Common bean (Phaseolus vulgar is L.) demand is increasing with an alarming rate around the world, especially in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Therefore, increased bean yield per hectare i.s the best way to meet the world demand rather than expansion of area under cultivation. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the genotypic variations for green bean and dry seed yield and magnitude of genotype x environment interaction effects on yield and yield components of common bean. Thirteen genotypes were planted during the 1992, 1994, and 1995 growing seasons. Genotypes were evaluated for green pod and seed yield and yield components at R7 and R9 growth stages. Years differed significantly for all recorded parameters at both R 7 and R9 stages. Genotypes and genotype x year interaction were also differed significantly for most measured parameters at both stages. The genotype Eagle showed the highest green pod yield, while Branco and Blue Ridge ranked second and third, respectively when averaged over the three years. Number of pods plant-, hundred pod weight and pod length were positively and significantly correlated with green pod yield. Number of pods planf showed the highest correlation (r = 0.61 **) with green pod yield. All the recorded parameters were positively significantly correlated with dry seed yield. Plant height was negative!( correlated with seed size, number of seeds planf 1 and seed weight plant . Number of pods planf 1 was positively correlated (r = 0.51 **) and seed size exhibited highest correlation value (r = 0 .48**) with seed yield. Seed size and number of pods plant -I can be effectively used for indirect selection of green pod yield and dry seed yield of common bean.

Drought stress is an environmental factor that causes severe yield loss in agriculture. Identifying new genetic resources is key to improving crop drought tolerance. Purslane (Portulaca spp.) is a xerophyte that grows in extreme drought conditions worldwide. Here, we report genetic variation in drought tolerant phenotypes, and AFLP-based genetic diversity among purslane accessions collected from geographically diverse regions. Variations among different purslane accessions occurred at seed germination, seedling and adult stages with Tokombiya identified as the most drought tolerant accession at adult stage. Genetic diversity among purslane accessions was evaluated by AFLP fingerprinting. Using the average genetic similarity as cut-off value, four distinct groups were classified by UPGMA-cluster analysis, and Tokombiya was found to be distinct from all other purslane accessions. Together, these results suggest that significant genetic variations exist among purslane accessions and Tokombiya is a unique accession with strong drought tolerance. Further examination of this accession may benefit efforts to improve crop tolerance to drought stress.

Excessive use of poultry litter (PL) on agricultural land is known to cause eutrophication of surface waters. Consequently, both poultry producers and PL users have to meet strict state and federal guidelines on litter storage and land application. This study examined the environmental benefits of adding lime, alum, ferrous sulfate, fly ash (FA), fluidized bed ash (FBA) and soil fix (SF) to PL for immobilizing excess phosphorus (P) while providing sufficient nutrients for proper growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.)] and corn [Zea mays (L.)] on a rotation. Amending PL with lime, alum, SF, FA and FBA significantly (p>0.05) increased corn and soybean yield. In contrast control plots that received a 10-10-10 (N-P2O5-K2) fertilizer showed lower yield and corn quality. Increased yield was observed when PL was amended with lime, alum and ferrous sulfate. Results from a soybean root, shoot, and nodule growth study indicated variability with respect to PL application and amendment use. Smaller size nodules were obtained with NPK fertilizer and PL plus lime treated plots, whereas PL with alum yielded fewer but larger nodules. Soil aggregation was significantly lower in soils treated with NPK compared to those treated with PL as indicated by water stable aggregation (WSA), mean aggregate diameter (MWD) and geometric mean of aggregate diameter (GMD) (p>0.05). Increased soil aggregation was a result of the combined effect of amendment and PL additions rather than PL alone. The amount of carbon (C) in soil aggregates was lowest with NPK and highest with PL treatments. In the presence of PL, alum and iron treatments showed higher capacities to store C and immobilize P in macro-aggregates (8 to 5 mm diameter). These results suggest that soil treatment with PL and chemical amendments, especially alum and ferrous sulfate, could result in improved crop yield, soil aggregation, carbon storage, and P immobilization.

Vernonia galamensis, whose seeds can be used to produce high-demand, environmentally friendly oil, can stimulate the economy of a country like Eritrea. The seed from the plant contains oil rich in epoxy fatty acids. A potential market use is as a drying agent for resin paints and can form clear, tough, rubbery plastics or coatings on metal. The general objective was to develop vernonia as a viable industrial plant in Eritrea while the specific objectives were to collect, introduce, and characterize wild vernonia accessions and to evaluate and select the best genotypes with higher seed yield and oil content. A total of 61 wild accessions of vernonia were collected from different parts of Eritrea. Some germplasm materials were also added from Ethiopia in 1995 and collections from the United States Department of Agriculture. The materials were collected in its wild form in valleys, riverbanks, plateaus and hills in many parts of Eritrea. The germplasm was collected, characterized and evaluated. The results of the germplasm collection showed that the mean seed yield (kg/ha), seed size (g/1000 seeds), total oil (%) and vernolic acid (%) were 873, 3.4, 24, and 62, respectively. The variety trial of vernonia tested has shown that ERV-05 (1127 kg ha–1) and 66 BK-OR-1 (1111 kg ha–1) were the best yielding genotypes. The oil content of ERV-05 was better than 66BK-OR-1. The genotypes with smaller seed size had better oil content. There was a positive and significant correlation between oil content, plant height and days to blooming. Therefore, breeders should select genotypes based on these traits for better oil content. The future challenges of the plant are lack of uniform seed maturity, and to develop appropriate technologies for mechanical harvesting, seed cleaning and processing and oil extraction.

Few studies have evaluated vegetable soybean for sugar content at the green pod stage. Information on combining ability and type of gene action that governs inheritance of seed traits can help breeders to select suitable parents and devise an appropriate breeding strategy. Ten vegetable soybean accessions were crossed in a complete diallel mating design. Parent lines and F2 and F3 progenies were evaluated for two nutritional components. In this study, both general and specific combining ability and reciprocal effects were significant for sucrose and total sugar. Cultivars Kanrich , Pella , Verde and V81-1603 had good general combining ability for high sucrose. In general, high sucrose content was observed in progeny of the early maturity group genotypes Kanrich , Pella and Verde . The best combiners for high total sugar content were Verde , V81-1603 and PI 399055. These genotypes could serve as genetic sources in a vegetable soybean breeding programme.

ABSTRACT This study compared the microbiological quality of frozen “edamame” to other varieties of frozen beans sold in Virginia. Furthermore, the reduction of microorganisms during experimental edamame processing was investigated. Commercial frozen in‐pod and shelled edamame had aerobic mesophiles at 3.4 and 3.1 log cfu/g, yeasts and molds at 2.3 and 2.1 log cfu/g, and some contained low levels of Escherichia coli and enterotoxigenic Bacillus spp. Salmonellae were not found; however, 5% edamame and 4% frozen beans in general were positive for Listeria monocytogenes. Rinsing and shelling raw edamame caused a 1–2 log reduction of total aerobic mesophile, yeast and mold, and coliform counts. No naturally occurring yeast, mold or coliform was detected after blanching edamame at 98C for≥30 s. Blanching for 60 s eliminated approximately 6 log cfu/g of inoculated E. coli and Listeria from in‐pod edamame. Adequate processing ensures the microbial quality and safety of frozen edamame.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFrozen “edamame” has the potential to be produced with microbial quality acceptable for direct consumption. However, current products may contain harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes; thus, thorough reheating is required for consumer safety. Strict sanitation and effective blanching practices are critical in assuring microbial quality and safety of frozen edamame. Data reported for the first time from this current study could be used to inform frozen edamame producers and consumers of the potentially associated microbial hazards and adequate means for food protection.

ABSTRACT In addition to oil and soyfoods, soybean [Glycine max L. (Merr.)] is also produced for vegetable use. The importance of consuming vegetable soybean for the prevention of chronic diseases is well documented. The objectives of this study were to determine the magnitude of genotype x year interactions (GYIs) for nutritional values, to estimate broad-sense heritability (h2 BS), and to identify genotypes that have stable nutritional values. Thirty-one soybean genotypes from maturity groups (MGs) III to VI were grown at Randolph Research Farm of Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, during three years. The genotypes were harvested at immature green pod stage (R6-R7) and analyzed for nutritional values (lipid, protein, fatty acid profile, and carbohydrate). Significant (P < 0.01) differences among the genotypes were found for protein, ratio (18:1/18:2 + 18:3), and carbohydrate (CHO). The GYIs were also significant (P < 0.01) for all the seed traits analyzed, indicating that the performance of the genotype changed from year to year. Moderate h2 BS estimates of 56%, 61%, and 69% were observed for protein, ratio, and CHO, respectively. These h2 BS indicated the seed traits analyzed were equally influenced by environments and genetic factors. In general, the percentage contribution of genotype to the total sum of squares was higher than that of the GYIs for all seed traits analyzed with the exception of lipid. Among the genotypes tested Akiyoshi ranked high in protein, ratio, and, CHO and PI 379621 ranked high in protein and CHO. These genotypes could be used as genetic source in improving nutritive values of vegetable soybean genotypes. The rank correlations between G ×; Y model analysis mean ranking and cultivar superiority performance measure (CSPM) value ranks for lipid, ratio, protein, and CHO were 0.912**, 0.979**, 0.987**, and 0.973**, respectively. This suggested that either method of analysis could be used in identifying genotypes with stable performance.

Few studies have evaluated vegetable soybean (Glycine max) for green pod yield components. Information on combining ability and the type of gene action that governs the inheritance of economically important quantitative characters can help breeders to select suitable parents and devise an appropriate breeding strategy. Ten vegetable soybean accessions were crossed in a complete diallel mating design. This study showed that estimates of both the combining ability (general and specific), and reciprocal variances were significant for plant height, hundred pod weight, and pod dimensions (pod length, pod width, and pod thickness). The performances of the parents for the green pod yield components studied were highly associated with their general combining ability effects. Four parents-'Kanrich', 'Pella', V81-1603, and PI 399055,, were good general combiners for hundred pod weight and thus could be used in breeding programmes to develop genotypes with large pod size.

Plants from the genus Vernonia produce a variety of flavonoids and bitter sesquiterpene lactones important for agriculture and human health. Leaf glandular trichomes of Vernonia galamensis ssp. galamensis var. ethiopica Gilbert (VGAE) were investigated for ultrastructural development and content composition because sesquiterpene lactones that impart a bitter taste to the leaves have been associated with the presence of these glands. Trichome ultrastructure was examined using LM, SEM, and TEM. Glands were removed from the leaf surface, and the chemical composition of gland contents was determined using HPLC and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Immature and mature 10‐celled peltate biseriate glandular trichomes were present only at the abaxial side of the leaf. A large subcuticular space (head) developed from the most distal cell pair of the mature trichome and gradually filled with an osmiophillic substance. Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the peltate trichome is a major source of prevernocistifolide‐8‐O‐isobutyrate. This glaucolide‐type sesquiterpene lactone was previously identified as a major constituent of the aerial parts of VGAE.

Journal of Plant RegistrationsVolume 1, Issue 2 p. 95-96 Cultivar Registration of ‘Owens’ Vegetable Soybean T. Mebrahtu, Corresponding Author T. Mebrahtu [email protected] Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Devine, T. E. Devine Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorP. A. Donald, P. A. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorT. S. Abney, T. S. Abney USDA-ARS, Purdue University, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Lafayette, IN, 47907-1155Search for more papers by this author T. Mebrahtu, Corresponding Author T. Mebrahtu [email protected] Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Corresponding author ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Devine, T. E. Devine Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorP. A. Donald, P. A. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd, Crop Genetics and Production Research Unit, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorT. S. Abney, T. S. Abney USDA-ARS, Purdue University, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Lafayette, IN, 47907-1155Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 September 2007 https://doi.org/10.3198/jpr2006.09.0570crcCitations: 5 All rights reserved. No part of this periodical may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permission for printing and for reprinting the material contained herein has been obtained by the publisher. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume1, Issue2September 2007Pages 95-96 RelatedInformation

Few studies have evaluated vegetable soybean (Glycine max [L]. Merr.) for green pod yield and individual and total sugar when harvested at green pod stage (R6 to R7). The purpose of this research was to assess the amount of genetic variation that existed among vegetable soybeans for green pod yield (GPY), hundred pod weight (HPW), pod length (PL), plant height (PH), and individual sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose) and total sugar, and to determine the association of GPY with the individual and total sugars. Thirty-one vegetable soybean genotypes from maturity groups (MGs) III, IV, V, and VI were planted at Virginia State University Research Farm during 1996, 1997, and 1998. Each genotype was harvested at green pod stage. There was substantial genetic variation for GPY, PH, and PL as indicated by relatively large genotypic variance components. Heritability (h(2)) estimates of 0.85, 0.68, 0.81, and 0.85 were observed for GPY, HPW, PL, and PH, respectively. These high h(2) estimates imply that selection for improved GPY along with PL and HPW can be achieved in a breeding population. Correlation values of HPW with sucrose and total sugar content were 0.598 and 0.447, respectively. Pod length had correlations of 0.598 and 0.447 with sucrose and total sugar, respectively. The PL was positively correlated (0.766) with HPW. The PL sigma g(2) variance was 22 times larger than sigma(2)(gy) variance, suggesting that selection for PL should be effective. Because pod length reaches the maximum size 30 days after flowering, it could be used an indirect selection criterion to identify genotypes with high sucrose and total sugar contents. (C) 2006 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

Crop ScienceVolume 46, Issue 4 p. 1810-1811 Registrations of Cultivar Registration of ‘Moon Cake’ Vegetable Soybean T.E. Devine, Corresponding Author T.E. Devine [email protected] USDA-ARS, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorJ.E. McMurtrey, J.E. McMurtrey USDA-ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Bldg. 007, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorT. Mebrahtu, T. Mebrahtu Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Search for more papers by this authorT.S. Abney, T.S. Abney Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, USDA-ARS, Purdue Univ., Lilly Hall, 915 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054Search for more papers by this authorP. Donald, P. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd., Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Starner, D.E. Starner Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Northern Piedmont Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Orange, VA, 22960Search for more papers by this authorF.M. Hashem, F.M. Hashem Dep. of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Crop Research and Aquaculture Bldg., 30921 Martin Ct., Princess Anne, MD, 21853-1299Search for more papers by this authorR.B. Dadson, R.B. Dadson Dep. of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Crop Research and Aquaculture Bldg., 30921 Martin Ct., Princess Anne, MD, 21853-1299Search for more papers by this author T.E. Devine, Corresponding Author T.E. Devine [email protected] USDA-ARS, Sustainable Agricultural Systems Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorJ.E. McMurtrey, J.E. McMurtrey USDA-ARS, Hydrology and Remote Sensing Lab., Animal and Natural Resources Institute, Bldg. 007, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorT. Mebrahtu, T. Mebrahtu Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Search for more papers by this authorT.S. Abney, T.S. Abney Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, USDA-ARS, Purdue Univ., Lilly Hall, 915 West State St., West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054Search for more papers by this authorP. Donald, P. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd., Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorD.E. Starner, D.E. Starner Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ., Northern Piedmont Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Orange, VA, 22960Search for more papers by this authorF.M. Hashem, F.M. Hashem Dep. of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Crop Research and Aquaculture Bldg., 30921 Martin Ct., Princess Anne, MD, 21853-1299Search for more papers by this authorR.B. Dadson, R.B. Dadson Dep. of Agriculture, Univ. of Maryland Eastern Shore, Crop Research and Aquaculture Bldg., 30921 Martin Ct., Princess Anne, MD, 21853-1299Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 2006 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.05-0080Citations: 3 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Bernard, R.L. 1968. ‘Wilson-6’ soybean (PI 548431). USDA- ARS GRIN database record entered 9 Aug. 1994. Available from http://www.arsgrin.gov/npgs/acc/acc_queries.html (referenced 9 June 1997). Bernard, R.L., and D.A. Lindahl. 1972. Registration of ‘Williams’ soybean. Crop Sci. 12: 716. Buss, G.R., H.M. Camper, Jr., and C.W. Roane. 1988. Registration of ‘Hutcheson’ soybean. Crop Sci. 28: 1024–1025. Cooper, R.L., R.J. Martin, B.A. McBlain, R.J. Fioritto, S.K. St. Martin, A. Calip-DuBois, and A.F. Schmitthenner. 1990. Registration of Ripley soybeans. Crop Sci. 30: 963. Devine, T.E., E.O. Hatley, and D.E. Starner. 1998. Registration of ‘Tyrone’ forage soybean. Crop Sci. 38: 1720. Hartwig, E.E., and J.M. Epps. 1973. Registration of ‘Forrest’ soybeans. Crop Sci. 13: 287. Smith, T.J., and H.M. Camper. 1973. Registration of ‘Essex’ soybean. Crop Sci. 13: 495. Weber, C.R. 1967. Registration of Disoy soybeans. Crop Sci. 7: 403. Weiss, M.G. 1953. Registration of soybean varieties, IV. Agron. J. 45: 570–571. Citing Literature Volume46, Issue4July–August 2006Pages 1810-1811 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Crop ScienceVolume 45, Issue 1 cropsci2005.0408 p. 408-409 Registrations Of Cultivars Registration of ‘Asmara’ Vegetable Soybean T. Mebrahtu, Corresponding Author T. Mebrahtu tmebraht@vsu.edu Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Corresponding author (tmebraht@vsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Devine, T. E. Devine Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorP. Donald, P. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorT.S. Abney, T.S. Abney USDA-ARS, Purdue State University, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Lilly Hall, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054Search for more papers by this author T. Mebrahtu, Corresponding Author T. Mebrahtu tmebraht@vsu.edu Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806Corresponding author (tmebraht@vsu.edu)Search for more papers by this authorT. E. Devine, T. E. Devine Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorP. Donald, P. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorT.S. Abney, T.S. Abney USDA-ARS, Purdue State University, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Lilly Hall, 915 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 2005 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0408Citations: 15 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume45, Issue1January–February 2005Pages 408-409 RelatedInformation

Crop ScienceVolume 45, Issue 6 p. 2644-2645 Registration Registration of ‘Randolph’ Vegetable Soybean T. Mebrahtu, Corresponding Author T. Mebrahtu [email protected] Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806 Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorT.E. Devine, T.E. Devine Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorP. Donald, P. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorT.S. Abney, T.S. Abney USDA-ARS, Purdue University, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Lafayette, IN, 47907-1155Search for more papers by this author T. Mebrahtu, Corresponding Author T. Mebrahtu [email protected] Agricultural Research Station of Virginia State Univ., P.O. Box 9061, Petersburg, VA, 23806 Corresponding author ([email protected])Search for more papers by this authorT.E. Devine, T.E. Devine Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, Animal and Natural Resources Institute, USDA-ARS, Bldg. 001, BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, 20705Search for more papers by this authorP. Donald, P. Donald USDA-ARS, 605 Airways Blvd, Jackson, TN, 38301Search for more papers by this authorT.S. Abney, T.S. Abney USDA-ARS, Purdue University, Dep. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Lafayette, IN, 47907-1155Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 November 2005 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.007Citations: 4 Registration by CSSA. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat REFERENCES Boerma, H.R. 1988. Registration of ‘Twiggs’ soybean. Crop Sci. 28: 375 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1988.0011183X002800020046x Brim, C.A. 1966. A modified pedigree method of selection in soybean. Crop Sci. 6: 220 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1966.0011183X000600020041x Carter, T.E., Jr., and S. Shanmugasundaram. 1993. Edamame, the vegetable soybean. p. 219–239. In T. Howard (ed.) Underutilized crops: Pulses and vegetables. Chapman and Hill, London. Fehr, W.E. 1971. [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Stage of development description of soybean. Crop Sci. 11: 929–931 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1971.0011183X001100060051x Konovsky, J., T.A. Lumpkin, and D. McClary. 1994. Edamame: The vegetable soybean. p. 173–181. In A.D. O'Rourke (ed.) Understanding the Japanese food and agrimarket: A multifaceted opportunity. Binghamton:Hayworth, UK. Kraemer, M.E. 1994. Evaluation of vegetable soybean genotype for resistance to Mexican bean beetle (Coleoptera:Coccinrllidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 87: 252–257 http://gateway.isiknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=agrocropsoil&KeyUT=A1994NR61300042&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=WOS_CPL&UsrCustomerID=523bbf5d2a868de7bbaeea0bc70ec0e4 Mebrahtu, T. 2005. Registration of ‘Asmara’ vegetable soybean. Crop Sci. 45: 408–409 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2005.0408 Mebrahtu, T. 1991. Green pod and architectural traits of selected vegetable soybean genotypes. J. Prod. Agric. 4: 395–399 Palmer, R.G., and T.C. Kilen. 1987. Qualitative genetics and cytogenetics. p. 135–209. In J.R. Wilcox (ed.) Soybeans: Improvement, production, and uses. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr.16. ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, Madison, WI. Rao, M.S.S. 2002. Genotype × environment interaction and yield stability of food grade genotypes. Agron. J. 94: 72–80 http://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.0072 Smith, T.J. 1968. Registration of ‘York’ soybean crop. Crop Sci. 8: 776 http://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1968.0011183X000800060045x USDA-AMS. 2000. National Organic Program. [Online]. Available at www.ams.usda.gov/nop/NOP/standards.html (modified 21 Oct. 2002; accessed 12 Jan. 2004; verified 17 July 2005). Natl. Agric. Library, Beltsville, MD. USDA-ARS. 2000. Organic food production, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center [Online]. Available at www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/ofp/ (accessed 12 Jan. 2004; verified 17 July 2005). Natl. Agric. Library, Beltsville, MD. USDA-ARS. 1995. National Genetic Resources Program. PI 83945–4. Germplasm Resources Information Network-(GRIN) [Online]. Available at www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/acchtml.pl?1485853 (accessed 9 Dec. 2003; verified 17 July 2005). Natl. Germplasm Resource Lab., Beltsville, MD. Citing Literature Volume45, Issue6November–December 2005Pages 2644-2645 ReferencesRelatedInformation

The liquid phase methanol (LPMEOH™) process is successfully producing methanol from coal-derived synthesis gas on an industrial scale. This process uses a standard copper, zinc oxide, and alumina catalyst suspended in an inert mineral oil in a slurry bubble column reactor. An arsenic-containing species, most reasonably arsine, was found in the feed to the LPMEOH™ commercial demonstration facility located at Eastman Chemical Company’s chemicals-from-coal complex in Kingsport, TN. Laboratory testing showed that arsine is, in fact, a powerful methanol synthesis catalyst poison. At levels as low as 150ppbv, arsine results in a rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Removal of arsine results in a deactivation rate consistent with a clean synthesis gas feed; that is, arsine poisoning stops when it is removed from the feed. We infer that arsine reacts irreversibly with the catalyst under the methanol synthesis conditions. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) of arsenic-containing used catalyst indicated the presence of zero-valent arsenic in an intermetallic surface phase that is structurally related to Domeykite (Cu3As). Experimental evidence, thermodynamics, and literature relating to other metal–arsine chemistry were consistent with dissociative adsorption of arsine on the copper surface to form gaseous H2 and Cu3As. To deal with arsine poisoning, we have developed adsorption technology that can remove arsine to levels low enough that catalyst performance is unaffected.

In addition to oil and soyfoods, soybean is also produced for vegetable use. The importance of consuming vegetable soybean for the prevention of chronic diseases is well documented. The objectives of this study were to determine the magnitude of genotype × year interactions for isoflavone concentration and pattern, estimate heritabilities, and identify genotypes with a stable isoflavone concentration and pattern. Thirty-one soybean genotypes from maturity groups (MGs) III to VI were grown at Randolph Research Farm of Virginia State University, Petersburg, Virginia, during 3 years. The genotypes were harvested at immature green pod stage (R6–R7) and analyzed for isoflavone contents. Significant ( P <0.05) differences among the genotypes were found for genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and total isoflavones. The genotype × year interactions were also significant ( P <0.05) for the seed traits analyzed, indicating that the performance of the genotype changes from year to year. However, genotypes Pella and Aoda consistently showed with higher means than the overall means for all the seed traits throughout the 3 years. MG differences were also observed for genistein, daidzein, and total isoflavone content. Low- to moderate-heritability estimates of 54, 45, 58, and 64% were observed for genistein, daidzein, glycitein, and total isoflavone content, respectively, suggesting that the seed traits are equally influenced by environments and genetic variations. In general, for all seed traits with the exception of daidzein, the percentage contribution of genotype to the total sum of square was higher than the genotype × year interaction. The seed traits were interdependent and the associations among them were positive and significant suggesting that simultaneous selection and improvements are possible.

Genetic information on combining ability and the type of gene action that governs the inheritance of economically important quantitative characters can be an immense help to the breeder. Such information can assists the plant breeders in selection of suitable parents and the appropriate breeding procedure. Therefore, a 7 × 7 diallel analysis of combining ability of three nutritional components in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were conducted. The aim of the study was to obtain information on the inheritance of traits and to identify best parents for hybridization. This study showed that estimates of both the combining ability (general and specific), and reciprocal variances were significant for both protein and tannin content, whereas only reciprocal variance was significant for phytate. The protein and tannin ratios of the general to specific combining ability variances were 1.0 and 2.0, respectively. These values indicated that both additive and non-additive genetic variances are important in the inheritance of protein. However, the magnitude of general combining ability of tannin was higher than the specific combining ability variance, indicating the predominant role of additive genetic variance. The performance of the parents for percent protein content was highly associated with their general combining ability effects. The three parents, BBL 254 (P7), PI 300657 (P4), and BBL 290 (P3) were good general combiners for protein and, thus, could be utilized for breeding high protein genotypes. The best combiners for tannins were BBL 254, BBL 290, N80097 (P5), and Eagle (P1). The best specific combinations for protein were PI 300657 × PI 304833 (P4 × P6), Eagle × PI 304833 (P1 × P6), Eagle × N80097 (P1 × P5), Pinto 111 × PI 300657 P2 × P4), and Eagle × BBL 290 (P1 × P3). Lower tannin content was observed in white-seeded genotypes compared to black or pinto beans. Reciprocal crosses were also significant and desirable for protein, tannin, and phytate values. Therefore, it is suggested that caution should be exercised when selecting male and female parents in hybrid production. Recurrent selection and reciprocal recurrent selection could be suitable breeding procedures for rapid improvement.

Corn earworm (CEW) (Helicoverpa zea Boddie) is the most serious insect pest of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and often has reduced yield in much of the Mid-Atlantic and southern coastal plain of the USA. The objectives of this study were to determine the magnitude of genotype x year interaction (GYI) of antibiosis to CEW and to identify genotypes with stable performance. Thirty-two soybean breeding lines, including two susceptible and one line resistant to CEW, were planted in single row plots arranged in a randomized complete block design in 1996 through 1998 at Petersburg, VA. Petri dish assays were used to evaluate terminal foliage of field-grown soybean for resistance to CEW. Data were analyzed by means of genotype X year analysis of variance (ANOVA) and cultivar superiority performance measure (CSPM). Even though there was considerable variation among the genotypes tested during the three growing seasons, genotypes that ranked consistently either lower or higher in mean CEW larval weight were found. Among the genotypes tested, V89-2623, VS94-42, and VS94-27 generally had the highest CEW larval weight, whereas VS94-11, VS94-12, and VS94-26 were consistently in the lowest CEW larval weight group. Results suggest that CEW resistance of these latter three lines is relatively less affected by environment. They could serve successfully as genetic sources for breeding resistance to CEW. The rank correlation between the combined over year mean ranks and cultivar superiority performance measure value ranks was highly significant (r = 0.985). This suggests that either method of analysis could be suitable in identifying genotypes with stable resistance to CEW. The CEW larval bioassay technique was reliable in separating resistant and susceptible genotypes.

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgar is L.) demand is increasing with an alarming rate around the world, especially in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Therefore, increased bean yield per hectare i.s the best way to meet the world demand rather than expansion of area under cultivation. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the genotypic variations for green bean and dry seed yield and magnitude of genotype x environment interaction effects on yield and yield components of common bean. Thirteen genotypes were planted during the 1992, 1994, and 1995 growing seasons. Genotypes were evaluated for green pod and seed yield and yield components at R7 and R9 growth stages. Years differed significantly for all recorded parameters at both R 7 and R9 stages. Genotypes and genotype x year interaction were also differed significantly for most measured parameters at both stages. The genotype Eagle showed the highest green pod yield, while Branco and Blue Ridge ranked second and third, respectively when averaged over the three years. Number of pods plant-, hundred pod weight and pod length were positively and significantly correlated with green pod yield. Number of pods planf showed the highest correlation (r = 0.61 **) with green pod yield. All the recorded parameters were positively significantly correlated with dry seed yield. Plant height was negative!( correlated with seed size, number of seeds planf 1 and seed weight plant . Number of pods planf 1 was positively correlated (r = 0.51 **) and seed size exhibited highest correlation value (r = 0 .48**) with seed yield. Seed size and number of pods plant -I can be effectively used for indirect selection of green pod yield and dry seed yield of common bean.