Improving access to sanitation in slums in East Africa is a challenge. The 3ksan project has been working to identify the barriers and catalysts to sanitation in Kigali, Kampala and Kisumu. Household surveys in the informal settlements in these three cities have provided insight into the different levels of service provision and demand, access to financial services, and perceptions of enforcement of the regulations. This paper presents key results from the household survey, highlighting the different challenges in the three cities.

Because of its tremendous temporal and spatial scope, climate change poses profound regulatory issues. Significant transboundary effects and spatially differentiated effects make it highly desirable that international regulatory mechanisms are utilised in order to arrive at effective mitigation and adaptation solutions. Yet, the different spaces that states occupy in terms of causation and effect makes agreement on what must be regulated through international mechanisms and indeed how to regulate such subject matter. Consequently, this paper proposes that legitimacy needs to be considered one of the core concerns of international climate change regulation and governance. The aim of this paper is to clarify the role of the concept of legitimacy in international climate change regulation, and to set forth a specific discursive approach aimed at identifying legitimacy-enhancing design features for internationally regulating climate change.

Due to the factors such as the absence of an older guardian or their young age, unaccompanied refugee children face a myriad of risks over and above those faced by other refugee children. Due to their heightened vulnerability, it has always been accepted that unaccompanied refugee minors require a raised level of protection and assistance in order to find durable solutions for their particularly tragic situation. The entry into force of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (`the African Children`s Charter` or `the Charter`) brought fundamental and profound changes in the protection of unaccompanied refugee minors. Although the African Children`s Charter`s provisions relating to protection of unaccompanied refugee children is substantially similar to that of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, its strength lies in the extension of protection to internally displaced children.