms the superiority of our proposed approach in terms of participants’ profits, social welfare, average locational marginal prices, etc.