A review on the recent progress of mechanism of electrochemical hydride generation/electrochemical vapor generation (ECHG/ECVG)methods,relating to the extending element range of hydride generation,the mechanism of hydride generation and influencing factors of efficiency of hydride generation etc.,in the past years was presented (51 ref.cited).

A flow injection system incorporating electromagnetic induction heating oxidation for on-line determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was proposed. The procedure utilised electromagnetic induction heating instead of conventional reflux heating, with acidic potassium dichromate acting both as an oxidant and as a spectrometric reagent. The elevated temperature and pressure inside the reaction coil contributed to the improvement of on-line sample oxidation, and hence, sample oxidation time was reduced to ca. 8 min (as compared to 2 h required for conventional method). The sampling frequency was 10 h−1, along with a quantification limit of 4.0 mg L−1 COD and a linear range of 4–200 mg L−1 COD (potassium hydrogen phthalate, r = 0.9958). Relative standard deviation was evaluated to be 3.5% at 100 mg L−1 COD and the results were comparable to those obtained by the standard method.

Flow injection on-line sorption preconcentration and separation in a knotted reactor (KR) was coupled to cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry for the determination of trace mercury in mineral water. Mercury was preconcentrated by on-line formation of mercury diethyldithiocarbamate complex (Hg-DDTC) and absorption of the resulting neutral complex on the inner walls of a knotted reactor. A 20% (v/v) HNO3 solution heated by Electromagnetic induction heating technique was used as eluent to remove the absorbed Hg-DDTC from the KR, and then the vapor mercury generated by mixing the resulting solution and KBH4 was determined on-line by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry. The 20% HNO3 was used as both the efficient eluent and the required acidic medium for subsequent mercury vapor generation. Using 20% HNO3 instead of conventional organic solvent as eluent, the proposed method is simple, easy operational and environmental friendly. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the sample throughput was approximately 30 per hour with the enhancement factor of 35. The detection limit of mercury was 2.0 ng l−1. The precision (RSD, n = 11) was 2.2% at the 0.1 μg l−1 Hg2+ level.

An integrated electrochemical hydride generation cell, mainly composed of three components (a gas liquid separator, a graphite tube cathode and a reticulate Pt wire anode), was laboratory constructed and employed for the detection of arsenic by coupling to atomic fluorescence spectrometry. This integrated cell was free of ion-exchange membrane and individual anolyte, with the virtues of low-cost, easy assembly and environmental-friendly. Using flow injection mode, the sample throughput could come to 120h−1 attributed to the small dimension of the cathode chamber. The operating conditions for the electrochemical hydride generation of arsenic were investigated in detail and the potential interferences from oxygen or various ions were also evaluated. Under the optimized conditions, no obvious oxygen quenching effects were observed. The limit of detection of As (III) for the sample blank solution was 0.2ngmL−1 (3σ) and the relative standard deviation was 3.1% for nine consecutive measurements of 5ngmL−1 As (III) standard solution. The calibration curve was linear up to 100ngmL−1. The accuracy of the method was verified by the determination of arsenic in the reference materials GBW08517 (Laminaria Japonica Aresch) and GBW10023 (Porphyra crispata) and the developed method was successfully applied to determine trace amounts of arsenic in edible seaweeds.

An electrochemical hydricle generation system was developed for the detection of Te by coupling an electrochemical hydride generator with atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Since TeH2 is unstable and easily decomposes in solution, a reticular W filament cathode was used in the present system. The TeH2 generated on the cathode surface was effectively driven out by sweeping gas from the cathode chamber. In addition, a low temperature electrochemical cell (10 degrees C) was applied to reduce the decomposition of TeH2 in solution. The limit of detection (LOD) was 2.2 ng ml(-1) and the relative standard deviation (RSD) was 3.9% for nine consecutive measurements of standard solution. This method was successfully employed for determination of Te in soldering tin material. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A novel, automated on-line pressurized sample digestion system based on electromagnetic induction heating technique was developed to perform solid sample decomposition in acid medium. The efficiency of acid digestion was increased with 0.36 MPa pressure built up in-line by a 0.5 mm id x 25 m length flow restrictor and up to approximately 135 degrees C reaction temperature. The system's performance was evaluated for on-line digestion of edible seaweeds and subsequent determination of mercury by cold vapor generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS).

A new on-line sample digestion system using electromagnetic induction heating technique was developed for the determination of zinc and manganese in tea leaf by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The homemade electromagnetic heating column (EMHC), whose effective diameter was about 1mm, was composed of a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) outer tube and seven compactly packed PTFE coil-coated iron wires. The pre-digested sample solution was pumped through EMHC and then transferred directly to FAAS for determination. An analytical throughput of 72samplesh−1 was obtained in the present system. Under optimal condition, the detection limits (3σ) of zinc and manganese were 4.2μgL−1 and 3.0μgL−1, along with relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) of 3.2% and 3.6% respectively for zinc and manganese. Certified reference materials GBW 07602, GBW 07605 and GBW 08505 were analyzed to validate the proposed method, good agreement was achieved between the certified values and the obtained results.

A novel on-line heating system using electromagnetic induction heating technique was developed for the determination of inorganic mercury and organomereury in seafood by atomic fluorescence spectrometry ( AFS). The heating system was composed of a homemade electromagnetic induction heating device and a magnetic induction heating column ( MIHC). For total mercury determination, the organomercury in sample solution was quickly oxidized by potassium persulfate in MIHC at relatively lower heating power ( 15 W). Inorganic mercury determination was performed by keeping MIHC at room temperature. The difference between the two data was the value of organomercury. Experimental parameters and the effects of the interfering ions on fluorescence intensity were studied. The detection limit of inorganic mercury was 0. 036 mu g/L, and the relative standard deviation ( RSD) was 2. 4%. The detection limit of organomercury was 0. 043 mu g/L, and RSD was 3. 6 %.

Mechanical experiments on large-scale rock samples (length × height × width: 1000 mm × 1000 mm × 600 mm) under uniaxial cycling loading are conducted and studied. The experimental results are as follows: (1) like the acoustic emission characteristic, the rules of both stress-strain curves and crack development are closely related to the largest loading that rock experiences previously, and only when the loading reaches to the peak value can the previously formed cracks develop. The fact shows the stress gradients are steep in the rock sample; (2) the stress-strain curves of the large-scale rock specimens under cycling loading are basically the same as those of the standard rock specimen; (3) the observed strain is 100 times larger than the point strain under the same observed stress. It shows rock is a kind of material with microcosmic characteristics (microcosmic heterogeneousness). The macroscopical mechanical behaviors of rock are the comprehensive results of interaction and magnification among microcosmic characteristics; and (4) it has a nearly linear relationship between the average axial point strain and the observed stress. The slope of the relationship curve in each cycle is nearly parallel. The average transverse point strain and its dispersion coefficient increase as the cycling number increases. It shows rock cracks mainly develop paralleling loading orientation under uniaxial compression. This process is irreversible accompanied by energy dissipation.

The structural principle, technical index and test method of a test machine that simulates dynamic corrosion of pumps and pipes in chemical engineering are described. It is mainly used to examine the dynamic corrosion property and endurance, especially can be used as a test base for development of new type pumps and pipes with plastic cladding. The test machine with new design and good structure has been proved to be stable in property, easy to operate, economical and efficient. It can provide reliable test results.

A chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) isolate was obtained from broiler flocks aged 25-40 days with anemia and poor performance and was designated SR43. The CIAV isolate was resistant to treatment with chloroform and induced thymus atrophy, bone marrow aplasia, and low hematocrit values when inoculated into 1-day-old, susceptible, specific-pathogen-free chicks. CIAV-specific antigens could be demonstrated in SR43-infected MDCC-MSB-1 cells, a cell line derived from a Marek's disease lymphoma, with the use of a monoclonal antibody specific for CIAV. CIAV DNA in infected MDCC-MSB-1 cell cultures was detected by using a polymerase chain reaction assay. These findings demonstrate that CIAV is present in China.

A serologic survey for antibody to chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) was carried out by indirect immunofluorescent assay. Antibodies against CIAV were found in 79 of 185 individual sera (42%) from broiler breeders and broilers, as well as layer breeders and layers from eight cities and provinces in China.