Wastewater data, including Population of the Municipality Served by the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs), Capacity, Number of WWTPs, Amount of Daily Wastewater Discharged per Person and Wastewater Treated in WWTPs (y(t)) obtained from Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) for Kayseri province for 2003-2020 were mathematically modelled and analysed with Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Differential equations. Firstly, the data were augmented through ARIMA since TUIK data numbers are insufficient to ANN training and later the data were normalized. The augmented normalized data was trained with ANN twice, thus the effect of other variables on the y(t) variable was shown and mathematical ANN activation functions in the form of a tangent hyperbolic function was proposed for this variable. Then, arbitrary parameters used for a linear system consisting of differential equations representing the five variables mentioned above were estimated using normalized original data and thus the ODE (ordinary differential equation) model was proposed. Two ANN models and ODE model were evaluated on normalized real TUIK data and the performances of these three models were compared. Among these mathematical models, the model that gave the minimum MSE (mean squared error) has been determined as the ODE model. Finally, future predictions were made for the y(t) variable with the ODE model.

In this investigation, a solid-phase extraction (SPE) process was improved for selective separation of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn ions on novel ternary composite. These heavy metals were analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (Flame-AAS). To prepare the novel ternary composite, FeCl(3)was used as an oxidant agent in the chemical polymerization technique by formating polystyrene/polyglycidylmethacrylate/polyindole(PSt/PGMA/PIN) [25:25:50]. The structure of novel ternary composite was characterized by FTIR, TGA, X-RD and BET analysis technique. Themorphological surface analysis has been carried out by using SEM and AFM technique. Morphological studies have been show that composite has a smooth surface. To maximum recoveries of heavy metals, the optimum experimental conditions and analytical parameters were searched. These quantitative recoveries of analytes ions were determined at pH7. The detection limits (DL) were found as minimum of 0.9 mu g/L and maximum 1.4 mu g/L for Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn ions. Relative standard deviation (RSD) of the developed SPE process is below 3.3%. This improved SPE process is simple and selective. By the improved extraction method in which PSt/PGMA/PIN ternary composite used as solid phase, analyte ions were determined in certified reference material (CRM), various cosmetic and food products by flame AAS.

Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus nomius ve Penicillium ve Rhizopus küflerinin ürettiği aflatoksinler bir mikotoksin türevi olup insan sağlığına zararlıdır. Bu çalışmada, Kayseri semt pazarında satılan aflatoksin B1, B2, G1 ve G2 türleri kırmızı pul biber örneklerinde yüksek performanslı sıvı kromatografisi (HPLC) ile belirlenmiştir. Öncelikle aflatoksin türleri 30 oC sıcaklıkta metanol ve su (80:20 v/v) karışımında batch yöntemiyle ekstrakte edilmiştir. Kromatografik ayırma, Floresan Dedektörü ile ODS-2 üzerinde, ör: 360 nm, em: 440 nm, 30 oC'de 30 dakika boyunca gerçekleştirildi. Aflatoksin B1, B2, G1 ve G2'nin tayini için, bilinen konsantrasyondaki analitlerin standart çözeltileri, resmi yöntem AOAC 999.07'ye göre hazırlandı. Kalibrasyon doğrusu standartlara göre hazırlanmış ve kalibrasyon doğrusuna göre sonuçlar verilmiştir. Algılama limiti B1 ve G1 için 0,216 µg L-1 ve B2 ve G2 için 0,0648 µg L-1 olarak belirlendi. En yüksek konsantrasyon AFB1 için 7,32, AFB2 için 2,39 ve AFG1 için 1,23 μg L-1 olarak analiz edilirken, örneklerde AFG2 konsantrasyonunun miktar sınırının altında kaldığı gözlendi. Gözlenebilme sınırı, aflatoksin B1 ve G1 için 0.720 μg/L ve B2 ve G2 için 0.216 μg L-1 olarak hesaplandı. Geri kazanım çalışmaları %90-104 aralığında bulundu. %RSD ≤ %5 (n=11) olarak hesaplandı.

A new synthesized ternary polymer composite, polystyrene/polyacrylonitrile/polyindole (PSt/PAN/PIN), was used as an adsorbent. The structure of synthesized composite was supported by FTIR, BET, X-RD, TGA, SEM and AFM technique. A SPE method with synthesized composite was developed for the preconcentration of chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead and zinc ions. The adsorption capacity were found in the range of 37.4-56.7 mg g(-1). Under the best conditions, the preconcentration factor of method was found as 100. Relative standard deviation was found at <= 3.3% (n = 11). The detection limits of analytes were obtained as: 0.9 mu g L-1 for Cr(III), 1.2 mu g L-1 for Cu(II), 2.0 mu g L-1 for Fe(III), 1.4 mu g L-1 for Mn(II), 0.9 mu g L-1 for Pb(II) and 2.0 mu g L-1 for Zn(II). Firstly, this SPE method was applied to certified reference material, and than coffee, tea, legumes. The trace metals was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.

In this study, the amounts of daidzin, daidzein and genistein of isoflavone components were determined in nuts, dried fruits and vegetables by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Firstly, the extraction conditions like the rate of the aqueous and organic phase, the total volume of the extraction solution, time and rotation per minute of centrifugation were optimizaed. After extraction conditions were specified, the parameters of HPLC device have investigated. The isoflavone components were extracted by a mixture of 0.1% acetic acid and methanol (20:80 v/v), at the room temperature. The chromatographic separation was conducted on C18 with wavelength of 260 nm at 30 oC. The diode array detector was used. The analytical parameters given as the dedection and quantification limits, linearity, precision and accuracy were determined. The relative standard deviation of method was determinated ≤3 % (n=21) and the calibration curse was worked in the range 1-100 mg L-1. The total isoflavone concentration in real samples from Sivas centrum was determined in the range 9.6 ˗ 469.1 μg g-1.

Firstly, poly[phenyl thiadiazole methacrylamide-co-divinylbenzene-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid] (PTMAAm-co-DVB-co-AMPS), a new polymer resin was synthesized. This polymer resin was characterized by elemental analyzer, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and IR spectrometer. The glass column packed with the synthesized polymer resin was used for solid phase extraction (SPE). At the same time, the analytes were separated and preconcentrated from various water, dried vegetables samples and standard reference material (CRM) with SPE and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). The experimental conditions of this method such as pH, flow rates of sample, flow rates of eluent, type / concentration / volume of eluent, sample volume and matrix ions were examined. The limits of detection (mu g L-1) were calculated (3s) 0.9 for Mn(II), 1.4 for Cd(II), Co(II) and Zn(II), 1.5 for Cr(III), 2.2. for Cu(II), 1.9 for Pb(II),1.5 for Ni(II) and 1.9 for Fe(III) (n = 21). The low relative standard deviation, 2% (n = 11) and preconcentration factor as 75 for analytes were obtained.

In this work, a new polymer resin with a functional groups capable of holding trace metals has been synthesized. The structure of polymer resin has been examined by BET-N-2 method analyzer, IR spectrometer, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and elemental microanalyser. The synthesized polymer resin was used for the simultaneous separation and preconcentration of the trace metals from various tea and herbal plants samples. After extraction process, flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) was used to determine the trace metals. The analytical parameters and solid phase extraction (SPE) performance such as pH, sample volume, flow rates of sample, flow rates of eluent, concentration, volume and type of eluent and effect of interference ions, were investigated. The limits of detection (DL) of the SPE procedure for trace metals, were calculated to be (3s) in the range of 0.9-4.0g L-1 (n = 21) and the factors of preconcentration (PF) were obtained at 200 for Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni and Zn, and at 50 for Cr, Mn and Pb ions and the relative standard deviation (RSD) at 2% (n = 11).

In this study, a simple and rapid solid phase extraction/preconcentration procedure was developed for determination of Cd(II), Co(II), Cr(III), Cu(II), Fe(III), Mn(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) trace metals by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A new chelating resin, poly(N-cyclohexylacrylamide-co-divinylbenzene-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (NCA-co-DVB-co-AMPS) (hereafter CDAP) was synthesized and characterized. The influences of the analytical parameters such as pH of the sample solution, type and concentration of eluent, flow rates of the sample and eluent, volume of the sample and eluent, amount of chelating resin, and interference of ions were examined. The limit of detection (LOD) of analytes were found (3s) to be in the range of 0.65-1.90μgL(-1). Preconcentration factor (PF) of 200 and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of ⩽2% were achieved (n=11). The developed method was applied for determination of analytes in some dairy samples and certified reference materials.

A dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of bismuth in various samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry is described. In this method, crystal violet was used as counter positive ion forBiCl4-complex ion, chloroform as extraction solvent, and ethanol as disperser solvent. The analytical parameters that may affect the extraction efficiency like acidity of sample, type and amount of extraction and disperser solvents, amount of ligand, and extraction time were studied in detail. The effect of interfering ions on the analyte recovery was also investigated. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 0.040–1.00 mg L−1with detection limit of 4.0 μg L−1(n=13). The precision as relative standard deviation was 3% (n=11, 0.20 mg L−1) and the enrichment factor was 74. The developed method was applied successfully for the determination of bismuth in various water, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic samples and the certified reference material (TMDA-64 lake water).

In this paper, we report a simple and rapid solid phase extraction system for the separation/preconcentration and determination of Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), Cr(III), Pb(II), and Zn(II) ions by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). This method is based upon the retention of metal ions on a column packed with poly[N-(3-methyl-1H-indole-1-yl)]-2-methacrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulphonic acid-co divinylbenzene] (MMAD) resin as a solid-phase extraction (SPE) sorbent at pH 8. At the optimized conditions, the limits of detection (3 s/b) between 0.12 and 1.6 μg L(-1), preconcentration factor of 100, and the relative standard deviation of ⩽1.8% were achieved (n=10). The accuracy of the method was verified by analyzing certified reference materials (CRMs) and performing recovery experiments. The developed method was successfully applied to the various natural water, meat products and baby food samples. The recoveries of analyte ions were found in added real samples and CRMs from 95% to 102%.

A simple and efficient dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure was optimized for the determination of Ag(I) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). In this method, 8-hydroxyquinoline was used as a chelating reagent for Ag(I) and resulted complex was extracted in chloroform, while ethanol is used as disperser solvent. The effective parameters on the recovery of Ag(I), such as the pH of sample, the type and volume of extraction and disperser solvents, the amount of 8-hydroxyquinoline reagent, extraction time, the effect of temperature and interfering ions of sample solution were investigated. The calibration graph of this procedure was linear in the range of 0.02–0.4 mg L−1 with detection limit of 2.0 μg L−1 (n = 21). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 4% and the preconcentration factor was 65. Good recovery (%) values were obtained changing between 95 and 102%. The certified reference material (CWW-TM-D waste water) was used to verify the accuracy of the developed method (recovery, 96%). The proposed method was applied for determination of silver in different water samples, anode slime and cream samples.

A relatively rapid, accurate and precise solid phase extraction method is presented for the determination of cadmium(II) and lead(II) in various food and water samples. Quantitation is carried out by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The method is based on the retention of the trace metal ions on Dowex Marathon C, a strong acid cation exchange resin. Some important parameters affecting the analytical performance of the method such as pH, flow rate and volume of the sample solution; type, concentration, volume, flow rate of the eluent; and matrix effects on the retention of the metal ions were investigated. Common coexisting ions did not interfere on the separation and determination of the analytes. The detection limits (3σb) for Cd(II) and Pb(II) were found as 0.13 and 0.18 μg L−1, respectively, while the limit of quantification values (10σb) were computed as 0.43 and 0.60 μg L−1 for the same sequence of the analytes. The precision (as relative standard deviation was lower than 4% at 5 μg L−1 Cd(II) and 10 μg L−1 Pb(II) levels, and the preconcentration factor was found to be 250. The accuracy of the proposed procedure was verified by analysing the certified reference materials, SPS-WW2 Batch 108 wastewater level 2 and INCT-TL-1 tea leaves, with the satisfactory results. In addition, for the accuracy of the method the recovery studies (⩾95%) were carried out. The method was applied to the determination of the analytes in the various natural waters (lake water, tap water, waste water with boric acid, waste water with H2SO4) and food samples (pomegranate flower, organic pear, radish leaf, lamb meat, etc.), and good results were obtained. While the food samples almost do not contain cadmium, they have included lead at low levels of 0.13–1.12 μg g−1.

A rapid and simple on-line method is described for the determination of Au(III) in various samples. The method is based on the sorption of gold(III) on Lewatit MonoPlus TP207 chelating resin including the iminodiacetate group, which is used as sorbent material and packed in a minicolumn. The chemical variables such as the pH of the sample solution, eluent type, interfering ions and concentrations of reagents, and instrumental variables such as sample loading volume, reagents flow rates, and tubing length, which affect the efficiency of the method were studied and optimised. Au(III) was sorbed on the chelating resin, from which it could be eluted with 3 mol L-1 HCl, and then introduced directly to the nebuliser-burner system of FAAS. The limit of detection of the method was 0.2 mu g L-1 while the relative standard deviation was <4.0% for 20 mu g L-1 Au(III) concentration. The preconcentration factor was found to be 106 while the optimised sample volume was 15.3 mL. The accuracy of the method was verified by analysing the certified reference material. The developed method was applied successfully for the determination of gold in different samples with satisfactory results.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of soybean extracts obtained using different extraction methods on the skin of female rats.METHOD: A total of 64 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 8 equal groups. Various extracts were administered to the female rats by oral gavage for one month. The groups comprised carboxymethyl cellulose-free control, carboxymethyl cellulose-plus control, 100-mg/kg n-hexane extract, 200-mg/kg n-hexane extract, 100-mg/kg ethyl acetate extract, 200-mg/kg ethyl acetate extract, 100-mg/kg ethanol extract and 200-mg/kg ethanol extract groups. The thickness of the collagen layer and the number of estrogen receptor-positive cells were evaluated.RESULTS: All the extract-treated groups showed a statistically significant decrease in the number of estrogen receptor-positive cells compared with the control groups. Regarding the thickness of the collagen layer, only the 200-mg/kg ethyl acetate extract-treated group showed a significant increase compared with the control groups (p<0.05).CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that oral intake of three different total soybean extracts might have positive estrogenic effects on the skin and that only a high-dose ethyl acetate extract can increase the expression of collagen, which may prove to be beneficial for postmenopausal facial skin.

Electrophilic substituons reactions of indole and 1-methylindole with methyl propiolate in the presence of K-10 montmorillonite were obtained the formation of the corresponding methyl 3,3- bis(indolyl)propanoates. The reaction of 1,3-dimethylindole with methyl propiolate was given methyl 3,3- bis(1,3-dimethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)propanoate, methyl 1,5-dimethyl-1H-benzo(b)azepine-3-carboxylate and methyl 3,3,3-tris(1,3-dimethyl-1H-indol-2-yl)propanoate. The reaction of 1,3-dimethylindole with 2- cyclopentenone was yielded a typical addition product, similarly the reaction of indole and 1-methylindole with 2-cyclopentenone were concluded the expected addition products only.

A simple on-line separation/preconcentration procedure is described for the determination of trace levels of Pb(II) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). A mini-column packed with Dowex Marathon C (DMC) ion-exchange resin was used for the on-line preconcentration of Pb(II) at pH 3.5. Pb(II) was sorbed on the resin, from which it could be eluted with 3 mol L−1 HCl and then introduced directly to the nebulizer–burner system of FAAS. The parameters influential on the determination of Pb(II) ions such as the pH of sample solution, eluent type, interfering ions and flow variables were studied. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph obtained was linear over the concentration range of 0.01–0.1 mg L−1. The detection limit of the method was 1.3 μg L−1 while precision was 1.1% (n = 15) at a 0.05 mg L−1 Pb(II) level. The accuracy of the method was proven using standard reference materials. The developed method has been applied successfully to the determination of lead in water and various environmental samples with satisfactory results.

A simple and reliable on-line separation/preconcentration procedure was developed for the determination of trace levels of Ag(I) by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Poly[N-(3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl)-2-methacrylamide-co-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid-co-divinylbenzene] was synthesized and characterized as a new chelating resin for the first time. Ag(I) was sorbed on the chelating resin, from which it could be eluted with 3 mol L−1 HCl and then introduced directly to the nebulizer-burner system for flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The parameters influential on the determination of Ag(I) ions such as the pH of the sample solution, amount of resin, eluent type, interfering ions and flow variables were studied. Under the optimum conditions, the calibration graph obtained was linear over the concentration range of 2–20 μg L−1. The detection limit of the method (3 σ) was 0.3 μg L−1 while precision was 1.5% (n=25) at the level of 10 μg L−1 Ag(I). The limit of quantification for the method, based on 20 σ, was 2.0 μg L−1. The enrichment factor was found to be 65 while the optimized sample volume was 13.6 mL. The accuracy of the method was performed by analyzing certified reference materials. The developed method was applied successfully for the determination of silver in different water samples with satisfactory results.

The coupling reaction of N-methylindole with alkyl and aryl phosphonate is described. The reaction works in the presence of 10 mol % of indium triflate and furnished bis(indolyl)methane phosphonates in good yield and high selectivity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

AbstractIndium‐catalyzed coupling of acylphosphonates (I) with N‐methylindole (II) provides access to bis(indolyl)methane phosphonates (III) in good yields.