Background: Spirituality is recognition of a sense that there is something greater than myself. Physical exercise is any bodily activity that enhances physical fitness and overall health. Music is a universal language to express mind through tone and emotions. Nature is the physical world or the universe. Intelligence is the global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally. Emotional intelligence is the ability to understand one’s own emotions and emotions of others. Adversity quotient deals with ability of a person to deal with adversities in life. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to study the effect of different interventions on intelligence, stress and cognitive functions. Materials and Methods: The present study was performed on 144 subjects in age group of 30–39 years. Their basal level of intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), resilience score (RS), acute stress score (ASS), perceived stress score (PSS), isometric handgrip (IHG), and stroop tests was recorded. The subjects were divided into four groups of 36 each. Four groups were allotted different interventions of spirituality practices, moderate intensity physical exercise, receptive music, and engagement with nature respectively for 1 month duration. Statistical analysis: ANOVA and post hoc tests along with student t-test were used for computing the results. Results: IQ, EQ, RS, ASS, IHG, PSS, and stroop subtests yielded mixed results with four interventions at different levels of significance. Conclusion: Although every intervention had different and positive impact on parameters, overall spiritual practices exhibited better response on parameters.

Background: Spiritual beliefs include the relationship to a superior being and recognition of a sense that there is something greater than myself. Psychological health is not just absence of mental disorder but a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his/her own abilities, can cope up with normal stresses of life, can work productively, and is able to make a contribution to his/her community. Aims and Objectives: The present study was designed to analyze the impact of spiritual practices on memory, cognitive functions, psychological health, adjustment level, and stress response. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in two phases on 150 subjects. In the first phase of study, subjects were divided into low, average and high spirituality groups on the basis of spirituality scores. Each group was required to perform memory test, stroop test along-with assessment of psychological health, and adjustment level. Their basal level of stress parameters was recorded. A stressor was introduced and stress parameters were again assessed. Subjects were asked to perform spiritual practices for 1 month duration and the parameters were again assessed. ANOVA and post hoc tests were used for inter group comparison. Student's t-test was used to analyze data between baseline values and post spirituality values for various parameters. Results: On comparison of parameters in low, average and high spirituality groups, significant and non-significant results were obtained at baseline level and after 1 month practice of spirituality. Conclusion: Spiritual practices have positive effect on parameters studied. [Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2023; 13(1.000): 11-16]

Background: Aerobic exercises produce lasting effect on higher brain functions and promote positive changes in one's mental health, intelligence, cognitive functions like memory, attention and ability to develop better strategies to cope with stressful encounters. Present study was designed to explore the role of three months practice of aerobic exercise on intelligence level, cognitive functions and stress parameters. Material and Method: The study was conducted on 50 subjects for three months duration to assess stress reactivity in subjects with varying level of general intelligence (GI) and emotional intelligence (EI). The effect moderate intensity physical exercise (MIPE) was assessed on GI, EI, stress parameters, cognitive functions and the data obtained was compared with basal values recorded using standard scales. Result: There was significant improvement in IQ and cognitive functions after three months practice of MIPE. Acute stress, chronic stress as well as stress related parameters showed significant improvement post exercise intervention. Conclusion: MIPE improved individual's level of GI, reduced stress parameter values and improved memory and attention concentration span.

Background: There is an interdependency between thyroid hormones and renal function. Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a degradation of renal function that is irreversible. Aimsand Objectives: To compare the thyroid hormone profiles of CKD patients receiving two distinct therapeutic approaches. Materials and methods: Over the course of one year, 200 newly diagnosed or known patients withCKD were recruited for a cross-sectional study. Group 1 consisted of 100 CKD patients treated conservatively, whereas Group 2 consisted of 100 CKD patients on haemodialysis. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG), Serum urea (S. Urea), Serum Creatinine (S. Creatinine), and a thyroid hormone profile were all measured. Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula.Results: The mean age of patients in Group 1 was 51.04 years and in Group 2 it was 53.20 years. S. Creatinine, S. Urea, and eGFR values changed significantly between the two treatment groups. In 36% of instances, a thyroid malfunction was present. Only FT4 differed significantly across the two groups (p = 0.026)Conclusion:Low levels of the thyroid hormones FT3, FT4, TT3, and TT4 were detected in all CKD cases. However, no significant differences in thyroid status were found between haemodialysis patients and non-dialysis patients.

Background: Handgrip strength is the maximum force produced during a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) handgrip strength (HGS). The handgrip dynamometer is used to work out upper-body muscles, particularly those in the forearm and hand. HGS is frequently used as an objective measure of upper extremity functional integrity. HGS is a physiological characteristic influenced by a variety of parameters such as gender, age, and body size. Aims and Objectives: The objective of th study was to assess and compare HGS in healthy first-phase male and female medical subjects. Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional research, 250 healthy 1st-year medical students between the ages of 17 and 20 participated. Maximum HGS was measured using a handgrip dynamometer. The grip strength of the dominant hand was assessed 3 times at minute intervals, as suggested by the American Society of Hand Therapists, with the higher value (in kg) reflecting the maximal HGS for each. Results: In comparison to female subjects (Mean: 31.87 kg), HGS in male subjects (Mean: 41.85 Kg) was statistically significant (P < 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in height, weight, and body mass index between men and women, despite the fact that there was no statistically significant difference in mean age. Conclusion: Male individuals had stronger grips than female ones. The purpose of this study is to provide a baseline of normative data (control values) among a sample cohort of GMC Jammu medical students. This study, however, was confined to medical students between the ages of 17 and 20. We believe that diverse age groups should be studied. [Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 12(6.000): 841-844]

Background: Human intelligence is the intellectual prowess of humans, which is marked by high cognition, motivation, and self-awareness. Leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to achieve common goals. Risk-taking is conscious or nonconscious controlled behavior with perceived uncertainty about its outcome. The present study was designed to assess the risk-taking ability of an individual that is required to be a good leader along with intelligence, ability to handle stress, and the effect of self-control on these parameters. Materials and Methods: The study was performed in two phases. In the first phase, the subjects were asked to fill risk-taking questionnaire, and their leadership effectiveness and intelligence levels were assessed. Their basal level of stress parameters and Stroop test were assessed. A stressor was introduced and stress parameters, Stroop test were again assessed. In the second phase of the study, the subjects were asked to practice moderate-intensity physical activity for 15 days and its effect was seen on all the above parameters. Results: Statistically significant and nonsignificant differences were obtained on comparison between baseline and poststress values; and also between baseline and postexercise values in all the three groups namely high-risk takers, moderate risk-takers and nonrisk takers at different level of significance. Comparison between first phase and second phase of the study yielded significant and non-significant results. Conclusion: Self-control improves leadership effectiveness. Exercise helps reduce stress response that aids in better decision-making quality required for being a leader.

Background and Aims: Intelligence is an abstract ability which is easily identifiable and recognizable but interestingly very hard to define. The study of intelligence is a dynamic field which is continuously evolving and expanding. The idea of multiple intelligence includes both interpersonal (to understand other individuals' emotions and intensions) and intrapersonal (to understand one's own emotions) intelligence. The present study was performed to assess the intelligence quotient (IQ), emotional quotient (EQ), social intelligence (SI), and resilience level of subjects and to assess the effect of music on different types of intelligence. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 college-going students chosen randomly. The study was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, baseline parameters of IQ, EQ, SI, and resilience level were assessed. They were asked to listen to receptive music for 1 month and to maintain the record of the same. In the second phase, the effect of music was studied on parameters. Results: Significant correlation was found between IQ, EQ, SI, and resilience scores. Correlation and paired t-test values of each parameter analyzed between baseline and post music intervention levels exhibited significant difference. Comparison of mean values of parameters in males and females studied at baseline level and post music intervention level also exhibited statistical differences at different levels of significance. Conclusion: Music improves cognitive abilities in both males and females with more effect on IQ in males and SI in females.

Background: The Covid-19 era has caused the shifting of medical teaching into an Online podium. This has provided uswith an excellent opportunity to recognize MBBS- students’ preferences of these Online classes which otherwise did notform a significant part of the traditional medical teaching. We have undertaken online classes for theory & practical for thefirst time in our medical college at GMC Jammu. So the current study was conducted to assess & analyze the preferenceof first-year MBBS students between online classes & traditional classroom teaching.Objectives: To evaluate the predilection/inclination of first-year MBBS students between online classes and traditionalclassroom teaching.Materials & Methods: An institution-based descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 180 MBBS studentsof 2020-21 batch at the Department of Physiology in GMC Jammu, after receiving Institutional ethics committee (IEC)clearance who have attended online classes for a minimum of 1 hour per day or 6 hours per week for 1-month durationusing zoom or other video-based learning platforms. A pre-structured questionnaire-based feedback study was conductedafter obtaining written consent from the first-year MBBS students. We designed a total of 24 questions related to theirtheory & practical classes, for assessing their preference for Online classes in comparison to traditional classroom teachingwith multiple-choice options.Results: In our study, we found that overall, 61.11% of MBBS students prefer traditional classroom teaching over Onlineclasses and 60% of students prefer traditional teaching methods over online learning for practical classes. However, 50% ofstudents reported that accessibility to stable internet was causing difficulty in following Online classes. Moreover, 53.89%of students reported that they get distracted at home during Online classes. Further, 66.11% of students mentioned a lackof personal interaction & lonely experience on the Online platform.Conclusion: In our study, we found that medical students prefer the traditional teaching method to the Online platformfor learning as well as examination. For better understanding and learning, the first phase of MBBS students prefersthat traditional classroom teaching should be followed by Online classes that can be easily accessed by students at theirconvenient time. In this study, the majority of medical students reported limited access to stable internet, distractions &disturbances in the domestic environment, & lack of personal interaction as the barriers to Online learning.

Background: High body iron stores have been linked to insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and gestational diabetes. Complications of diabetes mellitus are influenced not only by its duration but also by average level of blood glucose, the latter can be monitored by glycated hemoglobin. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to study the relationship of serum ferritin and glycated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Methods: The case–control study was undertaken on 100 subjects, both males and females; age 35–70 years; categorized into two groups: Group 1 (Cases = 50 patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]) and Group 2 (Controls = 50 healthy, non-diabetic individuals). Results: Fasting blood glucose, serum ferritin, and glycated hemoglobin values were 178.96 ± 37.16 mg/dL, 261.29 ± 76.98 ng/dL, and 9.37 ± 1.44%, respectively, in T2DM cases, while the corresponding values were 95.06 ± 12.68, 90.75 ± 67.53, and 4.81 ± 0.88 in healthy controls. Conclusion: Increased levels of serum ferritin were seen in T2DM and significant correlation between blood sugar and serum ferritin was found. [Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 12(5.000): 699-702]

Background and aim: Emotional Abuse is when someone uses their emotions to control another person by criticizing, embarrassing, shaming, blaming, or manipulating another person. An emotional quotient is the ability to manage own emotions positively, overcome challenges, and defuse conflict. Adjustment is the process of adapting or becoming used to a new situation. Typical responses to frustration include anger, quitting, loss of self-esteem and self-confidence, stress, and depression. The present study was designed to study the effect of emotional abuse on emotional quotient, adjustment level, and reaction to frustration.Material and methods: The present study was performed on 100 female subjects. Based on the emotional abuse level, the subjects were divided into five groups: very low, low level, moderate level, high level, and extremely high level of abuse. The parameters studied were emotional quotient, adjustment level, reaction to frustration (Aggression, Resignation, Fixation, and Regression).Results: With the increase in emotional abuse, there was an increase in reaction to frustration and; a decrease in adjustment level and emotional quotient. Comparison between different groups for various parameters- emotional abuse, adjustment level, emotional quotient, and reaction to frustration exhibited statistically significant differences.Conclusions: Emotional Abuse has a deteriorative effect on emotional well-being.

Background: Clinical studies, reliable geospatial data, and blood bank management all require an understanding of blood group trends. The prevalence of ABO in the blood group varies from one community to another. Every transfusion center/hematology lab is required to keep a statistical record of the blood group among their population, staff, and students. Aim and Objectives: Determining ABO and Rh blood group and study the pattern of these blood groups with an estimation of gene frequencies among first phase medical students of GMC Jammu. Materials and Methods: 250 medical students were recruited for the study. The finger-prick technique was done to obtain blood. On clean glass slides, a drop of monoclonal anti-A, B, and D was added to a drop of red blood cell suspension made from finger-prick blood and normal saline and thoroughly mixed. The agglutination results were subsequently recorded. Percentages were used to represent the data. Results: ABO blood group prevalent in this study was B, which accounted for 39.6% of all cases (36.8% B+ and 2.8% B-) followed by O with 34% (33.2% O+ and 0.8% O-), A with 21.2% (20% A+ and 1.2% A-), and AB with 5.2% (5.2% AB+ and 0% AB-). Among Rh group 95.2% were positive whereas 4.8% were found to be negative. The gene frequency for IA (p) - 0.1599, for IB (q) - 0.2571, and IO (r) - 0.5830. Conclusion: The B blood group is more ubiquitous than the others, with the AB blood group being the least common. Rh-positive is more common than Rh-negative blood types. Gender had no effect on the ABO and Rh blood groups. [Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol 2022; 12(5.000): 643-646]

Background: Association between obesity and dysregulation of autonomic functions has long been established and is believed to be the cause of increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, early detection of impaired autonomic functions and hence timely intervention can prevent many of the obesity related cardiovascular complications. Purpose: The present study was carried out with the aim of assessing the relationship between autonomic dysfunction and obesity in adults using autonomic function tests as diagnostic tools. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 200 subjects, divided into two groups (n=100 each) on the basis of Body Mass Index (BMI) into control (non-obese) and study (obese) groups. The autonomic functions were assessed by six autonomic function tests: Orthostatic Tolerance Test, Cold Pressor Test, Handgrip Test, Standing to Lying Down Ratio (S/L Ratio), Heart rate response to postural change (30:15 ratio) and Heart rate response to Valsalva manoeuvre. Results: There was statistically significant decrease in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the obese adults. Conclusion: The present study suggests that there is impaired functioning of autonomic nervous system in otherwise healthy obese adults.

Cerebellum means little brain. Purkinje Cell (PC) and deep cerebellar nucleus form the functional unit of cerebellum. It has various motor functions like control of posture and balance, smoothening and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of ballistic movements, control of muscle tone and stretch reflex, learning and improvement of motor skills, turn on/off function and has role in various vestibular functions However, very little is known about the extra-motor functions of cerebellum. From its role in cognition to emotional regulation, cerebellum has significant contribution in scientific discoveries and intuition. Pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders and addiction to drugs has also been linked to cerebellum. Newer horizons in cerebellar research include optogenetic manipulation of cerebellum, non-invasive electrical and magnetic stimulation for treatment of symptoms and artificial cerebellum controlling robotic arm with human like precision.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Stress acts as a warning signal generated in the brain by detecting danger in the environment and indicating that action is required immediately. Only when this regulatory mechanism fails to function properly and promptly, stress inflicts abnormal pathological conditions (e.g. anxiety disorders or depression) interfering with healthy well-being. Present study was designed to study the effect of stress on judgment, adjustment and various aspects of psychological health. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The study was done on 90 subjects (medical students) chosen randomly with no gender bias. Baseline parameters of mental balance/ judgment, adjustment level and various parameters of psychological health were recorded during mid-semester when there was no exam pressure. The parameters were again studied one to two week before exams. Parameters were compared from their baseline values. The student’s t-test was used to compare baseline values from during stress values. P value was significant when p<0.05.RESULTS: Students reported significant decrease in judgment level and their adjustment level showed tendency to decrease during stress. Also, there was significant increase to fall into disorders of anxiety and depression. Other aspects of psychological health showed variable response to stress. CONCLUSION: Stress has impact on judgment, adjustment and psychological health.

Background: Stress is harmful to the body and produces changes in physiological and biochemical parameters. Up to a certain limit, stress is useful for learning and memory, but excessive amount effects higher brain functions such as memory, attention, and concentration, leading to anxiety and depression as donated by a U-shaped curve between stress and memory. Physical aerobic exercises promote positive changes in one’s mental health, intelligence, and ability to cope with stressful encounters. The present study was designed to explore the role of single bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on cognitive functions and stress parameters. Aim and Objective: This study aims to study the effect of single bout of exercise on stress parameters; memory test (recent memory time, attention-concentration score, and attention-concentration time) and Stroop test (neutral, interference, and facilitation) score and time. Materials and Methods: Basal parameters of cognitive tests (memory test and Stroop test) and stress parameters (pulse rate, blood pressure, isometric handgrip, and serum cortisol) were assessed. A single bout of moderate-intensity physical exercise (MIPE) was introduced and parameters were again assessed. Comparison was made between pre-exercise and post-exercise values. Results: Post-exercise values of stress parameters reported significant decrease over pre-exercise value. Handgrip and serum cortisol reflected no significant change. Post-exercise values of cognitive tests observed significant increase in score while significant decrease in time over pre-exercise value. Conclusion: Single bout of MIPE reduced stress level and improved cognitive functions though the effect was temporary.

Sleep wake pattern, daytime sleepiness and sleep quality in postgraduate students and demonstrators in medical non-clinical field - IJN- Print ISSN No: - 2581-8236 Online ISSN No:- 2581-916X Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijn.2019.024, IP Indian Journal of Neurosciences-IP Indian J Neurosci

Assessment of computer game stressor on cognitive functions, parameters of stress and its effect on stress parameters after long term exercise - IJN- Print ISSN No: - 2581-8236 Online ISSN No:- 2581-916X Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijn.2019.006, IP Indian Journal of Neurosciences-IP Indian J Neurosci

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is an unrecognized epidemic in many populations. Aims and Objectives: This study aims to assess the levels of Vitamin D among female medical students. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 healthy female students from all Profs. of MBBS were enrolled and their 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured using an autoanalyzer. Results: Mean age of the subjects was 20.4 years. Moderate deficiency was seen in 42% and mild insufficiency in 57% subjects. Adequate level was present in only one subject and none was found to be suffering from severe deficiency of Vitamin D. Mean value of serum Vitamin D of the 1st year students was significantly less than those of other Profs. of MBBS. Conclusion: Results raise a concern about Vitamin D deficiency among female medical students and its future health consequences.