Heavy metal contamination presents a major threat to agricultural productivity and ecosystem health, negatively impacting plant growth, physiology, and metabolism. Traditional Indian knowledge systems, including Ayurveda, indigenous farming methods, and environmentally conscious practices, offer effective solutions for tackling heavy metal contamination in plants. These systems emphasize sustainable techniques such as using native plants for phytoremediation, organic fertilizers like cow dung and neem-based products, and eco-friendly farming practices. These combined methods promote plant health, enhance soil fertility, and contribute to long-term agricultural sustainability. By integrating these traditional approaches with modern scientific methods, we can develop effective strategies to reduce the harmful effects of heavy metals on plants.

During the period 2020–2024, scientific investigations in the Himalaya incorporated various geological, geochemical and geochronological aspects of evolution of this mountain, including large-scale configuration and evolutionary models, determining of major unconformities in the Lesser Himalaya, integrated structure and geochronology of major tectonic boundaries, geochemistry and U–Pb dating of the Abor Volcanics, exhumation patterns using fission track zircon and apatite. Many Neoproterozoic and Paleozoic magmatic bodies were dated using U–Pb zircon methods from the Lesser Himalayan Jutogh Group metamorphics and Greater Himalayan Sequence. Active tectonic patterns from the frontal Sub-Himalaya belt are also worked out.

Schiff bases and their metal complexes are versatile compounds synthesized from the condensation of an amino compound with carbonyl compound and widely used for the industrial purposes. They also exhibit a broad range of biological activities including antifungal, antimalarial, antiproliferative, antibacterial, antipyretic and antiviral. Many Schiff base complexes exhibit excellent catalytic activity in various reactions. The activity is usually increased by complexation therefore, to understand the properties of both ligands and metal can lead to the synthesis of highly active compounds. The influence of certain metals on the biological activity of these compounds and their intrinsic chemical interest as multidentate ligands has prompted a considerable increase in the study of their coordination behaviour. Development of new Schiff base metal complexes is now attracting the attention of medicinal chemists. This review compiles the synthesis of various multidentate Schiff bases ligands and their complexation with various metals such as Zr, V, Mo, Mn, Fe, Zn, Re, Cd, and Ln. This review is an attempt to congregate complete survey on synthesis and biological activity of Schiff base metal complexes that will give glimpse on the future directions for successful development and discovery of useful drugs.

In this paper a novel low power wideband CMOS transimpedance amplifier (TIA) with reduced peaking at low supply voltage has been presented. In the proposed TIA, floating gate MOSFET (FGMOS) and flipped voltage follower (FVF) techniques are employed in folded cascade (FC) based TIA. Both FGMOS and FVF techniques make proposed TIA suitable for low voltage operations. Furthermore, to enhance the − 3 dB bandwidth an inductive peaking technique is incorporated which works without affecting the gain. Moreover, this peaking technique does not alter the noise performance of the circuit. Simulation of the proposed TIA design is conducted using Mentor Graphics with CMOS-based TSMC 0.18 µm technology using 0.3 pF input photodiode capacitor. Simulation results of the proposed TIA demonstrate an enhanced -3 dB bandwidth of 13.2 GHz, showing 41

Bone regeneration of large maxillary and mandibular alveolar ridge defects is clinically challenging. Various techniques have been described for the reconstruction of these deficiencies before implant placement. The tent screw-pole technique is one of the effective methods available for clinicians to perform the predictable functional and esthetic reconstruction. The aim of this prospective report was to evaluate clinical and three-dimensional radiographic analyses of two patients treated with xenograft and particulate autogenous bone using tenting screws for regeneration of compromised partial edentulous ridges.

Aim:To assess the effect of high maternal body mass index (BMI) on complications during pregnancy, mode of delivery, complications of labor and delivery, and postnatal outcomes.Materials and methods: A prospective and comparative observational study was carried out in 350 antenatal women with singleton pregnancy in the first trimester, divided into two groups of 175 each based on BMI, after taking inclusion and exclusion criteria in the OBGY Department of Fortis Escorts Hospital, Faridabad.Patients were divided into two groups: group I -(Control group) BMI less than 25 and group II -(Study group) BMI equal to or more than 25.Maternal and fetal outcomes were studied during pregnancy, at the time of labor, during delivery, and postnatal stay.Results: In comparison with women of BMI less than 25 kg/m 2 , women with BMI more than 25 kg/m 2 faced more risk of gestational hypertension (13.71% in group I and 33.71% in group II), gestational diabetes (8.57% in group I and 26.86% in group II), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) (5.71% in group I and 12% in group II), induction of labor (10.06% in group I and 24.42% in group II), nonprogress of labor (NPOL) (4.69% in group I and 17.55% in group II), and cesarean section (24% in group I and 48.57% in group II) with statistically significant increased incidence.In this study, we also found that high maternal BMI along with excessive gestational weight gain (above recommended value) has a statistically significant association with gestational hypertension and gestational diabetes (p-value <0.0001). Conclusion:We concluded that there is high prevalence of complications to the mother when the BMI of the mother is more or equal to 25. Clinical significance: The results of this study add to the emerging body of literature on the consequences of mothers being overweight and obese during pregnancy and childbirth.

Resistance of malaria parasite to available drugs keeps on increasing and hence making it difficult to manage this severe disease which ultimately leads to massive global health threat. There are various standard and conventional antimalarial drugs available for treating malaria but the situation is becoming worst due to the lack of development of drug resistance in intra-erythrocytic parasite to the existing drugs. Among recent approaches, one of the highly acknowledged and successful approaches "Covalent Bitherapy" having dual mode of action, which results into hybrid drugs, has explored heavily. The present review, will focus on all the potential advantages of such hybrid antimalarial drugs over other approaches like monotherapies and Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs).

Purpose: The current study intended to provide a comparison of biomechanical behaviors of two different treatment concepts for full-mouth rehabilitation with dental implants placed according to the “All-on-four” concept and “All-on-six” concept with analysis of the stress patterns of the implant support system using three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). Materials and Methods: The edentulous mandible was treated with two different implant designs. “All-on-Four” implant placement concept was used in Model 1 with two central axial implants and two distally tilted implants at 17° and in Model 2, “All-on-Six” concept was applied with six vertically placed implants. Individual vertical and horizontal load of 100 N and oblique load of 141 N at 45° was applied to all implants. To evaluate and compare the results in terms of maximum principal stress, we used FEA. Results: All-on-six showed smaller maximum principal stress values on the cortical bone and implants. However, maximum principal stress values obtained on trabecular bone was smaller in the All-on-four design for vertical and horizontal loading conditions. Conclusions: The All-on-six approach showed more favorable biomechanical behavior.

Small, high-quality, lightweight, and intricately integrated technologies have been inspired by traditional electric gadgets based on nanoparticles. Nanomaterial sensors have great potential for new applications in domains including medicine, healthcare, the environment, and biology. A separate, fast-moving investigation into building electronics combines functionality and extensibility to produce user-friendly nanomaterial for sensing applications. Several studies on the fabrication of stretchable, foldable, and composite materials such as polyurethane sponge, imide, cellulose sheet, synthetic rubber, and others have already been published. The nanomaterials are ideal for making broadband photo detectors and temperature, pressure, and stress sensors for use in optoelectronic devices, cameras, medicines, security, and surveillance. Consumer electronics, robots, preventive medical care, security equipment, environmental monitoring, home defense, and space exploration are just some of the applications for modular sensors. Sensors are commonly made on flexible substrates made primarily of nanomaterials. Wearable smart sensors and technologies have enormous promise for monitoring a person’s physiological characteristics and preventing malfunctions in the body. The present chapter comprises the discussion over electronic devices–based nanomaterial sensors materials and their classified parameters. Additionally, their growth opportunities in future for their multifunctional utilizations are discussed.

In this work, simulation-based research work based on a novel All-GaN-Integrated Cascode (AGC) MISHEMT with quaternary layer InyAlxGa1-x-yN as backbarrier has been investigated. The AGC-MISHEMT device consists of series combination of enhancement mode (recessed gate MISHEMT) and depletion-mode (MIS-gate) GaN devices with GaN/InAlGaN/GaN sandwich back barrier (SW-BB). TCAD simulations indicate that AGC-MISHEMTs with sandwich back barrier (SW-BB) exhibits simultaneous improvement in terms of drain current density (267 mA/mm), high I-ON/I-OFF ratio (10(8)), transconductance-peak (191 mS/mm) and breakdown voltage (371 V) as compared to AGC-MISHEMT with GaN buffer. The impact of varying mole fractions (x, y), thickness and position of InyAlxGa1-x-yN layer on breakdown voltage has also been examined. Improvement in drain current density up to 40% has been accomplished with increased gate oxide thickness under gate 2 (depletion-mode device) for AGC-MISHEMT with SW-BB. Besides, power switching performance has been compared for AGC-MISHEMT with SW-BB to that of AGC-MISHEMT with GaN buffer and Recessed Single Gate (RSG) MISHEMT for inductive load circuit. Significant reduction in power switching losses (i.e. 43% during turn-ON time and 87% during turn-OFF time) has been observed for AGC-MISHEMT with SW-BB as compared to RSG-MISHEMT. In addition, introduction of quaternary InAlGaN layer in backbarrier for AGC-MISHEMT also results in considerable degradation (similar to 89%) in power loss when input gate is in OFF-state due to improved I-ON/I-OFF ratio in contrast with recessed single gate device.

Incomplete discontinuous reactions in metamorphic rocks provide good opportunities to investigate reaction kinetics in natural samples. This contribution discusses crystallographic controls of reacting phases on solid-state metamorphic reactions involving staurolite to fibrolite transformation in metapelites from the Pangong metamorphic complex, Ladakh. The understanding of mineral kinetics is fundamental for assessing the extent to which equilibrium is attained in metamorphic systems and constrains the disequilibrium processes in rocks. In the present study, the periodic bond chain theory is used to explain lower reaction rates on the faces parallel to the trace of c-axis (hk0) than the faces across the trace of c-axis (hkl≠0) of staurolite.

This investigation examines the performance of AlGaN/GaN MISHEMTs having single-gate and dual-gate with different biasing combinations to explore the linearity in terms of g(mpeak), gate voltage swing (GVS) and higher-order coefficients for intermodulation distortion for low-noise amplifiers (LNAs). In addition, the influence of distinct gate biasing configurations of DG-MISHEMT on current collapse (CC) (in response to OFF-state stress in drain) has been studied using TCAD simulations. It has been observed that drop in drain current value after the gate-drain voltages return to quiescent voltages (V-GSQ, V-DSQ) reduces for DG-MISHEMT (when both the gates are shorted together) to 9.1% as compared with 19.4% for SG-MISHEMT. Besides, the CC phenomena for DG-MISHEMTs (for shorted gates) exhibit a slight increase from 9% to 11.8% when workfunction increases from 4.1 eV to 5.2 eV for gate G2. Further, linearity in terms of GVS is observed to be doubled for AlGaN/GaN DG-MISHEMTs with both the gates connected together as compared with device with screen gate G2 shorted to source. Additionally, radio frequency performance has been studied in terms of cut-off frequencies f(T) and f(max) and minimum noise-figure NFmin for AlGaN/GaN SG-MISHEMT and DG-MISHEMTs for different gate to gate distance i.e., L-GG =( )100 and 200 nm. It is observed that NFmin is minimum for AlGaN/GaN DG-MISHEMT (with gate G1 floating and gate G2 is biased and L-GG =( )100 nm) i.e., 1.13 dB with corresponding power gain of 18.7 dB at 50 GHz.

Cytokinins, a type of phytohormones that induce division of cytoplasm, have considerable value in agriculture due to their influences on several physiological processes of plants such as morphogenesis, development of chloroplast, seed dormancy, leaf senescence, etc. Previously, it was assumed that plants obtain cytokinin from the soil produced by microbes as these hormones were first discovered in soil-inhabiting bacteria i.e., Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Later, the cytokinin biosynthesis gene, i.e., ipt gene, has been reported in plants too. Though plants synthesize cytokinins, several studies have reported that the exogenous application of cytokinins has numerous beneficial effects including the acceleration of plant growth and boosting economic yield. Cyanobacteria may be employed in the soil not only as the source of cytokinins but also as the source of other plant growth-promoting metabolites. These organisms biosynthesize the cytokinins using the enzyme isopentenyl transferases (IPTs) in a fashion similar to the plants; however, there are few differences in the biosynthesis mechanism of cytokinins in cyanobacteria and plants. Cytokinins are important for the establishment of interaction between plants and cyanobacteria as evidenced by gene knockout experiments. These hormones are also helpful in alleviating the adverse effects of abiotic stresses on plant development. Cyanobacterial supplements in the field result in the induction of adventitious roots and shoots on petiolar as well as internodal segments. The leaf, root, and stem explants of certain plants exhibited successful regeneration when treated with cyanobacterial extract/cell suspension. These successful regeneration practices mark the way of cyanobacterial deployment in the field as a great move toward the goal of sustainable agriculture.

Complete tooth wear dentition is multifactorial and has challenges with diagnosis and etiology. Their rehabilitation often requires orthognathic surgery, orthodontics, periodontal surgery, and prosthodontic guidelines for occlusion with harmonious facial and dental esthetics. A patient needs a multidisciplinary approach with systematic analysis to formulate evidence-based approach to improve function and esthetics. Contemporary periodontal therapy also encompasses esthetic treatment where needs are frequently associated with changes in tooth size, shape, proportion, and balance that can adversely affect smile appearance. The article provides an evidence-based guideline for reconstruction of a worn dentition. The completed work includes crown lengthening, provisionalization, socket shield technique, oral implants, and gain in lost vertical dimension with occlusion correction and minimally invasive prosthetic restorations.

In the present study, a total of 52 cyanobacterial and 57 microalgal strains belonging to different genera were investigated for their potential to produce biodiesel feedstock. Ranking of different isolates was performed employing a multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) software, PROMETHEE, considering three important parameters, the specific growth rate, biomass productivity and lipid content. PROMETHEE offers a straightforward selection of potential isolates enumerating Phi scores. Among all the studied strains, Pseudobohlinia sp. (PbS-BHS), a unicellular green alga and a new record from Badrinath hot spring and Uttarakhand (India), was identified as the most potent candidate (Phi = 0,6053; specific growth rate = 0.7 per day; biomass productivity = 203.5 mg/L/d; lipid content = 33%). Of filamentous forms, Leptolyngbya foveolarum (LlF-RHS), isolated from Ringigad hot spring, secured the top position (Phi = 0,5017; specific growth rate = 0.38 per day; biomass productivity = 25 mg/L/d; lipid content = 13%). Nevertheless, several other microalgal [e.g., Oocystis quadricauda (OQ-SHS), Chlorella sorokiniana (CS-CHS), Coelastrum sphericum (CeS-KFS) and Scenedesmus dimorphus (SD-ADW)] and cyanobacterial [e.g., Leptolyngbya sp. (LlS-SHS), Lyngbya langerhemii (LL-RHS), Lyngbya aesturii (LA-RHS), Leptolyngbya laminosa (LlL-SHS) and Phormidium sp. (PS-DWS)] strains also depicted substantially high Phi scores. Hence, they also appear to be promising for algal biodiesel feedstock production.

Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-coated membranes on polysulfone (PS) were cross-linked using maleic acid. The membrane properties (viz. hydrophilicity) were tailored for the ester linkage due to PVA and maleic acid cross-linking. The separation of tea polyphenol by PS-PVA composite membrane was investigated in this study. Cross-linked PVA coated on two different molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) PS membrane systems was prepared for this purpose. The permeation flux and separation for tea polyphenol are the criteria for evaluation. The separation of tea-polyphenol follows the trend PS-PVA-IV > PS-PVA-III > PS-PVA-II > PS-PVA-I. Higher dilution deteriorated the tea-polyphenol separation performance of the membranes. The membranes showed their best performance at pH 6.5. The time dependence separation performance study revealed the order PS-PVA-IV > PS-PVA-III > PS-PVA-II > PS-PVA-I membranes.

Background: Thyroid neoplasms constitute the most commonly occurring endocrine tumors worldwide. With ultrasonography, detection has been increased up to 30%. Thyroid neoplasms have a wide spectrum of clinical behaviour and varied therapeutic responsiveness. Thus, early diagnosis of thyroid tumors and appropriate management will prolong the survival rate of patients. So, this study focuses on thyroid tumors which have overlapping morphological features and exact diagnosis is essential for surgical and post- operative management of patients. The aim and objective of the study was to determine the role of Galectin 3 and Thyroid Peroxidase in malignant tumors of thyroid as diagnostic marker.Methods: We evaluated the patients for detailed history, physical examination, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and biopsy or excision of thyroid gland and subsequently histological examination and Immunohistochemistry for galectin 3 and thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO).Results: A total of 94 cases were enrolled in the study. Out of these 94 cases, 70 cases (74%) were followed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Out of 70 cases, benign were 44 (63%) and malignant were 26 (37%). Among benign cases, most common were colloid goitre, 22 cases (31%). Among malignant cases, most common were papillary carcinoma, 15 cases (21%). For all thyroid carcinoma, both Galectin 3 and TPO showed sensitivity of 81% when used alone. However combination of galectin 3 and TPO increased the sensitivity up to 92%.Conclusions: Galectin 3 and TPO alone has high sensitivity for all thyroid carcinoma but sensitivity was markedly increased when combination of the two markers were used.

Complex implant prosthetic reconstruction poses several challenges. The lost anatomy of periodontium due to trauma or long-standing missing teeth, especially in esthetic area, requires several surgical visits for recovery. The augmentation procedures are technique sensitive and unpredictable and need long commitment from the patient. They are time-consuming and expensive, and patients are often unwilling. The alternative for anatomically deficient partial edentulous sites could be prosthetic gingival restoration. They help in re-establishing natural contours, interproximal papilla, and further eliminating complex procedures. The other advantage is perfect horizontal and vertical transition between the prosthesis and adjacent tissues. This article describes two cases of completed gingival prosthetic prosthesis which corrected the missing architectures around lost teeth. It was well accepted by the patients and can be an alternative for unpredictable regenerative procedures.