Few studies have evaluated vegetable soybean for sugar content at the green pod stage. Information on combining ability and type of gene action that governs inheritance of seed traits can help breeders to select suitable parents and devise an appropriate breeding strategy. Ten vegetable soybean accessions were crossed in a complete diallel mating design. Parent lines and F2 and F3 progenies were evaluated for two nutritional components. In this study, both general and specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were significant for sucrose and total sugar. Cultivars Kanrich , Pella , Verde and V81-1603 had good general combining ability for high sucrose. In general, high sucrose content was observed in progeny of the early maturity group genotypes Kanrich , Pella and Verde . The best combiners for high total sugar content were Verde , V81-1603 and PI 399055. These genotypes could serve as genetic sources in a vegetable soybean breeding programme.

Few studies have evaluated vegetable soybean (Glycine max) for green pod yield components. Information on combining ability and the type of gene action that governs the inheritance of economically important quantitative characters can help breeders to select suitable parents and devise an appropriate breeding strategy. Ten vegetable soybean accessions were crossed in a complete diallel mating design. This study showed that estimates of both the combining ability (general and specific), and reciprocal variances were significant for plant height, hundred pod weight, and pod dimensions (pod length, pod width, and pod thickness). The performances of the parents for the green pod yield components studied were highly associated with their general combining ability effects. Four parents-'Kanrich', 'Pella', V81-1603, and PI 399055,, were good general combiners for hundred pod weight and thus could be used in breeding programmes to develop genotypes with large pod size.

Journal of Plant RegistrationsVolume 1, Issue 2 p. 95-96 Cultivar Registration of ‘Owens’ Vegetable Soybean T. Mebrahtu, Corresponding Author T. Mebrahtu [email protected] Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Devine, T. E. Devine Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorP. A. Donald, P. A. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorT. S. Abney, T. S. Abney USDA-ARS, Purdue University, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Lafayette, IN, 47907-1155Search for more papers by this author T. Mebrahtu, Corresponding Author T. Mebrahtu [email protected] Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Devine, T. E. Devine Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorP. A. Donald, P. A. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorT. S. Abney, T. S. Abney USDA-ARS, Purdue University, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Lafayette, IN, 47907-1155Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2007 https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2006.09.0570crcCitations: 5 All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume1, Issue2September 2007Pages 95-96 RelatedInformation

Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 4 p. 1810-1811 Registrations of Cultivar Registration of ‘Moon Cake’ Vegetable Soybean T.E. Devine, Corresponding Author T.E. Devine [email protected] USDA-ARS, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorJ.E. McMurtrey, J.E. McMurtrey USDA-ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Bldg. 007, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorT. Mebrahtu, T. Mebrahtu Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Search for more papers by this authorT.S. Abney, T.S. Abney Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, USDA-ARS, Purdue Univ., Lilly Hall, 915 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054Search for more papers by this authorP. Donald, P. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd., Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Starner, D.E. Starner Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Northern Piedmont Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Orange, VA, 22960Search for more papers by this authorF.M. Hashem, F.M. Hashem Dep. of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Crop Research and Aquaculture Bldg., 30921 Martin Ct., Princess Anne, MD, 21853-1299Search for more papers by this authorR.B. Dadson, R.B. Dadson Dep. of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Crop Research and Aquaculture Bldg., 30921 Martin Ct., Princess Anne, MD, 21853-1299Search for more papers by this author T.E. Devine, Corresponding Author T.E. Devine [email protected] USDA-ARS, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorJ.E. McMurtrey, J.E. McMurtrey USDA-ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Bldg. 007, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorT. Mebrahtu, T. Mebrahtu Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Search for more papers by this authorT.S. Abney, T.S. Abney Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, USDA-ARS, Purdue Univ., Lilly Hall, 915 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054Search for more papers by this authorP. Donald, P. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd., Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Starner, D.E. Starner Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Northern Piedmont Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Orange, VA, 22960Search for more papers by this authorF.M. Hashem, F.M. Hashem Dep. of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Crop Research and Aquaculture Bldg., 30921 Martin Ct., Princess Anne, MD, 21853-1299Search for more papers by this authorR.B. Dadson, R.B. Dadson Dep. of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Crop Research and Aquaculture Bldg., 30921 Martin Ct., Princess Anne, MD, 21853-1299Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.05-0080Citations: 3 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Bernard, R.L. 1968. ‘Wilson-6’ soybean (PI 548431). USDA- ARS GRIN database record entered 9 Aug. 1994. Available from http://www.arsgrin.gov/npgs/acc/acc_queries.html (referenced 9 June 1997). Bernard, R.L., and D.A. Lindahl. 1972. Registration of ‘Williams’ soybean. Crop Sci. 12: 716. Buss, G.R., H.M. Camper, Jr., and C.W. Roane. 1988. Registration of ‘Hutcheson’ soybean. Crop Sci. 28: 1024–1025. Cooper, R.L., R.J. Martin, B.A. McBlain, R.J. Fioritto, S.K. St. Martin, A. Calip-DuBois, and A.F. Schmitthenner. 1990. Registration of Ripley soybeans. Crop Sci. 30: 963. Devine, T.E., E.O. Hatley, and D.E. Starner. 1998. Registration of ‘Tyrone’ forage soybean. Crop Sci. 38: 1720. Hartwig, E.E., and J.M. Epps. 1973. Registration of ‘Forrest’ soybeans. Crop Sci. 13: 287. Smith, T.J., and H.M. Camper. 1973. Registration of ‘Essex’ soybean. Crop Sci. 13: 495. Weber, C.R. 1967. Registration of Disoy soybeans. Crop Sci. 7: 403. Weiss, M.G. 1953. Registration of soybean varieties, IV. Agron. J. 45: 570–571. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue4July–August 2006Pages 1810-1811 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Drought is an important yield-reducing factor for corn and soya bean which are the two major crops in the Delaware, Maryland and Virginia (Delmarva) region of the United States. Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) is primarily grown in drier regions of the world where it is one of the most drought-resistant food legumes. Field experiments were conducted in which 10 genetically diverse cowpea genotypes were evaluated for adaptability to the Delmarva area. The cowpea genotypes were grown in rain-out shelters under non-water-stressed and water-stressed conditions. The results showed that under non-water-stressed conditions cowpea genotypes California Blackeye 5, Champion and Mississippi Silver gave higher seed yields, while genotypes White Acre, Six Week Browneye and Texas Cream 8 provided lower seed yields. Genotypes California Blackeye 5 and Champion gave comparatively better seed yields under water-stressed conditions. California Blackeye 5 was the highest seed-yielding genotype under both waterstressed and non-water-stressed conditions. The highest biological yield under non-water-stressed conditions was given by genotypes Two Crop Brown, White Acre and Elite, whereas under the water-stressed condition genotypes Texas Cream 8, California Blackeye 5, and Mississippi Silver gave higher biological yield. Genotypes Quickpick Pinkeye and Elite were identified as early maturing genotypes. The harvest index (HI) varied significantly among genotypes, with Texas Cream 8 having the lowest HI. Cowpea genotypes which gave higher seed yield under water-stressed conditions could play an important role in sustaining crop production in the Delmarva region.

The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) clone pBLT65 is a 450-nt soybean cDNA encoding a portion of the bifunctional enzyme aspartokinase-homoserine dehydrogenase (AK-HSDH). pBLT65 maps within 3.5 cM of the i locus, conferring a pigmented seed coat, on linkage group A; hence, it is closely linked to the Rhg 4 locus conferring resistance to race 3 of the soybean cyst nematode. From this useful RFLP we developed a PCR reaction yielding polymorphic bands for use in marker-assisted breeding programs to select progeny containing the Rhg 4 allele. The polymorphic bands were sequenced to determine the cause of the polymorphisms. Using primers 548 and 563, PCR amplification of DNA from the soybean cultivar Peking (Rhg 4 ) yielded three DNA fragments, 1a (1160 bp), 1b (1146 bp) and 3 (996 bp). Amplification of DNA from the cultivar Kent (rhg 4) yielded DNA fragments 2 (1020 bp), 3 (996 bp) and 4 (960 bp). Fragments 1a, 1b, 2 and 4 were also polymorphic between the soybean lines PI 290136 and BARC-2(Rj 4 ). A segregating population of 80 F2 and F3 plants derived from the cross PI 290136×BARC-2 (Rj 4 ) was used to confirm the map position of the PCR polymorphisms near the i locus, and hence the Rhg 4 locus on linkage group A. The nucleotide sequences of fragments 1b, 3 and 4 were determined. Large and small deletions in the intronic region were responsible for the size differences of the different fragments, whereas the exon was well conserved.

Effective nodulation of and efficient symbiotic nitrogen fixation with alfalfa by strains of Rhizobium fredii, the fast-growing soybean microsymbiont, is herein reported. This discovery has broad implications for host specificity research and strain improvement. Effective nodulation of Egyptian alfalfa cultivar 'Giza 4' by R. fredii type strain USDA 205 was observed and deemed anomalous yet intriguing since nodulation of alfalfa by R. fredii had not been previously reported. To investigate this anomaly, twenty-two strains of R. fredii, including the eleven strains first isolated fifteen years ago from east central provinces of China, and three strains of R. meliloti were evaluated for symbiotic capabilities with 'ARC' alfalfa, a standard improved cultivar of Medicago sativa. Efficient nitrogen-fixing symbioses were formed by R. fuedii USDA strains 201, 208, 209 and 214 with this cultivar and four other USDA strains of R. fredii, including the type strain USDA 205, formed inefficient nodules. The former strains produced high nodule numbers and high plant dry weights under conditions of nil combined nitrogen, and strains 201, 208 and 214 exhibited symbiotic nitrogen fixation activities comparable to those of strains of R. meliloti, the long-recognized nitrogen-fixing microsymbiont of alfalfa. R. fiedii strains efficiently nodulating both soybean and alfalfa were confirmed by megaplasmid DNA content, by reinfection of both hosts, and by DNA RFLP.

Genes controlling nitrogen-fixing symbioses of legumes with specialized bacteria known as rhizobia are presumably the products of many millions of years of evolution. Different adaptative solutions evolved in response to the challenge of survival in highly divergent complexes of symbionts. Whereas efficiency of nitrogen fixation appears to be controlled by quantitative inheritance, genes controlling nodulation are qualitatively inherited. Genes controlling nodulation include those for non-nodulation, those that restrict certain microsymbionts, and those conditioning hypernodulation, or supernodulation. Some genes are naturally occurring polymorphisms, while others were induced or were the result of spontaneous mutations. The geographic patterns of particular alleles indicate the role of coevolution in determining symbiont specificites and compatibilities. For example, the Rj4 allele occurs with higher frequency (over 50%) among the soybean (G. max) from Southeast Asia. DNA homology studies of strains of Bradyrhizobium that nodulate soybean indicated two groups so distinct as to warrant classification as two species. Strains producing rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis occur only in Group II, now classified as B. elkanii. Unlike B. japonicum, B. elkanii strains are characterized by (1) the ability to nodulate the rj1 genotype, (2) the formation of nodule-like structures on peanut, (3) a relatively high degree of ex planta nitrogenase activity, (4) distinct extracellular polysaccharide composition, (5) distinct fatty acid composition, (6) distinct antibiotic resistance profiles, and (7) low DNA homology with B. japonicum. Analysis with soybean lines near isogenic for the Rj4 versus rj4 alleles indicated that the Rj4 allele excludes a high proportion of B. elkanii strains and certain strains of B. japonicum such as strain USDA62 and three serogroup 123 strains. These groups, relatively inefficient in nitrogen fixation with soybean, tend to predominate in soybean nodules from many US soils. The Rj4 allele, the most common allelic form in the wild species, has a positive value for the host plants in protecting them from nodulation by rhizobia poorly adapted for symbiosis.

A soybean gene, Rfg1, controlling nodulation with strain USDA 205, the type strain for the fast-growing species Rhizobium fredii, was tested for allelism with the Rj4 gene. The Rj4 gene conditions ineffective nodulation primarily with certain strains of the slow-growing soybean microsymbiont, Bradyrhizobium elkanii. The F2 seeds of the cross of the cultivars Peking, carrying the alleles rfg1, Rj4, i (controlling inhibition of seed coat color) and W1 (controlling flower color), and Kent, carrying the alleles Rfg1, rj4, i-i and w1, were evaluated for nodulation response with strain USDA 205 by planting surface disinfested seeds in sterilized vermiculite in growth trays and inoculating with a stationary phase broth culture of strain USDA 205 at planting. Plants were classified for nodulation response visually after four weeks growth and transplanted to the field for F3 seed production. Flower color, purple (W1) vs white (w1), was determined in the field. The allele present at the i locus was determined by classification of F3 seed coat color. The F3 seeds were planted in growth trays and inoculated with strain USDA 61 of Bradyrhizobium elkanii to determine the genotype for the Rj4 locus. The Rfg1 and Rj4 genes were determined to be located at separate loci. Chi-square analysis for linkage indicated that Rfg1 segregated independently of the Rj4, I and W1 loci.

The dominant allele Rj4 in soybean interdicts or restricts the nodulation of plants by certain strains of bacteria, most of which are classified as Bradyrhizobium elkanii, while the recessive allele permits normal nodulation with the same strains. The near isogenic lines BARC-2 (Rj4) and BARC-3 (rj4) are calculated to be 99.95% identical in their nuclear DNA, but differ specifically in the allele present at the Rj4 locus. These lines were used to identify spontaneous mutants of the Rj4-restricted Bradyrhizobium elkanii strain USDA 61 Nal(r) that had the ability to effectively nodulate plants of the Rj4 genotype. Of the eight rare nodules found on roots of soybean plants of the Rj4 genotype inoculated with the genetically marked strain USDA 61 Nal(r), four were identified as containing mutants with the ability to overcome the effects of the Rj4 allele.

Several genes controlling nodulation response in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., have been found and their use in restricting nodulation with less desirable strains of Bradyrhizobium japonicum has been postulated. However, little is known of their linkage relationships with other genes. This report details genetic linkage tests of the Rj2 locus with 20 other loci: T, P1, L1, Y13, Adh1, W1, F, Rj1, Idh1, Fr1, Y9, Aco2, Dial, Fr2, Got, Mpi, Pgd1, Pgm1, Y10, and Y17. Only one of the genes tested showed evidence of genetic linkage with Rj2. The estimated distance of Aco2 from Rj2 was 44.7 +/- 2.1 genetic map units.

To determine the relationship between nodulation restriction by the Rj4 allele of soybean, rhizobitoxine-induced chlorosis, and taxonomic grouping of bradyrhizobia, 119 bradyrhizobial isolates were tested in Leonard jar culture for nodulation response and chlorosis induction. In addition to strain USDA 61, the strain originally reported as defining the Rj4 response, eight other isolates (i.e., USDA 62, 83, 94, 238, 252, 259, 260, and 340) were discovered to elicit the nodulation interdiction of the Rj4 allele. Only 16% of all the bradyrhizobial strains tested induced chlorosis, but seven of the nine strains (78%) interdicted by the Rj4 allele were chlorosis-inducing strains. Furthermore, in tests for antibiotic resistance profile, eight of the nine interdicted strains (89%) were classed in DNA homology group II. This evidence suggests that the Rj4 allele has a positive value to the host plant in shielding it from nodulation by certain chlorosis-inducing bradyrhizobia of a DNA homology group with impaired efficiency of nitrogen fixation with soybean.

Journal Article Inheritance of soybean nodulation response with a fast-growing strain of Rhizobium Get access T. E. Devine T. E. Devine U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nitrogen Fixation and Soybean Genetics Laboratory, Plant Physiology Institute, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-WestBeltsville, MD 20705 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Heredity, Volume 75, Issue 5, September 1984, Pages 359–361, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109956 Published: 01 September 1984

Genetic linkage was established between the Rj1 locus, controlling restricted nodulation, and the F locus, controlling fasciated stem in the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). A distance of 40 ± 2.2 genetic map units was determined to separate these two loci. This is the first report of genetic linkage of a locus controlling nodulation in the higher plants. The Rj1 locus was determined to be Independent of the P locus in linkage group 2, the Ln locus in linkage group 4, the L1 locus in linkage group 5, the W1 locus in linkage group 8, and the Rps1 locus in linkage group 10. Rj1 was found to assort independently of Fr1 Fr2 Lf2 and Y3; Rj2 was independent of Fr1 and L1; Rj4 was independent of L1 Fr1 and Y9; P was independent of Fr1 Ln, and Y9 and Y9 was independent of Ln.

The rj1 gene in soybeans prevents nodulation by most strains of Rhizobium japonicum. Several strains, however, are known to nodulate rj1 plants in vermiculite or sand culture. Pure broth cultures of one of these strains (61 NalR) and a strain producing the typical non-nodulating response with rj1 (I-110 ARS) were mixed and used as inoculum on Clark rj1 soybeans in a growth chamber experiment. Both strains carried drug resistance markers and were identified using selective media. Analysis of the nodules formed indicated that 32% of the nodules contained both strains, 36% contained only the usually non-nodulating strain I-110 ARS, and 32% contained the usually infective strain (61 NalR). These results indicate that under conditions of high inoculum density the roots of Clark rj1 plants did not distinguish between Rhizobium strains 61 NalR and I-110 ARS. Subsequent tests with Rhizobium isolates from the nodules containing only strain I-110 ARS indicated that these rhizobia had not undergone a permanent genetic change in nodulation potential but were infective only because of temporary association with strain 61 NalR.