We present new estimates of the variability of ocean heat content based on: a) additional data that extends the record to more recent years; b) additional historical data for earlier years. During 1955–1998 world ocean heat content (0–3000 m) increased 14.5 × 10 22 J corresponding to a mean temperature increase of 0.037°C at a rate of 0.20 Wm −2 (per unit area of Earth's total surface area).
Reconstructions of Mediterranean ocean temperature fields back to 1950 show a proxy relationship between heat content changes in the North Atlantic and the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) formed in the Gulf of Lions in winter, because of consistent air‐sea heat fluxes over these areas, strongly correlated to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO).
Sydney Levitus合作论文数National Oceanographic Data Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration4
John I Antonov合作论文数3
Rixen Michel合作论文数SACLANT Undersea Research Centre2A. Zuyev合作论文数1G. Manzella合作论文数1C. SABINE,合作论文数1Melchor González-Dávila合作论文数1N. Bates合作论文数1M.J Garcia合作论文数1Marsh Rodney合作论文数1
Stefan Rahmstorf合作论文数Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam;Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research1Maillard, C.合作论文数1
Nicolas Gruber合作论文数Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich1
Steve Rintoul合作论文数CSIRO Marine Research1
C K Shum合作论文数Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University1
Richard A. Feely合作论文数Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration;Department of Oceanography, University of Washington1
Laurent Labeyrie合作论文数Université de Bretagne Sud1
Yukihiro Nojiri合作论文数National Institute for Environmental Studies1
Michael Mcphaden合作论文数School of Oceanography, College of the Environment, University of Washington;Cooperative Institute for Climate, Ocean, and Ecosystem Studies, University of Washington;Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, , University of Hawaii;Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration1Kurt Lambeck合作论文数1Gennady G Matishov合作论文数1Eric Leuliette合作论文数Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research;Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences;University of Colorado;Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado1P. Rizzoli合作论文数1
Cecilie Mauritzen合作论文数Norwegian Meteorological Institute1
Jonathan Gregory合作论文数Department of Meteorology,University of Reading1Steven Iona合作论文数1Friedrich Schott合作论文数1
Colm Sweeney合作论文数Global Monitoring Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Earth System Research Laboratories1
Andrey Proshutinsky合作论文数1Igor Smolyar合作论文数1J.-M. Beckers合作论文数Institut de Physique B5, University of Liège1
Simon Josey合作论文数National Oceanography Centre1Efstathios Balopoulos合作论文数1Karine Laval合作论文数1Beniamino B. Manca合作论文数1D. Chambers合作论文数1David Wratt合作论文数1
Pinardi Nadia合作论文数Corso di Scienze Ambientali, Bologna University1
Marco Zavatarelli合作论文数Universita' di Bologna1N. Mikhailov合作论文数1M. Tamisiea合作论文数1
Philip Leslie Woodworth (Phil Woodworth)合作论文数The National Oceanography Centre;School of Environmental Sciences, Liverpool University1Markus Pahlow合作论文数1
Michele Fichaut合作论文数1
Richard (Rik) Wanninkhof合作论文数NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, U.S. Department of Commerce1
Vincenzo Artale合作论文数C.R. Casaccia, ENEA1R. Tatusko合作论文数1
Helen Dooley合作论文数Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine1Ricardo A. Locarnini合作论文数1
