MXenes have emerged as a pivotal class of two-dimensional materials driving the evolution of rechargeable battery technologies from conventional aqueous systems toward advanced solid-state architectures. Their exceptional electrical conductivity, lamellar framework, and chemically tunable surface terminations enable precise control over charge transport, ion storage, and interfacial reactions. This review critically surveys recent advances in MXene-based batteries, highlighting their functional roles across aqueous and solid-state energy storage platforms. In aqueous batteries, MXenes facilitate rapid redox kinetics, high-rate capability, and enhanced electrochemical stability through optimized surface chemistry and electrolyte compatibility. As battery technologies transition toward solid-state configurations, MXenes emerge as conductive interlayers, ion-transport facilitators, and interface-stabilizing components that mitigate contact resistance and mechanical mismatch between electrodes and solid electrolytes.The review also focuses on key challenges, such as oxidation susceptibility, harsh synthesis routes, and scalability of synthesis. By mapping the evolutionary trajectory of MXene integration from aqueous to solid-state batteries, this review provides a forward-looking framework for leveraging MXenes in next-generation, high-performance, and environmentally responsible energy storage technologies.

The effect of A-site substitution on the morphological and electrochemical properties of La1-xSrxMnO3 (x = 0, 0.25, 0.50) perovskites was investigated to evaluate their potential as electrode materials for supercapacitors. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the formation of the perovskite structure, with minor peak shifts and distortion of crystal structure induced by Sr substitution. Scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed irregularly shaped particulate morphology across all perovskite compositions. The increasing amount of Sr as in La0.5Sr0.5MnO3 (LSM-50) favored the formation of nanosized particles, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the presence of all constituent elements; EDX elemental mapping also showed a uniform distribution of all elements in the various perovskite compositions. Among all compositions, La0.75Sr0.25MnO3 (LSM-25) possessed the highest specific capacitance (Csp) of 483 Fg-1 at 1 Ag-1 current density in 3 M KOH electrolyte, as determined by electrochemical analysis. This perovskite material also exhibited a capacitance retention of 87.8% after 5000 charge-discharge cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that LSM-25 showed the lowest solution resistance (0.68 Omega*cm2) and charge transfer resistance (1.52 Omega*cm2), indicating strong electrode-electrolyte interaction. Detailed analysis of cyclic voltammetry data revealed that the predominant charge storage mechanism was diffusive in nature, with 88% of the diffusive contribution registered for LSM-25. These findings demonstrate that Sr substitution at the A-site significantly enhances the energy storage performance of LaMnO3, making it a promising candidate for supercapacitor applications.

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are emerging as a transformative solution for high-energy-density and intrinsically safe energy storage systems. Challenges, such as low ionic conductivity, poor interfacial contact, and lithium dendrite formation, continue to impede their large-scale adoption despite significant advances in electrochemical stability, thermal resilience, and compact cell design. MXenes are a novel family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides that have shown great promise to overcome these limitations due to their tunable surface terminations, high conductivity, and structural versatility. This review explores the recent breakthroughs in MXene-integrated all SSBs. It delves into their roles as functional fillers in solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) as well as interfacial layers, electrodes, and current collectors. We discuss synthesis strategies, surface engineering, and design principles that enable MXenes to enhance ionic transport, suppress dendrite growth, and improve interfacial compatibility. A foundational overview of MXene physicochemical properties that are relevant to SSBs is provided in addition to an evaluation of the key SSE characteristics. Finally, the review outlines critical challenges and future directions for the rational design of MXene-enabled SSB architectures. This review aims to accelerate the development of safe, durable, and high-performance SSBs by bridging a fundamental understanding with application-driven innovation.

This study demonstrates that N and Co co-doped MXene, with tuned doping levels, alters electrochemical performance, where the synergistic heteroatom incorporation improves capacitance, charge transport, and the HER activity.

Conventional carbon-based supercapacitor electrodes often suffer from limited energy density and sluggish charge transport, restricting their practical applicability. To overcome these limitations, we developed a hybrid electrode by integrating low-oxidized graphene (Gr) multilayer graphene with a 3D porous Cu2O foam current collector. In this study, a hybrid Gr-Cu2O foam electrode is developed to address the limitations of conventional carbon-based supercapacitors. Low-oxidized multilayer Gr is integrated onto a 3D porous Cu2O foam current collector prepared via hydrogen bubble-assisted electrodeposition. The interconnected Cu2O framework ensures continuous electron transport and efficient electrolyte penetration, while graphene provides high surface area and abundant electroactive sites. The resulting Gr-Cu2O foam electrode delivers a specific capacitance of 118 F g(-1) at 1 mV s(-1), with kinetic analysis revealing similar to 59% diffusion-controlled (faradaic) and similar to 41% surface-controlled (electrostatic) charge storage at low scan rates. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirms a markedly reduced charge-transfer resistance compared with planar Cu and bare Cu2O electrodes, indicating accelerated interfacial kinetics. Furthermore, the electrode exhibits excellent durability, retaining similar to 90% capacitance after 4000 charge-discharge cycles at 100 A g(-1). These findings demonstrate that integrating low-oxidized graphene with porous Cu2O current collectors is an effective strategy for achieving high capacitance, fast charge transport, and stable performance in next-generation supercapacitors.

A significant challenge in developing high-performance gas sensors is the robust integration of sensitive materials onto stable substrates without resorting to harsh fabrication methods. This work reports the development of a superior room-temperature hydrogen (H2) sensor by engineering a Laser-Induced Graphene (LIG) heterostructure on a quartz substrate. We employed a single-step, direct-write Laser-Induced Backward Transfer (LIBT) technique to precisely pattern highly conductive LIG onto indium tin oxide (ITO) interdigitated electrodes. This approach overcomes the limitations of direct LIG fabrication and ensures a durable, well-defined architecture. Subsequent functionalization with gold (Au) and palladium (Pd) nanoparticles via physical vapor deposition significantly enhanced the sensing capabilities. The resulting LIG/Au@Pd hybrid sensor demonstrates exceptional performance, detecting H2 concentrations as low as 0.2% at room temperature. Notably, the sensor exhibits a rapid response time of 64 s and a recovery time of 348 s, coupled with excellent stability and repeatability over multiple cycles. This LIBT-based strategy offers a novel and scalable pathway for creating advanced, highperformance gas sensing platforms for applications requiring early and reliable detection of hydrogen leaks.

Despite being crucial for modern health care, widespread consumption of paracetamol (PCM) can lead to severe health complications in humans including liver and kidney failure. To date, many techniques have been used for the efficient detection of this drug but with certain limitations. Electrochemical techniques unravel many of the shortcomings of these conventional methods, providing a sensitive, swift, and cost-effective alternative for detecting this drug. This study proposes the voltammetric assessment of PCM utilizing a novel electrochemical sensor fabricated from nickel-doped Ti3C2 MXene nanosheets (Ni-Ti3C2) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP)based nanocomposite (Ni-Ti3C2@GNP) synthesized using a hydrothermal approach. The nanocomposite was morphologically evaluated using an array of methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Xray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Furthermore, Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) are used to predict its electrochemical prowess in the efficient and sensitive detection of PCM. The Ni-Ti3C2@GNP composite based electrochemical sensor demonstrated good sensitivity (10.536 mu A mu M- 1cm- 2), broad dynamic linear range (10-110 mu M) and a remarkably low limit of detection (5.07 mu M) during electrochemical analysis of paracetamol. Lastly, the modified electrode demonstrated sufficient stability, specificity and sensitivity for detecting paracetamol in both real and spiked samples containing potential interfering agents, establishing its reliability as an analytical tool for realworld application with improved experimental and analytical precision.

This study presents the first report on the green hydrothermal synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using Aglaonema modestum leaf extract, providing a sustainable route for multifunctional nanomaterials with environmental and biomedical relevance. GC-MS profiling of the extract revealed abundant phytochemicals such as 1-monolinoleoylglycerol (4.6-6.6%), 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid tri-TMS ester (4.5%), and benzoic acid trimethylsilyl esters (4.3-4.5%), which served as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents during synthesis. The resulting ZnO crystallized in a wurtzite phase with crystallite size of 37.1 nm (Modified Debye-Scherrer; Debye-Scherrer estimate 29.3 nm), and microstrain of 1.74 & times; 10(-)& sup3; , indicating phytochemical-induced lattice distortion. BET analysis confirmed a high surface area of 78.4 m & sup2;g(-)& sup1; with uniform mesoporosity (3-12 nm), and zeta potential ranging from + 20 mV (pH 4) to -24 mV (pH 11), suggesting pH-responsive colloidal stability. Under UV irradiation, the Aglaonema-derived ZnO exhibited similar to 95% ciprofloxacin degradation within 70 min at an optimal catalyst dosage of 50 mg, following pseudo-first-order kinetics. The photocatalyst retained similar to 86% efficiency after five reuse cycles, maintaining its wurtzite structure and morphology. Cytotoxicity assays against MCF-7 breast cancer cells revealed an IC50 of 56.8 & micro;g mL(-)& sup1; and selectivity index of 2.42, supporting ROS-mediated apoptotic activity. Compared to uncapped (87.2 nm) and bulk ZnO (70.7 nm), the Aglaonema-synthesized nanostructures showed smaller domains, higher defect density, and superior functionality. This first-time utilization of Aglaonema extract demonstrates an eco-friendly, renewable strategy for fabricating ZnO nanoparticles with integrated photocatalytic and anticancer performance.

MXene-based materials have attracted significant attention as next-generation electrode materials for supercapacitors due to their metallic conductivity, tunable surface chemistry, and high volumetric capacitance. However, their electrochemical performance is often limited by nanosheet restacking and sluggish ion transport, which restricts access to the active surface. To address these limitations, a Ti3C2Tx MXene-based ternary composite incorporating intercalated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and tungsten oxide (WO3) nanostructures (MX-CNT-WO3) was developed, and the CNT and WO3 contents were systematically optimized (3, 5, and 7 wt%) to achieve enhanced charge-storage performance. CNTs incorporation prevents MXene restacking, exposes basal planes for ion access, and forms conductive networks that accelerate electron transport, thereby enhancing rate capability. Meanwhile, the inclusion of WO3 introduces additional redox-active sites and expands the interlayer spacing, improving ion accessibility and overall charge storage capacity. Electrochemical evaluation in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte demonstrated that the MX-CNT-WO3 (5 wt%) electrode achieved a specific capacitance of similar to 320 F g(-1), significantly higher than pristine MXene (similar to 229 F g(-1)), with better rate capability and capacitive retention even at high scan rates. The hybrid electrode also delivered an energy density of similar to 12 Wh kg(-1) at a power density of 7.3 kW kg(-1), highlighting the synergistic effects of CNT and WO3 intercalation. The MX-CNT-WO3 electrode-based device retains similar to 80% capacitance after 10,000 cycles at 10 A g(-1) with similar to 100% coulombic efficiency, indicating good reversibility despite minor structural degradation.

Dopamine (DPM), an essential neurotransmitter in biological systems, is not categorized as a traditional pollutant such as heavy metals, dyes, or pesticides. Nevertheless, its presence in wastewater and biomedical samples at trace levels has raised concerns. DPM is increasingly recognized as an emerging biological contaminant due to its significant bioactivity and potential to disrupt physiological and ecological processes, which carry significant environmental and health implications. The present work discusses an effective and highly sensitive electrochemical platform for the determination of DPM, developed using iron-loaded Ti3C2 MXene (Fe-MX) and MWCNT (MW) hybrid nanocomposite. The Fe atoms were incorporated into the layered Ti3C2 MXene (MX) matrix by employing a one-pot hydrothermal approach, and as-synthesized Fe-MX was subsequently combined with MW hydrothermally in order to produce the Fe-Ti3C2/MWCNT (Fe-MX/MW) hybrid electrocatalyst. Its structural, compositional, and morphological characteristics were methodically confirmed using thorough characterization methods such as elemental mapping, HRTEM (High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy), FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDX (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) studies, and XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy). Different electrochemical techniques like Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV), and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the proposed DPM sensor, which showed an extended dual linear response range of 5-35 and 35-100 mu M with corresponding limits of detection (LOD) of 8.40 mu M and 5.95 mu M, respectively. The Fe-MX/MW hybrid nanocomposite-based sensor also demonstrated remarkable electrochemical performance towards DPM detection, characterized by excellent stability, high selectivity against interfering species such as ascorbic acid and uric acid, and reliable recovery in spiked human serum and artificial urine samples. These findings highlighted the potential of Fe-MX/MW nanocomposite as a novel and promising electrocatalyst for practical electrochemical sensing of DPM in real-world applications, offering enhanced accuracy, sensitivity, and reliability.

Minimizing air entrainment during mold filling remains a critical challenge in gravity sand casting, as uncontrolled free-surface turbulence often leads to casting defects. In this study, a 3D numerical framework is developed to systematically investigate vortex-assisted melt flow as a strategy for suppressing air aspiration during pouring. Extending the qualitative concepts originally proposed by Campbell, this work provides a physics-based computational analysis of vortex formation, melt-wall interaction, and velocity regulation within a multi-gated runner system. Parametric computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were performed using ProCAST for A356 aluminum alloy, with gating ratios varied from 1:2:4 to 1:2.4:6.1 to promote stable vortex formation, uniform gate flow distribution, and near-critical gate velocities (<= 0.332 m s(-1)). The simulation results demonstrate continuous metal-wall contact along the sprue, effective suppression of initial splashing, and a significant reduction in low-pressure zones associated with air pocket formation. Although the vortex-assisted design necessitates increased runner and gate cross-sectional areas, leading to reduced casting yield, the improved flow stability markedly decreases conditions conducive to air entrainment. This study establishes a computational design framework for vortex-controlled gating systems and provides guidance for future targeted experimental validation and industrial implementation.

This work investigates the structural and electronic characteristics of the WS2/4H-SiC heterostructure through first-principles calculations using density functional theory (DFT). To obtain reliable bandgap values, the hybrid HSE06 functional along with norm-conserving pseudopotentials was employed. The computational setup included a plane-wave cutoff energy of 500 eV and a 5 & times; 5 & times; 1 Monkhorst-Pack k-point grid for Brillouin zone (BZ) integration. Full structural relaxation yielded lattice constants of a = b = 3.065 & Aring; and c = 22.99 & Aring;, with interaxial angles alpha = beta = 90 degrees and gamma = 120 degrees, confirming a stable layered hexagonal configuration. The electronic band structure displays an indirect gap of similar to 40.2 meV, indicative of semi-metallic behavior. The projected density of states (PDOS) reveals the orbital hybridization between WS2 and SiC, particularly near the Fermi level. Therefore, the WS2/4H-SiC interface demonstrates strong electronic interaction, making it a viable material platform for next-generation nanoelectronics and high-performance power devices.

2D MXenes, particularly Ti3C2Tx, have emerged as promising multifunctional materials for advancing solid-state batteries (SSBs). While SSBs offer superior safety and energy density over liquid-electrolyte systems, critical challenges such as interfacial resistance, limited ion transport, dendrite growth, and mechanical degradation hinder their widespread adoption. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the roles and functions of Ti3C2Tx MXenes in SSBs, emphasizing their application as interlayers, anode/cathode additives, and current collectors, and highlighting their impact on interfacial stability, ionic/electronic transport, electrochemical performance, and cycling durability in SSB architectures. Unlike other 2D materials, Ti3C2Tx exhibits outstanding metallic conductivity, tunable surface terminations, hydrophilicity, and excellent mechanical flexibility, making it ideal for multifunctional integration in SSBs. As a component in solid-state electrolytes (SSEs), Ti3C2Tx improves ionic conductivity and mechanical strength. When used in electrodes, it serves as a conductive scaffold that enhances charge transport and structural durability. Additionally, its role as an interfacial interlayer effectively reduces interfacial impedance, accommodates volume changes, and suppresses dendrite formation. Its lightweight and high conductivity enable its use as a current collector. This review highlights recent advances in Ti3C2Tx-based components for SSBs like Li-, Na-, Zn, Li-S, etc., emphasizing enhancements in ion/electron transport, interfacial stability, and structural robustness. Finally, the review outlines challenges and opportunities along with a future outlook focused on improving the MXene oxidation, tailoring surface terminations, improving long-term stability, and exploring scalable fabrication strategies for MXene-based SSB components.

Thermal noise is an inherent and unavoidable phenomenon present in all electronic devices and communication systems. It arises from the random thermal motion of electrons in a conductor, causing signal degradation, reduced sensitivity, and bandwidth limitations. Here, we report on thermal noise rectification using a graphene ballistic diode based on the Tesla valve structure, enabling energy harvesting according to its fundamental principle. With input from a resistor, the device can produce up to a few microvolts, which is significant for nanoelectronic devices. The generated voltage increases proportionally with the input resistors, consistent with Nyquist's theory. This study shows promising directions for creating zero-energy devices, which will operate without batteries.

The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using plant-derived macromolecules offers an ecofriendly and sustainable approach to nanomaterial fabrication. In this study, Mangifera indica (MI) leaf extract, rich in cellulose, phenolics (mangiferin, quercetin), and water-soluble proteins, was employed as a natural reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of ZnO NPs. The resulting NPs exhibited a hexagonal prism morphology, wurtzite crystal structure, and an average crystallite size of 61.5 nm. Zeta potential measurements confirmed excellent colloidal stability with a well-defined isoelectric point at pH 9.51, ensuring robust dispersion behavior. BET surface area analysis revealed a high specific surface area (125 m2/g) and mesoporous architecture, favoring enhanced adsorption and catalytic efficiency. UV-Vis spectroscopy indicated a narrowed bandgap of 2.9 eV, attributed to defect states and biomolecule interactions, facilitating improved light-harvesting ability. The photocatalytic performance of ZnO NPs was evaluated via Rhodamine B dye degradation, achieving 94 % degradation within 120 minutes under UV irradiation, following pseudo-first-order kinetics (k = 0.0275 min-1). The mechanism, assessed through reactive species scavenging, identified hydroxyl (center dot OH) and superoxide (center dot O2-) radicals as dominant oxidative agents. Additionally, ZnO NPs exhibited strong antioxidant activity, with 87.5 % DPPH radical scavenging efficiency at 12 mg/L and a total antioxidant capacity (IC50 = 11.7 mg/L). These results highlight the synergistic role of bioactive macromolecules in tailoring the surface chemistry, dispersion stability, and functional performance of ZnO NPs, making them promising candidates for environmental remediation and biomedical applications.

Negative differential resistance (NDR) in van der Waals heterostructures holds significant potential for high‐frequency electronics and logic circuits. This study explores the NDR behavior of n‐type MoS 2 /p‐type Sb 2 Se 3 heterostructures. Bulk Sb 2 Se 3 flakes are mechanically exfoliated, exhibiting quasi‐1D characteristics due to their anisotropic structure, while MoS 2 is synthesized via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to ensure high crystallinity and uniform layer thickness. The MoS 2 /Sb 2 Se 3 heterojunction demonstrates a pronounced rectifying behavior alongside two distinct NDR peaks at room temperature. The first NDR peak (NDR‐1) originates from band‐to‐band tunneling (BTBT), whereas the second peak (NDR‐2) emerges under laser illumination and is attributed to trap states, intrinsic defects, and carrier recombination dynamics rather than tunneling mechanisms. The application of gate voltage further modulates the NDR characteristics, revealing the intricate interplay between external fields and tunneling mechanisms. Additionally, laser modulation effectively shifts and enhances the NDR peak, highlighting the device's broad spectral sensitivity from ultraviolet (UV) to near‐infrared (NIR) wavelengths. These results demonstrate the viability of MoS 2 /Sb 2 Se 3 heterostructures for tunable electronic and optoelectronic devices, such as photodetectors and high‐speed reconfigurable circuits, where NDR, laser modulation, and gate control play a crucial role in performance optimization.

2D MXenes have emerged as a cutting-edge family of materials for next-generation supercapacitors, distinguished by their metallic conductivity, adaptive surface chemistry, and precisely tunable layered architecture. These materials have emerged as promising materials for energy storage in supercapacitors; however, challenges such as restacking and structural degradation have motivated the development of composites, which can synergistically enhance electrochemical performance and stability. This review elucidates the charge storage mechanisms in MXene-based composites, including the formation of electric double layers, pseudocapacitance, and ion intercalation. It also highlights the charge storage mechanisms involved in MXene-based composites, mainly including carbon nanostructures, inorganic materials, and organic matrices. MXene–carbon hybrids with graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanodots enhance ion/electron transport and prevent restacking; MXene–inorganic hybrids with metal oxides, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), etc., provide abundant redox sites and structural stability; and MXene–organic composites with polymers or cellulose offer mechanical flexibility, processability, and environmental compatibility while maintaining excellent electrical performance. The review also discusses current challenges such as oxidation, aggregation, and interface instability, proposing strategies such as interfacial engineering, surface functionalization, and 3D structural design. By bridging compositional innovation with electrochemical insight, this article presents a holistic framework for the development of next-generation MXene-based supercapacitors that combine high energy density, long-term durability, and mechanical adaptability.

This study introduces CTAB-loaded Co₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) as a highly efficient solution for removing Brilliant Yellow (BY), Reactive Yellow (RY) and Methyl Orange (MO) dye from contaminated water. Synthesized via a co-precipitation and hydrothermal method, these NPs were characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, TEM, and SEM. The Co₃O₄ NPs, with a crystallite size of 11.88 nm and an average particle size of 13 nm, achieved 100