Stem cell-derived exosomes have gained increasing attention due to their therapeutic potential in various diseases. The successful acquisition of exosomes with the desired therapeutic efficacy requires both the appropriate cultivation of the source stem cells and the use of suitable isolation methods. In this context, serum-free culture approaches have emerged as a key strategy to enhance exosome yield. This chapter explains in detail how to properly grow stem cells, how to adapt them to serum-free culture conditions, and how to get exosomes from these cells.

A novel system was designed herein to enhance the mixing efficiency of conventional panel photobioreactors (PBRs). Initially, design optimization was conducted using three-dimensional computational modeling. For this, CFD simulations performed using the Shear Stress Transport model of different mixing configurations. These are single vertical shaft (1B), single turbine on each lateral shafts (2B) and single turbines in all directions (3B), respectively. Rushton and marine type impellers are used in these simulations for comprehensive evaluation. Here, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC-124 was used as model microalgae. In both simulations and validation studies Rushton turbine gives better results (36.81 +/- 0.23 mg.L- 1) when compared with marine impeller (16.42 +/- 0.67 mg.L- 1) in terms of highest total chlorophyll amount reached. Among the different configurations with Rushton impeller, the 1B and 3B configurations come forward. Although, 3B reached higher average shear stress value (3.63 Pa) than 1B, this configuration was able to reach higher microalgae concentration in a short time during the 13-day culture period when evaluated in terms of biomass. This result indicates that 3B configuration which creates highest magnitude multidirectional flow vectors provides a consistent homogeneous mixing for better biomass production in PBR. Based on these results, it can be said that this modular mixing system design is a promising contribution for panel PBRs and new microalgae production systems.

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have the potential to provide a promising platform for overcoming the limitations of therapeutics in cancer treatment, thanks to advantages such as controlled release, tumor targeting, and reduced systemic toxicity. In parallel, microalgal biomolecules possess strong antioxidant and antiproliferative properties. However, these biomolecules are therapeutically limited due to their low stability and restricted bioavailability. The approach of using microalgal compounds in combination with nanoparticles both improves their pharmacokinetic properties and enhances multiple anticancer mechanisms (ROS modulation, caspase activation, etc.). This review focuses on the anticancer potential of microalgal biomolecules and nanoparticulate systems, the intracellular mechanisms of action of the conjugated platforms they form, and their biocompatibility advantages. It also describes the potential of conjugated platforms for future clinical applications, highlighting their importance as biologically synergistic and targeted next-generation therapeutic platforms in cancer treatment.

In this study, Schizochytrium limacinum PA-968 and Crypthecodinium cohnii CCMP-316 were produced in the media including apple (AJ) and grape juices (GJ), which contain carbon sources that are alternatives to standard carbon containing media (SM). The S. limacinum biomass productions were 9.52 +/- 0.08 g L-1 (AJ), 8.70 +/- 0.05 g L-1 (GJ), and 8.58 +/- 0.02 g L-1 (SM). C. cohnii produced biomass as 3.45 +/- 0.06 g L-1 (GJ), 1.52 +/- 0.04 g L-1 (AJ), and 1.35 +/- 0.02 g L-1 (SM). The fruit juice-based media enhanced biomass production. It was observed that the lipid production of S. limacinum increased by 17.6% in the medium with apple juice (2.54 +/- 0.02 g L-1), while this increase was 65.3% in the grape juice-based medium (3.57 +/- 0.02 g L-1). The addition of apple juice caused an increase in the lipid amount 1.9 times higher (0.23 +/- 0.02 g L-1), while grape juice induced 5.3 times more lipid production in C. cohnii culture (0.50 +/- 0.03 g L-1). The study emphasized that these wastes or by-products can be considered as sustainable and financially supportive solutions to be alternatives to carbon sources in production with S. limacinum and C. cohnii cultures.

As an eco-friendly solution to the environmental pollution problems caused by using the synthetic textile dyes, this study examined the production of fucoxanthin as a natural dye from the microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum. This current study aimed to develop a sustainable dyeing process for wool fabrics by using chitosan as a biomordant instead of the traditional metallic mordant alum. The fucoxanthin-rich extract was obtained by ultrasonic-assisted extraction using ethanol as a green solvent. Maximum dye absorption was achieved at acidic pH of 4.5 and 60 degrees C for both alum mordanted and chitosan-treated fabrics. The chitosan-treated fabric showed strong potential as a biomordant, exhibiting higher dye uptake (77.3%) and color strength (K/S value of 9.18). The washing, rubbing and perspiration fastness properties of the dyed wool fabrics were good to excellent (4-5), while light fastness was good (4). The chitosan-treated fabric provided the highest UV Protection Factor (UPF 29.93 +/- 2.37), falling within the "Very Good Protection" category. For the antibacterial activity, alum mordanted fabric showed a 73.33% growth reduction against E. coli, while chitosan-treated fabric showed a 66.67% bacterial growth reduction. The pH value of dyebath wastewater after chitosan-treated fabric dyeing (5.51) meets the specified discharge standards (pH 5-9) and indicates a low potential for environmental impact. The current results demonstrate that fucoxanthin as a natural dye and chitosan as a biomordant offer a commercially viable and environmentally friendly dyeing process for wool fabrics.

A significant amount of dyes in the textile industry include synthetic compounds, which have generated environmental concerns due to their detrimental effects on nature. This study investigates the production of Chlorella zofingiensis-derived astaxanthin in Roux-type Panel Photobioreactor (PBR) and Bubble Column PBR, driven by the demand for more environmentally friendly dyeing methods, and assesses its efficacy as a bio-based colorant for wool fabrics. Bubble Column PBR provided higher biomass (1.83 ± 0.02 g L−1) and astaxanthin concentrations (15.83 ± 1.96 mg L−1). The ethanolic astaxanthin extract demonstrated free radical scavenging activity of 88.60 ± 0.91

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are platforms that exploit microorganisms as biocatalysts to produce renewable and sustainable energy. MFC technology offers advantages due to the absence of noise pollution and higher efficiency. The most common use of MFC technology is wastewater treatment, and it also provides high performance in different areas of applications, including biosensors, production of value-added biochemicals, and bioremediation. However, high investment and operational costs, large-scale mass production, and limitations in scaling are the main constraints that must be overcome in MFCs. Although the research on this topic started almost 20 years ago, most studies have focused on laboratory-scale MFCs, and the number of studies carried out on pilot and industrial scales is still rare. In this review, scale-up strategies for MFC technology, bottlenecks encountered in the transition to full scale, and suggestions for overcoming these constraints are summarized. The commercialization potential of MFCs is examined, along with recent publications and patents on this topic. The sustainability of MFC technology is discussed considering its life cycle analysis and environmental impacts, and its promise for the future is emphasized.

In this study, Chlorella minutissima UTEX 234-1 was produced under 12.43 mu mol of photons m-2 s-1 (from the side surface, I1), 23.29 mu mol of photons m-2 s-1 (from the top surface, I2), and 62.14 mu mol of photons m-2 s-1 (from the top surface, I3) in BG-11 medium (B1). The culture concentrations reached 80 +/- 11, 397 +/- 14, and 327 +/- 13 mg L-1, respectively. The cultures grew in BG-11 + 10 g L-1 MgCl2 (B2) and BG-11 + 20 g L-1 MgCl2 (B3) at 23.29 mu mol of photons m-2 s-1 from the top surface. The culture yields were 240 +/- 12 and 60 +/- 10 mg L-1, respectively. The highest amount of methanol extract 34.30 +/- 2.50 mg was obtained from the culture grown under I2 and B1 conditions. The antioxidant capacities of the extracts were in the range of 91.31% +/- 0.09%-90.45% +/- 0.01%. The most proper conditions for biomass production and antioxidant compound accumulation were selected as 23.29 mu mol of photons m-2 s-1 from the top surface in BG-11 medium. The antioxidant activities of each sample showed that C. minutissima can be considered a potential candidate for cosmetic, cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical applications.

Animal cells can growth in three-dimensional (3D) systems, which provide an excellent opportunity to study natural interactions between cells and their extracellular matrix (ECM) in vivo. In this particular study, a human liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) was cultured in two different systems: a rotary cell culture system (RCCS) and a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). By simulating microgravity, both reactors facilitated the formation of HepG2 cells into spheroid structures without the need for additional support materials. The HepG2 spheroids exhibited over 80

One of the major concerns affecting the public health is microbial pathogens. Commercial antibiotics have a wide range of applications, however harmful microorganisms have increased their resistance to antibiotics, making the fight against these pathogens difficult. For many years, scientists have focused on finding natural sources with strong antimicrobial activity. At this point, microalgae cells have attracted great attention due to their biological activities including, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects. In order to discover promising strains with strong antimicrobial activity and to obtain interested components efficiently, a thorough scientific approach is needed by considering all steps of the process. This process mainly consisted of strain selection, cultivation, harvesting of biomass, extraction and purification of compounds and screening their antimicrobial properties. Using microalgal compounds against microbial pathogens is still in its early days. In this context, the present review aims to contribute existing database of antimicrobial potential of microalgae. With this aim, the impact of microalgae species and their components were investigated according to their bioactivities against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The crucial points in this regard were emphasized and important suggestions were presented for further researches.

In this study, we investigated biohydrogen production potentials of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strains as CC124, D1 mutants, PGRL1 mutants, mitochondrial mutant AOX, and control strains as WT and T-1. Among all cultures, D240-41, PGRL1xDnd4 Ve ⠃ro and PGRL1 mt (+) mutants produced the highest amount biohydrogen as 150 +/- 2, 170 +/- 2 and 140 +/- 2 mL H2 L-1, respectively during TAP-TAP (-S) strategy. Then, the three biohydrogen production strategies (TAP-TAP (-S), TAP-HS, and HS-HS) were compared to each other by using the CC124 strain. The culture was capable of producing biohydrogen during the performing TAP-TAP (-S), and HS-HS strategies. The voltage differences were observed at 225 +/- 1 mV and 24 +/- 1 mV, respectively. Then, D240-41, PGRL1xDnd4 Ve ⠃ro and PGRL1 mt (+) cultures were evaluated according to HS-HS strategy. The D240-41 strain caused the highest difference in the voltage measurement, which was attained at 80 +/- 1 mV. As a result, all selected strains were able to produce hydrogen during this new HS-HS strategy. (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.