The yield and functional properties of sago starch (Metroxylon sagu Rottb) are influenced by the age and part by height of trunk, and treatments in the extraction process. Therefore, the effectiveness of dry fractionation for trunk parts (Top, Mid, Base) at 10, 12, and 13 years old was analyzed. Beginning with the separation of the attrition mill-classifier and the classification of starch-rich sago flour (SRSF). Mid in 12 years exhibited the highest effectiveness for yield and starch recovery, and the physical differences between low-density SRSF (LD-SRSF) and high-density SRSF (HD-SRSF) reflected the differences in the functional properties of dry fractionated sago starch. The factors influencing the differences in the functional behavior between commercial sago flour (CSF), LD-SRSF, and HD-SRSF were granule size distribution (15 to 40, 2.5 to 25, and 5 to 37.5 μm), non-starch components (low, high, mid), degree of order (1.07078, 1.0165, and 1.01454), and degree of double helix (0.9275, 0.9888, and 0.9832), respectively. The diversification of sago flour produced by dry fractionation would boost the beneficial value of sago palms in both the food and non-food industries. Specifying harvest age based on consumer product demand would support good harvest management in sago farming.

The supply chain of the palm oil agro-industry is quite complicated and lengthy and involves many actors. This causes supply chain performance to be less than optimal. In addition, it also raises doubts applying the principle of sustainability in its business activities. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the performance of the supply chain of the palm oil agro-industry to know the actual conditions at the moment and to identify existing problems and opportunities for improvement. Thus, the right strategy can be formulated to increase the sustainability and responsiveness of the palm oil agro-industry. This study aims to identify the condition of the palm oil agro-industry supply chain mechanism and analyze the performance of the palm oil agro-industry supply chain so that improvement strategies can be formulated. Analysis of the supply chain performance of the palm oil agro-industry was determined using the Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) method by weighting the results of the Analytical Hierarchy Process questionnaire (AHP) to obtain the supply chain. The results showed that the supply chain structure of the palm oil agro-industry consisted of farmers, transportation, palm oil mills, private partners, distributors, and consumers. Analysis of the performance of supply chain actors in the palm oil agro-industry is primarily in the medium and above average categories. Improving supply chain performance needs to be emphasized at each stage of the planning process with reliability performance attributes and performance indicators in the form of accuracy in predicting the number of requests. Alternative strategies that are prioritized to improve supply chain performance are increasing the competence of human resources and supply chain partnerships.

Pati lebih mudah dikonversi menjadi gula sederhana dan difermentasi menjadi etanol. Untuk meningkatkan produktifitas etanol dikembangkan metode fermentasi gravitasi tinggi. Pohon sagu merupakan tanaman penghasil pati yang tidak berkompetisi dengan tanaman pangan, namun pengolahan secara konvensional berdampak negatif pada lingkungan. Alternatif teknologi pengolahan sagu untuk meminimalkan dampak lingkungan adalah fraksinasi kering, dan karakteristik produknya cocok digunakan sebagai bahan baku etanol. Analisa efektifitas fraksinasi kering untuk pengolahan empulur sagu dan pemanfaatan produk untuk etanol belum pernah dipublikasikan, maka analisa efektifitas fraksinasi kering dilakukan berdasarkan perbedaan bagian batang secara vertikal dan penentuan kondisi optimum proses produksi etanol menggunakan tepung kaya pati sagu. Rendeman, efisiensi pemisahan pati, peningkatan kadar pati dan perpindahan pati merupakan variabel pengamatan yang digunakan pada analisa efektifitas fraksinasi kering. Tepung kaya pati dari hasil fraksinasi kering dari masing-masing kelompok bagian batang dicampur dengan komposisi yang seragam dan digunakan sebagai media fermentasi. Rancangan percobaan one factor at a time (OFAT) digunakan untuk mengetahui pengaruh variabel pengujian pada response yang optimal, dan dilakukan verifikasi pengujian. Distribusi ukuran granula pati, kandungan pati dan karakteristik serat parenkima dapat mempengaruhi efektifitas fraksinasi kering empulur sagu. Produktifitas etanol menunjukkan hasil yang optimum pada suhu liquifikasi 80oC selama 60 menit, menggunakan metoda sakarifikasi dan fermentasi simultan (SSF), pada kondisi gravitasi tinggi dengan menggunakan yeast berflokukasi mandiri. Penerapan teknologi fraksinasi kering untuk mendapatkan bahan baku etanol dari pohon sagu berpotensi meningkatkan nilai tambah budi daya tanaman sagu dan nilai ekonomi etanol agar lebih kompetitif.

Rural tourism, in the form of small-scale, locally owned tourism businesses, has become a priority that must be supported by the government to be more beneficial for the local community. The objective of this study was to develop a conceptual model of rural tourism in order to make rural tourism in Bali more competitive globally. This research was conducted in Bali during April–June 2020 by following a systems thinking approach. The methodology employed was a soft systems methodology and utilized interpretive structural modeling (ISM). Twenty persons were chosen purposively as key informants (experts). Data collection was carried out through focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires. The results indicated that the goals of sustainable rural tourism are to improve local community welfare, to conserve the environment, and to preserve culture and heritage. Managing rural tourism requires efforts in destination quality, service excellence, hospitality, reasonable pricing, and ease of access. Finally, this paper proposes methods to support sustainable rural tourism in Bali.

Beras adalah komoditas yang strategis di Indonesia, baik secara ekonomi, sosial maupun politik.BULOG adalah Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) operator pangan yang ditugaskan oleh pemerintahuntuk mengelola Cadangan Beras Pemerintah (CBP) serta melakukan pengembangan industri berbasispangan dalam menjaga ketersediaan dan stabilitas harga pada tingkat produsen dan konsumen. Penelitian terdahulu menyebutkan bahwa pangsa pasar BULOG berpengaruh pada harga beras di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat peta strategi pengembangan keunggulan kompetitif BULOG agar dapat meningkatkan pangsa pasarnya, sehingga dapat menjadi pemimpin pasar di industri beras Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis SWOT pada empat perspektif Balance Scorecard (BSC). Berdasarkan analisis, strategi pada perspektif keuangan adalah dengan melakukan penyesuaian sistem keuangan dan akuntansi, optimasi sumber-sumber modal kerja, perbaikan struktur biaya, serta meningkatkan pendapatan perusahaan. Strategi pada perspektif pelanggan adalah dengan melakukan optimasi komunikasi dan hubungan pelanggan, optimasi pengembangan produk, merek, saluran penjualan dan layanan, serta perbaikan citra perusahaan dan produk. Strategi pada perspektif proses internal adalah pengembangan efektivitas dan efisiensi operasi sepanjang rantai pasok, pengembangan infrastruktur dan teknologi informasi, serta optimasi proses perencanaan strategis dan operasional. Strategi pada perspektif pembelajaran dan pertumbuhan adalah melakukan optimasi implementasi sistem manajemen kinerja berbasis teknologi, pengembangan budaya perusahaan berbasis ‘sosiopreneurship’, optimasi manajemeninovasi serta peningkatan kompetensi SDM.

Oil palm waste in the South West Aceh, Indonesia region, has the potential for renewable energies to replace fossil energy. On the basis of previous studies, the mixture of EFB, fiber and shells into bio-try briquettes had an average calorific value of 5000 calories per gram. In this study, the authors explored the potential of biotry briquettes. Especially for the South West Aceh (Barsela) Region, a Bio-try briquette can generate electricity of 586.152 GWH, meet electricity consumption in Barsela of 584.57 GWH, and electricity surplus of 1.582 GWH. On the basis of the economic feasibility analysis, it was demonstrated that the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) is 22.58%, which surpasses the set interest rate of 12%, the net profit (NBC ratio is 34.39 > 1), and the principal return point (BEP) is below 1 year (< 0.034 years). As for the environmental aspect, the solid waste used can be reduced by 10.94% or 100800 tons per year. The environmental impact caused by the presence of bio-try briquette on the global warning potential (kg CO2 eq) or greenhouse gases on the third mixture of waste is 77,000 kg per day or 77 tons per day.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere occurs as the result of various chemical, physical, and biological processes.The presence of CO2 around atmosphere greatly affects the agroforestry and agroindustry of coffee.This study aimed to describe the CO2 cycle in agroforestry and agroindustry of Gayo Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) and net CO2 ha -1 of coffee plantation.CO2 cycle was analyzed based on the movement of CO2 around the agroforestry and agroindustry of coffee.CO2 cycle model describes net CO2, CO2 emission, CO2 reduction, and CO2 sequestration.Net CO2 ha -1 of coffee plantation was 162.75 × 10 -2 t CO2 e ha -1 , with CO2 emission was 203.84 × 10 -2 t CO2 e ha -1 , CO2 reduction was 3.10 × 10 -2 t CO2 e ha -1 , and CO2 sequestration was 363.49× 10 -2 t CO2 e ha -1 .This research formulates the calculation of equivalent carbon emissions in the arabica coffee production system in the field and primary processing, using various methods (remote sensing analysis and calculation of direct and indirect equivalent carbon emissions).The CO2 cycle positively impacts the sustainability of agroforestry and agroindustry of Gayo Arabica coffee.

The rice supply chain is important to achieve food security. It has various perspectives, challenges or issues that causes a complex problem in supply chain system. The existing problem are related to food availability, inventory level, fragmented distribution, affordability of prices, accessibility, variation of business processes and the environmental impact from production and logistics system. Moreover integration framework in the dimension of sustainability is limited. The objective of this article is to identify current problems to construct the idea of supply chain integration and to build the formulation for improvement the value of rice supply chain. Fifty articles discuss rice supply chain. The remaining discuss on increasing rice productivity, inventory optimization, performance improvement, and traceability. The VOS viewer result showed that sustainability is connected to the supply chain at a distant position which indicates that sustainability has the opportunity to be studied wider range in future research. The gap analysis showed that the production increase is limited to agronomy innovation and didn’t consider sustainable characteristics input. The indirect innovations that use information technology for precision farming also had not been comprehensively collaborated. The production absorption had not been considered in inventory optimization and traceability system had not been developed for supply availability. The improvement activities to fill the gap will transform supply chain performance more efficient, responsive and minimum environmental impacts for the enhancement of the sustainability value of the rice supply chain.

Sago grows in lowland and peat swamp regions that are relatively isolated due to limited basic infrastructures, including energy supply, especially electricity. These limitations constraining the development of sago starch production and industry. The sago starch production process generates by-products such as sago bark waste, pith waste, and wastewater which are potentially used as an energy source. This paper discusses a closed system model of an energy-independent sago starch production process from the utilization of by-products and wastewater. A mass balance model was developed to calculate the energy potency of by-products and waste to construct a closed system for the sago starch production process. The model's output showed that the by-product from processing 1,000 tons of sago stems per day with an optimal yield of 14% potentially generates 90,562 kWh of energy. This energy potency can meet the 26,070 kWh energy needed for sago starch production, making it possible to develop into a closed production system. Further research is needed to determine the site-specific aspects that affect energy sufficiency.

The wet processing of Arabica coffee consumes energy and water, and generate large amounts of by-products. These by-products contain organic materials that cause environmental pollution and degradation. Some of the by-products are energy containingcompounds that can be used to supply energy needs in the production process. This study aims to develop a closed model of energy-independent Arabica coffee production. The model was developed based on mass flows in the coffee production process.One mass balance equation can be made for each stage of the process. The model showed that the optimal yield of green coffeebean production was 28%. Coffee production of a capacity of 5,500 kg of cherries per day has energy potential of by-products of 6,161,286 kcal originating from the outer skin, pulp and parchment. Energy conversion using boiler can meet production energy needs of 117.20 kWh per day. This study concluded that Arabica coffee wet processing can be developed as an energy independent production by optimally utilising of by-products.

Food price volatility broadly impacts the country’s food security. Rice price stabilization in Indonesia is carried out by BULOG, the food state-owned enterprise (SOE) that the WTO has identified as Indonesia’s state trading enterprise (STE). This study was conducted to evaluate the price stabilization program in Indonesia by reviewing the efforts that have been made and analyzing the factors that influence the price of rice at the consumer level using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) analysis. The analysis showed that BULOG’s market share affected consumer-level rice prices with a negative coefficient sign, which means that the larger BULOG’s market share, the lower the price of rice will be. Other variables that affect the price of rice at the consumer level are the price of rice itself at the previous time lag, the producer-level paddy price, rice production, rice consumption, and BULOG’s operational rice stock. On the basis of the results of these studies, to realize the stabilization of rice prices in Indonesia, the government can complement stock management through a public policy approach with market-approach-based policies by optimizing the role of Food SOEs as market players in the rice industry.

Power plant construction originating from palm oil waste created its own energy for the sustainability of the palm oil mill. The potential energy magnitude generated by waste is actually good, and had the potential that can reduce the amount of biodesel usage in palm oil processing mill. This energy provided the substitute electrical energy from the oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) waste, fiber and shells usage. The research was to determine the creation of energy availability for the electrical power plants development produced from palm oil wastes. Utilization of palm oil waste sourced, supporting data from the secondary literature data production of the palm oil mills in South West Aceh (Barsela), showed that electricity potential varies greatly based on the capacity and duration of production. Palm oil mill had production capacity of 30 tons per hours, a potential power plant of 10 266.67 Kwh per year and energy potential of 36.960 MW per year. If compared to the needs of the electricity demand for existing palm oil mills, there were a surplus of electricity from the potential waste of 16.7 million kWh in Aceh Jaya, 420.6 million kWh in West Aceh and 2 223.2 million kWh in Nagan Raya.

Agroindustrial production processes consume considerable amount of energy and generate a lot of organic wastes. These wastes pollute the environment because of their rich organic compounds that will undergo decomposition. The main compounds contained in the waste are energy-carrying materials such as fibre, carbohydrates, protein, and oil/fat. The use of these materials as energy sources can save natural resources while cutting the load of environmental pollution. This paper discusses the assessment of adequacy of energy contained in the waste and proposes an integrated flow model to support the agroindustrial production process. The amount of waste obtained from the mass balance model is then multiplied by the energy content of each waste to obtain energy potential. Energy conversion is used to calculate steam (heat) and electricity needed to support the production process. Some examples are given to show that agroindustry has the potential to become an energy independent industry by applying the principle of less input and multiple outputs through the reuse, recovery, and recycling of the waste. Some future research recommendations are proposed to enable the implementation of energy self-sufficient agroindustry.

Many new essential oil-based aromatherapy products invented by researchers failed to be commercialized and ended up in scientific publication. In fact, many commercialized products were unable to survive in market. In order to avoid these failures, performance of technology has to be assessed. Technology readiness assessment for innovation of aromatherapy products or services represent assuredness to the products. Technological readiness levels (TRLs) are widely adopted to assess the maturity of new technology. The business process model of innovation performance toward commercialization is conducted using System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) method. Through SDLC, the innovation performance system entity and Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN) were constructed. BPMN which constructs notation of business process shows that the stakeholders involved in innovation performance assessment are innovator, evaluator, research center and investor. TRLs system of aromatherapy products were then developed for innovation performance assessment. It was able to define criteria, attributes, and metrics for performance assessment based on the basic concept of TRLs and aromatherapy. Finally, validation was done using Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The result shows that the developed TRLs system of aromatherapy products is valid for performance assessment. It is also conforming to TRLs and aromatherapy basic concept.

This paper presents the life cycle assessment (LCA) of sugar cane production at PG Ngadirejo, that is consist of sugar cane cultivation, transportation and sugar processing. The objective of the study was to identify and review the critical areas of potential Global Warning Potential (GWP) environmental impacts in sugarcane life cycle on PG Ngadirejo. Energy consumption in the sugarcane life cycle is 116.562.52 MJ/ton sugar where the largest consumption in coal energy usage 87%. The relative contribution of CO2 emission contributor, sugar processing contributes the biggest GHG emission of 96.4% (10.728 ton CO2/ton of sugar) with the use of fossil fuels reaching 9,344 ton CO2/ton sugar (87%). In sugarcane cultivation, fertilizer manufacture contributed the largest environmental impact of 0.29 tons CO2/ton of sugar 73.48%, pesticide manufacture 22.5%, and mechanization 4%. The emission reduction from bagasse that replaces fossil fuels in sugar production is 2.43 tons CO2-eq/ton of sugar, reaching 25% of total CO2/ton sugar emissions. Some options for the environmental performance improvement of sugarcane including the optimal use of fertilizers and pesticides, the concentration of sugar mills, co-generation project implementation.

Increasement of demand for gayo arabica coffee has influenced the coffee industry, either in increasing the coffee production and also in increasing the usage of coffee machinery and equipment significantly. However, combustion of oil fuels result the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) which increase the effect of greenhouse gases from the coffee production process. This study aimed to analyze the direct impact of gayo coffee production towards environment using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, including several stages such as (1) the goal and scope definition, (2) the inventory analysis, (3) the impact assessment, and (4) the interpretation. Results of this study showed that the energy needed to process 1000 kg of coffee was 7.67 MJ, while the produced liquid waste was 5 953.2 kg. The value of the global warming impact on the coffee life cycle was 56 807 165.63 CO2eq.

Increasing demand for bottled drinking water (BDW) has led to an increase in the number of industries which has resulted in an increase in the amount of packaging wastes that pollute the environment. Therefore, efforts to minimize waste need to be carried out, one of them is the use of reusable glass bottles (RGB) that involve packaging returns to producers (reverse logistics). Feasibility analysis covered market, technical and management, environment, and financial aspects of the products is required before RGB is applied. Analysis of Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) on market aspects showed that consumers are very satisfied with the quality of service, but there are several attributes that need to be improved. Conjoin analysis showed the consumers like BDW RGB products of prices less than Rp 5,000, volume 600 ml, collector empty bottles are agents, and fines are not applied. Analysis of technical and management aspects showed that it is feasible. The impact on using RGB to the environment is smaller than PET (plastic bottle). Judging from the financial criteria for internal rate of return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit Cost ratio (B/C), and Payback Period (PBP), the use of RGB is more feasible. Keywords: bottled drinking water, feasibility analysis, reusable glass bottles, environmental impacts DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-2-04

Sugar production process consumes a substantial quantity of water, and generates a huge amount of wastewater. It requires a lot of energy for the wastewater treatment process. The wastewater contains nutrients and a substantial amount of biomass containing energy as indicated by chemical oxygen demand (COD). The objectives of this study were to analyse the COD (mass) balance, assess the energy content of wastewater and propose an energy recovery model from the sugar mill wastewater treatment process. An Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor was used as the basis of model development. The results showed that processing wastewater of 3,000 ton cane per day, sugar mills generate methane as much as 913.94 m3/day. The energy potential for the methane was about 33,333 kJ/day and able to meet the energy needs of wastewater treatment plant of 478 kW h/day, with an energy excess of 2 kW /day. This study explained that wastewater treatment process of sugar industry can be self-sufficient by optimizing the use of generated biogas. Nat. Env. & Poll. Tech. Website: www.neptjournal.com Received: 17-08-2018 Accepted: 09-12-2018