In this study, we applied hazelnut husk waste that was composted by using microbial biotechnological techniques into soil in the field conditions. The hazelnut husk compost (HHC) was applied in two hazelnut orchards having different textures such as sandy loam (SL) and clay loam (CL) soils and used different application rates (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 t da-1). Soil sampling was done four times in a year (spring, summer, fall and winter). We investigated the effects of HHC on soil water holding capacity related to available water content of soil at both field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) with weight basis. Soil moisture coefficients were determined by using pressure plate and indicated as percentage weights at FC (-33 kPa) and PWP (-1500 kPa). Our results showed that HHC doses, sampling periods and soil textures effected soil water holding capacity at both FC and PWP. In addition, FC and PWP were found the highest at 10 t da-1 application dose. Findings of this study, the huge importance of HHC that related to protect soil water without harmful to the environment emphasized.

Topraklarin tarimsal, orman, mera ve kentsel amacli kullaniminin planlamasinda, toprak ozellikleri ve sureclerinin modellenmesinde toprak degiskenligi dikkate alinmasi gereken onemli bir faktordur. Bu calismada, Samsun ili Terme Ilcesi’nde Karadeniz Tarimsal Arastirma Enstitusu tarafindan kullanilan arazileri de kapsayan yaklasik 1.400 hektarlik bir alanda bazi toprak ozelliklerinin uzaysal degiskenligi incelenmistir. Topraklarin 0-20 cm derinliginden gelisiguzel ornekleme yontemine gore 100 toprak ornegi alinarak laboratuvarda CaCO 3 , toprak organik maddesi, katyon degisim kapasitesi (KDK), elektriksel iletkenlik (EC) ve pH icin analiz edilmistir. Toprak degiskenlerinin uzaysal yapisi semivaryogramlar kullanilarak modellenmis ve daha sonra krigleme ile yuzey haritalari olusturularak uzaysal degisim desenleri incelenmistir. Toprak ozelliginden sadece CaCO 3 normale yakin bir dagilim gostermis, TOM ve KDK kuresel modelle, digerleri ise Gaus (Gausian) modelle modellemistir. En dusuk nugget etkisi EC en yuksek ise pH icin hesaplanmis, EC ve CaCO 3 kuvvetli, digerleri ise orta uzaysal bagimlilik sergilemistir. Toprak ozelliklerinin uzaysal degiskenligi birbirleriyle benzerlik gostermekte olup, toprak teksturu ve arazinin kullanimin bunda etkili oldugu dusunulmektedir. Sonuclarin, calisma alanindaki arazilerin surdurulebilir kullanim planlamasinda katki saglayabilecek ve kulturel uygulamalarda (sulama, gubreleme, toprak isleme, vb.) kaynak kullaniminda tasarruf edilmesi, arazi bozulmasinin onlenmesi ve cevre sagliginin korunmasi bakimindan bolgedeki yetistirici ve uygulayicilara rehber olabilme potansiyeli bulunmaktadir.

In present study, geostatistical techniques were applied to assess the spatial variability of DTPA-extractable micronutrients which are named heavy metals as chemistry such as; iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) in the non-tillaged layer in Ordu province- Altınordu district, Black sea region, Eastern part of Turkey. Study area was approximately 40095.8 ha where was divided into grids with 2500 x 2500 m spacing with including 66 sampling points from 0-0.2 m in depth. Soil reaction (pH) was the least variable property while electrical conductivity (EC) was the most variable. While the highest nugget effect occurred for Ext-Cu with moderate spatial dependence, the lowest for Ext-Mn with strong spatial dependence. The greatest range of influence (17424 m) occurred for Ext-Cu and the least range (692 m) for Ext-Zn.

Spatial variation in water flow and solute transport are important considerations when assessing field-scale remediation options, and for managing water and chemicals during agricultural production. Here, we evaluated the relationship between laboratory-measured solute transport variables pore-water velocity (v), dispersivity (λ), and retardation coefficient (R) and land use, soil type, and other independently measured soil properties in adjacent Typic Haplusteps, Mollic Ustifluvents, and Lithic Ustipsamments. We also characterized the spatial variation in v, R, coefficient of hydrodynamic dispersion (D), and λ. We obtained 100 geo-referenced, undisturbed soil columns (8.4cm diameter and of varying length) from the topsoil at sites with varying land uses, topographies, and soil types, and synchronized disturbed soil samples to analyze the basic soil properties. We conducted miscible displacement tests on all 100 columns, and predicted the retardation coefficient (R) and D using the computer program CXTFIT, and measured v. All four variables, except R, had strongly right-skewed and kurtotic distributions, and were highly variable. Log λ (logarithm to base 10) was significantly correlated with land use, with the mean of λ being significantly greater in grasslands, followed by orchards and croplands. By contrast, v was significantly correlated with soil type, with the mean being significantly greater in Lithic Ustipsamments. Log v (logarithm to base 10) was also significantly correlated with the soil CaCO3 content, log organic matter content, pH, cation exchange capacity, and log electrical conductivity, whereas neither v nor λ was correlated with soil texture measures. An analysis of the spatial structure of solute transport variables using semivariograms showed that R and λ had considerably high nugget effect. Log-transformed semivariograms performed well using ordinary point kriging for v and D. However, λ and R exhibited a very weak spatial dependency that could not be interpolated using ordinary kriging at the current sampling resolution. Therefore, this should be considered when designing future sampling programs to analyze spatial structure of R and λ.

Bu calisma; Turkiye’nin Dogu Karadeniz Bolgesi’nde yer alan Ordu ili Altinordu ilcesinin (eski isimlendirmede Merkez ilce) islenmeyen topraklarindaki erozyon riskinin, erozyon orani ve toprak asinim faktoru (USLE’de yer alan K faktoru) yardimiyla jeoistatistiksel tekniklerle degerlendirilmesi amaciyla ele alinmistir. Yaklasik 41000 ha’lik arastirma alani 2500 x 2500 m duzenli araliklarla izgaralara bolunmus ve izgaralarin kose noktalarindan 67 adet yuzey topragi (0-20 cm) alinmistir. Calisma alaninda en az degiskenlik gosteren toprak ozelligi tarla kapasitesi degerleri iken en fazla degiskenlik gosteren ise doygun su gecirgenligi degerleridir. Erozyon orani ve K asinim parametreleri icin nugget etkisi ve etki araligi degerleri yaklasik olarak benzer bulunmustur. En buyuk etki mesafesi degeri 2684,7 m ile K faktoru icin saptanmistir.

The benzo[a]pyrene accumulation and migration regularities in chernozemic soils under the aerotechnogenic emission zone were revealed on the basis of long-term monitoring researches. A new method of subcritical water extraction has been developed for determination of benzo[a]pyrene from soils of the emissions zone of Novocherkassk Power Station one of the largest thermal power enterprises in Russian Federation. It is shown that the soils adjacent to a source of emission are polluted by benzo[a]pyrene at distance to 5 km. Trends in the accumulation of benzo[a]pyrene in soil zones of the thermal power plant influence have been researched over a 5-year period of monitoring observations. The assessment of soils pollution extent by benzo[a]pyrene is given.

Composting is the microbial decomposition of materials that are biologically degradable. The structure of the initial organic materials differs from that of the decomposed materials in terms of C/N ratio and other related chemical properties. During the decomposition process, various microorganisms degrade intermediate organic products. The objectives of this study were to determine the bacteria enabling the degradation of hazelnut husks and some chemical properties of decomposing hazelnut husks, which are an agricultural waste. For that purpose, 1 m(3) of hazelnut husks collected from hazelnut orchards were heaped on bare soil and left to decompose aerobically. The bacterial strains that utilize hazelnut husks were sampled periodically for 2 years. Thirty bacterial isolates were cultured; the majority of the bacterial isolates were affiliated with Actinobacteria, especially Streptomyces spp. with seventeen strains. The total N, pH, and electrical conductivity of the hazelnut husk heap increased significantly over the 2-year period, with the highest values obtained at the end of the study period. The initial C/N ratio was 55.7 and after the 24 months, the final ratio was 22.6.

In this study, changes in some soil quality indexes in a hazelnut orchard located in the Black Sea Region of Turkey were investigated after 6 months of compost (CMP) and hazelnut husk (HH) applications. CMP and HH applications increased soil organic carbon (OC) content from 1.40% to 2.57 and 3.51%, and electrical conductivity from 0.06 dS m(-1) to 0.20 and 0.91 dS m(-1), respectively (P < 0.01). In comparison to control treatment, CMP and HH applications increased the sum of exchangeable cations by 31 and 37%, aggregate stability by 2 and 7%, initial infiltration rate by 34 and 436%, and reduced bulk density by 20 and 33%, penetration resistance by 33 and 67%, respectively (P < 0.01). Physical and chemical soil quality parameters were improved using both HH and CMP in the hazelnut orchard. Although both organic matter sources were effective on quality of clay soil, slow mineralization rate of HH in soil due to including the highest C:N ratio (55%) caused greater effects of HH on soil quality indexes than that of CMP (having 22% C:N ratio) after 6 months of application.

Bu calismada; Rusya’da Bati Urallar olarak adlandirilan Perm Bolgesi’nde Perm Devlet Tarim Akademisi arazilerinden toprak islemeli tarim yapilan bir arazide toprak organik karbonunun (SOC) uzaysal degiskenligini degerlendirmek uzere jeoistatistiksel teknikler uygulanmistir. Yaklasik 2,35 ha buyuklugundeki bu arazi 25x25 m araliklarla karelere bolunmus ve 0,20 m derinlikten 51 adet toprak ornegi toplanmistir. Calisma alaninin topraklarinda, toprak reaksiyonu (pH) en az degiskenlik gosteren ozellik iken; degisebilir potasyum (Ex-K) en fazla degiskenlik gosteren toprak ozelligi olmustur. Yine bu alanda toprak organik karbonunun uzaysal degisimini modellemek uzere etki mesafesi 151,04 m olan Gaussian model secilmistir

A new method for benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) analyses in plant material was developed using subcritical water extraction followed by HPLC analyses of the extracts. BaP extraction efficiency was determined by spiking grass vegetation collected from a preserve in Rostov Oblast (Russia). BaP recovery was optimal with a 30-min extraction by water in a special steel cartridge at 250°C and 100atm. More than 98% of the BaP was recovered from the plant material using subcritical water extraction, compared to 72% recovery by saponification of the sample with conventional hexane extraction. Other advantages of subcritical water extraction are the use of water as an environmentally friendly solvent instead of large volumes of organic solvents as well as a shorter analysis time.

nsecticides are used in modern agriculture in large quantities to control pests and increase crop yield. Their use, however, has resulted in the disruption of ecosystems because of the effects on non-target soil microorganisms, some environmental problems, and decreasing soil fertility. These negative effects of synthetic pesticides on the environment have led to the search for alternative means of pest control. One such alternative is use of natural plant products such as azadirachtin that have pesticidal activity. The aim of this experiment was to study the effect of soil contamination by azadirachtin (C35H44O16) on dehydrogenase (DHA) and catalase activity (CA) of soil under field conditions in Perm, Russia. The tests were conducted on loamy soil (pHH2O 6.7, ECH2O 0.213 dSm-1, organic carbon 0.99%), to which the following quantities of azadirachtin were added: 0, 15, 30 and 60 mL da-1 of soil. Experimental design was randomized plot design with three replications. The DHA and CA analyses were performed 7, 14 and 21 days after the field experiment was established. The results of field experiment showed that azadirachtin had a positive influence on the DHA and CA at different soil sampling times. The increased doses of azadirachtin applied resulted in the higher level of DHA and CA in soil. The soil DHA and CA showed the highest activity on the 21th day after 60 mL azadirachtin da-1 application doses.

In present study, geostatistical techniques was applied to assess the spatial variability of exchangeable cations such as; calcium (Ex-Ca2+), magnesium (Ex-Mg2+), potassium (Ex-K+) and sodium (Ex-Na+) in the tillaged layer in a Perm State Agricultural Academy Farm site in Perm region, West Urals, Russia. A 250x100 m plot (approximately 2.35 ha) was divided into grids with 25x25 m spacing that included 51 sampling points from 0-0.2 m in depth. Soil reaction (pH) was the least variable property while the Ex-K was the most variable. The greatest range of influence (237.6 m) occurred for Ex-Ca and the least range (49.7 m) for Ex-Mg.

For analyzing the spatial distribution of the Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, and heavy metal (HM) sources on the Bafra deltaic plain (the central Black Sea district of Turkey), 108 soil samples were collected from the 0- to 20-cm layer in an area of about 100 thousand ha. The soil enrichment factor (the ratio between the metal concentration in the soil samples and its content in the earth’s crust (EF)) was calculated to reveal the origin of the heavy metal (HM) pollution (natural or anthropogenic). Kriging interpolation and maps of the soil’s enrichment factors were used for the characterization of the spatial HM distribution. The maximal EF was found for Cd (12.826), while smaller EF values characterized the Pb, Ni, Co, and Cu. In some districts of the studied region, the Cd, Cu, and Zn concentrations were somewhat greater, probably, due to the application of high rates of phosphorus fertilizers and intense soil cultivation. A content exceeding the critical value was recorded for Ni. Probably, this fact was related to the elevated content of this metal in the parent rocks. None of the investigated soils can be referred to the category of polluted ones.

The objective of this study was to determine changes in soil basal respiration (BR) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in soil aggregates along a pasture slope. Soil samples from 0-50 mm depth were taken from three landscape positions (crest, midslope and footslope) of a pasture in Samsun, Turkey. For each landscape position, soil aggregates were separated into eight aggregate size classes using a dry sieving method and then microbiological properties and organic carbon content (C(org)) were analysed. At all positions, the contents of macroaggregates (especially 841-1190 pm and 1190-1680 mu m) were higher than microaggregates. The contents of C(org) varied between 0.65-2.08%. The highest C(org) contents were found in footslope positions, and the lowest in midslope. All microbiological properties were higher at footslope position than at the other positions. Generally, BR and DHA were higher in microaggregates < 250 mu m, in macroaggregates of 250-420, 420-841, 841-1190 pm than in the other aggregate size classes at all positions, whereas C(org):C(mic) BR:C(mic) and DHA:C(mic) ratios were higher in macroaggregates of 1190-1680, 1680-2380, 2380-4760 mu m than the other macro- and microaggregate size. Consequently, macroaggregates had relatively more C(org) than the microaggregates, even if the absolute values of BR and DHA were the lower.

Summary Information on soil microorganisms and their activity used to determine microbiological characteristics are very important for soil quality and productivity. Studies of enzyme activities provide information on the biochemical processes occurring in soil. Th ere is growing evidence that soil biological parameters may be potential and sensitive indicators of soil ecological conditions and soil management. Soil microbiological parameters may be evaluated statistically due to application of geostatistical methods to soil science. Measurement of soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA) has been used to establish indices of soil microbiological activity. Th e objective of this study was to assess the spatial variability of the DHA using the geostatistics in the topsoils of an urban area. DHA along a transect in an urban area was determined using 39 soil samples from the upper 20 cm of soil varied from 10.7-258.4 μg TPF g-1 soil respectively. Th e spherical model fi ts the best semivariogram model for DHA and exhibited spatial dependence with range of infl uence of approximately 48.2 km.

Soil microbial biomass (Cmic) is the indicator of ecosystem productivity. Although Cmic represents big part of a temperate pasture ecosystem the biomass of the vegetation of the vegetation represents even bigger part, yet most of the carbon-energy balance and nutrient mobility happens through the Cmic. Th e purpose of this study was to assess the spatial variability of the soil Cmic using geostatistics in surface soil of pasture. Cmic was determined using 77 soil samples from the upper 20 cm of soil along a transect in a pasture of 1.35 ha. Th e results varied from 547.7 to 1223.8 μg CO2-C g–1 soil. Th e exponential model fi ts the best semivariogram model for Cmic and exhibited spatial dependence with a range of infl uence of approximately 294.1 m.