Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hoscht is often used in traditional African medicine in the treatment of much pathology. The aim of this work was to highlight the haemostatic and anti-inflammatory properties from the hydro-ethanolic extract of the trunk bark of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hoscht. The in-vitro test of hemostatic activity was carried out on blood plasma from healthy Wistar rats. The hydroethanolic extract of the trunk bark of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hoscht accelerated the plasma coagulation process in a dose-dependent manner. In-vivo tests carried out on Wistar rats and which consisted of exploring the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of haemostasis showed a reduction in bleeding time (BT), clotting time (CT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APPT), rapid time (QT), thrombin time (TT), and an increase in blood platelet content. The results also showed a high rate of inhibition of albumin denaturation (85.03 ± 4.22 mg/ml) with an IC50 value of 0.70 ± 0.27 mg/ml. The percentage of inhibition of edema in the hind paw of rats increased over time to 63.28%, 59.95% and 68.65% at the 4th hour, in the groups treated with 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, respectively of the hydro-ethanolic extract of the trunk bark of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hoscht. These results show that the barks of the trunk of Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich) Hoscht can be used in traditional African medicine to stop bleeding and treat inflammation.

Toxicity is the totality of adverse effects, which can be functional and morphological lesions in a living organism, caused by a substance introduced in relatively high single doses or in small, repeated doses. The aim of this study was to assess the OECD-recommended acute oral toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Ficus umbellata leaves. Animals were given a single oral dose of 1000, 3000 and 5000 mg/Kg body weight (BW) of the extract. For the anti-inflammatory activity test, rats were given the ethanolic extract of F. umbellata leaves at doses of 100, 300 and 500 mg/Kg or aspirin® at a concentration of 100 mg/Kg PC orally, one hour before injection of 0.05 ml of 1% formalin under the plantar fascia of the rat's right hind paw. Paw volume measurements were taken one, two and three hours after formalin injection, using an electronic caliper. After 14 days of observation, no deaths were observed in treated rats. The LD50 of ethanolic extract of Ficus umbellata leaf powder is greater than 5000 mg/Kg body weight. This extract has no significant effects on hematological parameters and on the main markers of nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity for a single dose of less than 5000 mg/Kg PC. It reduces formalin-induced edema. Evaluation of the percentage inhibition showed that the extract had greater anti-inflammatory activity at 3 hours after the start of the experiment. However, better inhibition of inflammatory oedema of the paw of rats treated with 500 mg/Kg was observed at 5 hours after the start of the experiment, with a percentage inhibition of 69.23 ± 1.02, compared with the reference group treated with aspirin® 100 mg/Kg, which showed an inhibition of 63.50 ± 0.98. These results show that F. umbellata leaves possess anti-inflammatory activity, which would justify their use in traditional African medicine to prevent or treat inflammation.

Introduction: Moringa oleifera was a medicinal plant generally used by populations in the food and therapeutic fields. It’s used to treat anemia has been observed in the Djougou Zone in northern Benin. To our knowledge, there were no scientific data available that have evaluated its efficacy in the treatment of haemolytic anemia. This was what justifies this research work in which the phytochemical analysis, extraction and evaluation of the anti-anemic effect were carried out. Methods: Five groups of five Wistar rats each were formed. All the rats were rendered anemic by injection of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride on the first two days D0 and D1 except those in the negative control group. From the second day, the anemic groups were force-fed either with the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves at 200 or 300 mg/kg body weight/day, or with vitafer, the reference drug against anemia. The positive control group (anemia) was not treated. Blood samples were taken from all the rats on different days: D0, D2, D7, D10 and D15 to evaluate the data of the hemogram and the osmotic resistance of the red blood cells. Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, leucoanthocyanins, saponosides, triterpenes and mucilages. A good yield was obtained at the extraction. Both the extract and the reference drug vitafer completely corrected anemia within two weeks after stimulating hemoglobin synthesis and early release of immature red blood cells into the bloodstream. Its effect seemed dose-dependent and specific. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera leaves showed good therapeutic efficacy and can be considered and exploited for transformation into improved traditional medicines (ITM) in the treatment of anemia.

Given that cancer is a disease that is rampant in the world and especially in Africa, where the population has enormous difficulty treating it, plants are a safer and less expensive alternative. Cassava is a plant species valued in Benin because of its numerous medicinal and nutritional virtues. This study evaluated the biological activities of amygdalin from the organs of three cassava varieties most commonly produced in Benin (BEN, RB, and MJ). HPLC analysis was used to quantify amygdalin in cassava organs and derivatives. Phytochemical screening was performed to determine secondary metabolite groups. DPPH and FRAP methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. Cytotoxicity of the extracts was tested on Artemia salina larvae. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in vivo in an albino mouse paw edema model induced by 5% formalin. The anticancer activity was evaluated in vivo on Wistar rats rendered cancerous by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) using 5-fluorouracil as a reference molecule. The results showed that the organs of all three-cassava varieties contained glycosides, flavonoids, saponosides, steroids, tannins, coumarins, and cyanogenic derivatives. Young stems and fresh cassava leaves had the highest amygdalin concentrations, with 11,142.99 µg 10 g−1 and 9251.14 µg 10 g−1, respectively. The Agbeli derivative was more concentrated in amygdalin, with a content of 401.56 µg 10 g−1 than the other derivatives. The antioxidant activity results showed that the amygdalin extracts were DPPH radical scavengers with IC50 values ranging from 0.18 mg mL−1 to 2.35 mg mL−1. The cytotoxicity test showed no toxicity of the extracts toward shrimp larvae. Administration of amygdalin extracts from the leaves of BEN and MJ varieties prevents inflammatory edema. The percentages of edema inhibition varied between 21.77% and 27.89%. These values are similar (p > 0.05) to those of acetylsalicylic acid (25.20%). Amygdalin extract of the BEN variety significantly (p < 0.0001) reduces edema. Both BEN extracts inhibited cancer induction with DMH. In preventive and curative treatments, rats fed with amygdalin extracts showed low anti-cancer activity under the effect of DMH and a significant difference in biochemical results. Thus, the organs of all three cassava varieties studied have secondary metabolites and good antioxidant activity. The leaves contain high levels of amygdalin and can be used as anti-inflammatory and anticancer agents.

The use of medicinal plants with antibiotic and immuno-modulating properties could constitute an alternative in the fight against antibiotic resistance.Tetrapleura tetraptera is a plant of the Fabaceae family whose fruits are used in food, cosmetics and therapy.The objective of this work was to evaluate the antibiotic properties of the ethanolic extract of the dried fruits of Tetrapleura tetraptera after an infection with a clinical strain of Staphylococcus aureus.Phytochemical screening of T. tetraptera fruits was carried out by precipitation and staining reactions.The determination of total phenols was done by the colorimetric method of Folin-Ciocalteu; the determination of flavonoids by the aluminum trichloride method.Antibiotic activity was assessed by numeration of blood cells involved in the natural and specific immune response (leukocytes, neutrophils and lymphocytes).Anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated by the presence or absence of C-reactive protein in the blood of infected rats.The results obtained were compared with those obtained in rats infected with Staphylococcus aureus and treated with Bactrim (Sulfamethoxazole+Trimethoprim) 40 mg/kg.Our results showed that the fruits of T. tetraptera contained several secondary metabolites and were rich in flavonoids and total phenols.The ethanolic extract of the fruits of T tetraptera had an antibiotic activity which allowed to eliminate the infection by Staphylococcus aureus germs after 21 days and the inflammation induced by the infection after 7 days.

Background: Sickle cell disease was a genetic pathology of the red blood cell, which caused systemic functional and tissue damage. The present work aimed to study some biomarkers of inflammation and renal function in sickle cell patients.Methods: The biochemical and inflammatory markers were assayed with a spectrophotometer and the hemogram was performed on a hematology analyzer in SS homozygous sickle cell subjects and controls with AA phenotypes.Results: The male sex (63.49%) and the age group 5-18 years (58.73%) were predominant among the SS subjects of the study population. Blood urea and serum creatinine were significantly higher in SS, suggesting impaired renal function. Serum uric acid was significantly lower in SS. Aspartate transaminase (AST) was significantly higher in SS and alanine transaminase (ALT) did not change significantly, indicating significant cytolysis. Mean hemoglobin level was significantly lower in SS, signifying more hemolysis. The mean number of blood leukocytes, neutrophils, eosinophilia, lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly higher in SS. There was the same for C-reactive protein, the concentration of which was very high (96 mg/l) in 34.92% of sickle cell patients against 1.75% in AA, indicating an inflammatory state in sickle cell disease. In contrast, the mean number of blood platelets was significantly lower in SS.Conclusions: During sickle cell disease, there were inflammation, cytolysis and disturbance of renal function as well as anemia. The early evaluation of these biological markers may prevent complications and crises of sickle cell disease.

Description of the Subject: Senna alata (L.) was a plant in the Benin pharmacopoeia used to treat skin infections.Objectives: The aim of our work was to test its harmlessness in vivo.Method: Wistar rats received by gavage a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of Senna alata leaves aqueous extract for the Acute Oral Toxicity (AOT) test.For the sub-Chronic Oral Toxicity (SCT) test, rats force-fed the extract at a daily dose of 300 mg/Kg of body weight for 28 days.The weight of the rats was taken and the blood samples were collected on Day 0, then respectively day 14 for the AOT and Day 28 for the SCT.The renal balance was carried out by dosage of the creatinine, the liver balance by the transaminases AST and ALT and the blood balance by the hemogram.The liver, kidneys and spleen were removed for histological analysis.The results were analyzed using the Student test, with the significance level set at 5%.Results: The weight of the rats did not change significantly in the acute or subchronic oral toxicity tests suggesting an absence of physical disturbance in the rats.Serum creatinine did not vary significantly, suggesting preservation of renal function.That was the same for ASAT and ALAT transaminases, indicating an absence of hepatic cytolysis.In hema-

Uvaria chamae is used in the treatment of sickle cell crisis in Benin. The aim of this work is to determine the safety of Uvaria chamae roots aqueous extract in wistar rats. The aqueous extract was obtained by maceration. The tests for Acute Oral Toxicity (AOT) and of Sub-Chronic Oral Toxicity (SCT) respectively by forced gavage in a single dose of 2000 mg / Kg and 200 mg / Kg of body weight for 28 days were performed on female Wistar rats. The weight of the animals, serum creatinine, transaminases and the number of white blood cells were determined on day 0 and then on day 14 and day 28 respectively for AOT and SCT. Histologic analysis of the liver, kidneys and spleen was performed for both tests. There were no deaths in toxicity testing and organ histology did not show atypia. Weight, serum AST and ALT transaminases, and mean white blood cell count did not change significantly between the start and end of the experiment for both AOT and SCT. Only creatinine decreased significantly for SCT, indicating more protection of kidney function. Uvaria chamae roots did not show hepatic, renal and immune toxicity in the acute or sub-chronic state.

Sickle cell disease was a very common hemoglobinosis in tropical countries. Several plants were used in traditional Beninese medicine to relieve sickle cell crises. The present work was carried out to test the efficiency of Uvaria chamea roots aqueous extract in the treatment of sickle cell crises. Methods: Uvaria chamea roots aqueous extract was preincubated at different concentrations with blood cells from SS red blood cells before or after the Emmel Test. Intra-erythrocyte oxidative stress was measured by methaemoglobin assay after incubation of the extract with hemoglobin. In vivo, the action of the extract on Hemoglobin level, Mean Corpuscular Volume, and platelet count was measured in Wistar rats. Results: The extract significantly prevented the formation of sickle cells at doses of 40 and 20 mg / ml of blood (P <0.05) and significantly reduced sickle cells to the normal biconcave form at the dose of 40 mg / ml (P <0.05). It lowered the production of methemoglobin at a dose of 10 mg / ml, suggesting antioxidant activity. Hemoglobin level, Mean Corpuscular Volume, and platelet count did not significantly increase in treated rats, indicating that the extract did not stimulate erythropoiesis or thrombopoiesis. Conclusion: Uvaria chamea extract inhibited dose-dependent sickling of red blood cells. It reduced intraerythrocyte oxidative stress but did not show hematopoietic activity. It could therefore be considered in the preventive or curative management of sickle cell crises, but not against anemia.

Chronic non-communicable diseases are becoming more and more recurrent and require the addition of functional foods in our eating habits. Legumes due to their composition in biomolecules could meet this need. Much used in Chinese medicine, the mung bean arouses interest in Burkina Faso. The objective of this study is to perform phytochemical profiling and to evaluate certain biological properties of the mung bean in its natural or germinated state. Qualitative phytochemical screening was carried out by precipitation and differential staining tests. The antimicrobial activity was tested on in vitro growth by the agar medium diffusion method. DPPH and FRAP methods were used to assess antioxidant activity. The antidiabetic activity of hydroethanolic extracts was evaluated on rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin, with metformin as a reference molecule. Phytochemistry has revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and derivatives in the mung bean, whether in its natural state (MBN) or in its germinated state (MBG). Only the MBG exhibits antimicrobial activity on 70% of the strains used. It appears that the MBG has a reducing power of the DPPH radical with an IC50 of 28 mg/mL compared to the same extract of the MBN, which had an IC50 of 32.5 mg/mL with a difference (p < 0.05) between the extracts. MBN extracts at a dose of 300 milligrams per kilogram of body weight (mg/kg.bw) showed a reduction (p < 0.0001) in glycaemia and kept the body weight of the animals constant throughout the treatment. In addition, the MBN regulated the level of total cholesterol, tryglicerides of LDL, ASAT, ALAT, urea and creatine. These results show that the mung bean grown in Burkina Faso is a health food, which, integrated into dietary habits, could contribute to the prevention of chronic diseases.

Fruit juices are one of the favorite drinks for children these days. As a result, its production must be organized in such a way as to ensure quality and guarantee the safety of consumers in general and schoolchildren in particular. The objective of this study is to analyze the health quality of bissap, lemon and pineapple juices sold in some public schools in the district of Agblangandan. For this, we collected from the vendors, 12 pineapple juice, 14 bissap juice and 8 lemon juice during the morning recess. Then, the microbiological and physico-chemical analyzes were carried out on the juices. The microbiological analyzes made it possible to identify the presence of total mesophilic flora (1.09.104 CFU/ml), total Coliforms (2.78.103 CFU/ml), Escherichia coli (4.44.102 CFU/ml), Enterococci (86.1 CFU/ml) and Clostridium (13.2 CFU/ml) in bissap juices. These same germs have been identified in lemon and pineapple juices with varying loads. As for the physico-chemical parameters, the results revealed a high rate of turbidity, conductivity, temperature and pH of the juices. Factors such as failure to master hygiene rules when bagging juices, non-compliance with hygiene rules during handling and storage and then inappropriate hygiene practices are origin of the contamination of these juices. It is therefore urgent to prioritize the hygiene and health of school children through awareness-raising, education and regular and rigorous health control of the juices sold by sworn agents.

Introduction: Jatropha multifida Lin was a plant of traditional Beninese medicine used as an antibiotic. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and the toxicity of the sap and the aqueous extract of Jatropha multifida leaves. Methods: Phytochemical screening of Jatropha multifida leaves was carried out. The extract was obtained by maceration. The antimicrobial activity of sap and leaves was evaluated on the five strains of hospital germs. Acute oral toxicity by forced gavage in a single dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight was performed on female Wistar rats. Biochemical and hematological parameters were determined. Results: The presence of flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, anthocyanins, mucilages, leuco-anthocyanins and saponosides was noted in the leaves of Jatropha multifida. The aqueous extracts of the leaves inhibited two strains of Staphylococcus aureus out of three, while the sap of Jatropha multifida was 100% bactericidal against the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus D. The sap and aqueous leaf extract were not bactericidal on strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For the toxicity, there was no death of rats and the aqueous extract of the leaves did not significantly vary the weight of the rats, the crea-How tinine, the ALAT transaminase, the hemoglobin level, the number of white blood cells and blood platelets. Conclusion: The sap of Jatropha multifida exerted a more effective antibacterial activity than the aqueous extract of its leaves. The leaves were not acutely toxic.

Objective: Daniellia oliveri (African copaiba balsam tree) is a plant used in Benin in the treatment of sickle cell disease. It is a traditional plant, which not all virtues have been scientifically proved. This work was carried out to evaluate the action of the bark of Daniellia oliveri in the treatment of sickle cell crises. Methods and Results: The aqueous extract of the bark of Daniellia oliveri was preincubated at different concentrations with cells of the SS phenotype before or after the Emmel Test. Methaemoglobin was assayed after incubation of the extract with haemoglobin. In vivo, the action of the extract on haematopoiesis was evaluated in Wistar rats. At a dose of 40 mg / ml of blood, the extract significantly inhibited and reversed the formation of sickle cells (P <0.05). It lowered the production of methaemoglobin at a dose of 10 mg / ml. Haemoglobin level, MCV, and platelet count did not significantly change in treated rats. Conclusion and Application of results: The aqueous extract of the bark

All over the world, humans developed knowledge about the use of medicinal plants to treat all kinds of diseases. Spices were included. This work aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic property Laurus nobilis, a spice used by traditional therapists in Benin for diabetes management. The aqueous extracts of the leaves of Laurus nobilis were obtained by maceration. The phytochemical screening was carried out. Acute oral toxicity tests by single dose gavage of 2000 mg / kg body weight were performed in female Wistar rats. The weight of the animals, the serum creatinine, the ALT transaminase and the hemoglobin level were determined on day 0 and then on day 14. For the efficacy test, the extract was administered to rats at a concentration of 300 mg / Kg of body weight for 21 consecutive days. The blood tests performed were blood sugar, triglycerides and cholesterol. Histological sections were taken from the liver, kidneys and spleen. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, mucilages and flavonoids. There were no deaths of rats and their weights, blood creatinine, ALT transaminase, and hemoglobin levels did not vary significantly during the toxicity study, indicating no toxicity. Regarding the efficacy test, Laurus nobilis extract significantly lowered the mean blood sugar level in rats on day 14 and day 21 (P Laurus nobilis displayed hypoglycemic properties in non-diabetic rats and was not acutely toxic. It could be used in the management of diabetes.

Objective: Lantana camara is a tropical plant whose leaves are used in Benin in traditional medicine to treat skin infections. This work aimed to test in vitro the effectiveness of the aqueous extract of Lantana camara leaves in the treatment of these infections. Method and results: The aqueous extract of Lantana camara leaves were incubated for 24 hours at a dose of 50 mg/ml with strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two bacteria often isolated from skin infections. After incubation, the bacteria were cultured. The extract was bactericidal for all strains of Staphylococcus aureus and not for those of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These strains were tested resistant to Amoxicillin + Clavulanic Acid. Then, the extract was administered for 28 days to Wistar rats at a dose of 300 mg/Kg/day. The blood leukocyte count of the rats was not significantly changed by the extract administered. Conclusion and application of results: The aqueous extract from the leaves of Lantana camara was bactericidal