Adjusting cropping structure is a key way smallholder agriculture adapts to changing labor availability, production costs, mechanization, and agricultural services. Most studies explain such change through macro-level factors—prices, policies, and resource endowments—and pay less attention to how farmers perceive these changes and adjust their crop choices over time. Taking Xiajin County, Shandong Province, China, as a case, this study combines sown-area data for major crops from 1980 to 2023, provincial cost–benefit records for wheat, maize, and cotton, and retrospective semi-structured interviews with 57 respondents to examine how changing crop choice criteria shaped county-level cropping structure transformation. The county shifted from cotton dominance to wheat–maize dominance, with rising structural concentration. Farmers’ criteria also changed: early decisions reflected drought tolerance, subsistence grain, and cash income, whereas later ones emphasized labor saving, income stability, mechanization compatibility, and outsourcing feasibility. Under labor out-migration, rural aging, rising labor opportunity costs, and service expansion, wheat and maize became more attractive than cotton because their key stages were easier to mechanize and outsource. County-level transformation thus emerged from the accumulation of farmers’ repeated crop choice adjustments under changing constraints, rather than from external change alone. Grain-oriented concentration should be balanced with crop diversity and sustainable farming systems.

Most food products are perishable and very time-sensitive. In addition, food products are essential goods that are always in market demand. Therefore, the proximity of the warehouse location to the market is crucial for the daily delivery of food products. The current study aimed to identify the effective criteria for the selection of food warehouse location and then rank those criteria. To achieve this goal and develop a conceptual framework, a semi-structured questionnaire was employed, utilizing a group of experts and specialists in decision-making. Findings of this study revealed that all group members from various specialties highlighted the importance of the land suitability criterion and its sub-criteria, ranking it as their top priority. In the analysis of land suitability, the economic factor including land price and market proximity had the highest frequency of responses. Furthermore, the spatiotemporal criterion and the logistics network had a high response frequency, which were ranked second and third, respectively. The implications of the results of this study on the selection of food warehouse locations are based on the efficiency and effectiveness of logistic operations. By comprehensively addressing these criteria, the chances of obtaining an effective and resilient network for food product storage will increase, taking into account operational efficiency and economic viability. In this context, logistics policymakers will be able to plan the storage location of food products under the principles of efficiency, sustainability, and resilience in facing various challenges.

The Tidal River Management (TRM) approach plays a significant role in enhancing diversified services of the ecosystem in the ecosystem of rivers affected by tides and their floodplains and reducing coastal hazards in southwest Bangladesh. The main aim of this investigation was to complete the development of the Sustainability Index for Tidal River Management (SITRM) and to assess the sustainability of TRM in coastal regions. In the first stage, the key components along with indicators of the Sustainability Index of TRM were identified to address problems of the coast. In the second stage of this study, a five-point Likert scale was applied to gather responses from key informants. In addition, it includes direct field observations and consultation meetings to collect information concerning the SITRM indicators. The results showed that the framework of SITRM included several important indicators to solve coastal problems, including drainage congestion, waterlogging, rising sea levels, new land formation, compensation, alternative livelihoods, and terrestrial biodiversity as indicators. It also established standard tidal flow thresholds for the Hari–Teka River at 600 m3/s (maximum) and 250 m3/s (minimum) for high tide and 550 m3/s (maximum) and 200 m3/s (minimum) for low tide. Moreover, the results showed that the Canadian Water Sustainability Index (CWSI), West Java Water Sustainability Index (WJWSI), and Water Poverty Index (WPI) are suitable for overcoming coastal problems and climate change issues.

The pathway to household poverty reduction through women's empowerment is critical for China's rural revitalization. This study investigated the role of social capital in this process, using data from a household survey conducted in 2021 covering 1,239 dual-adult households in seven historically poverty-stricken counties across four provinces in rural China. We developed social capital indicators using proxy variables from our survey data and predicted the factor scores of the latent variable women's empowerment. Subsequently, a causal mediation analysis was employed to detect both the direct and indirect effects of women's empowerment on household poverty. The results have confirmed our hypotheses that women's empowerment and social capital significantly reduce the probability of household poverty; women with higher empowerment scores are more likely to possess stronger social capital and social capital partially mediates the empowerment-poverty relationship. We concluded that policy-making that aims for sustainable poverty reduction in rural China should prioritize strategies that both strengthen women's agency and enhance women's social capital, particularly through structural enhancement measures to expand women's engagement in cooperatives and associations, strengthen their representation in village governance, foster informal social networks, and invest in women's education to enhance social capital and sustain poverty reduction in rural areas.

Respect for land rights for women, as a key strategy to promote their development and empowerment as well as improving their welfare, has been considered in today's societies. However, there have been few empirical studies to back up this statement. Therefore, the primary goal of this research was to find out whether or not women may increase their authority through economic tenure security, legal tenure security, household characteristic, or de facto tenure security. In this regard, the survey data collected in 2021 from 28 villages of Mazandaran province (Northern Iran) were analyzed. The study highlights the significance of de facto tenure security as the most crucial among the four qualities assessed. It's important to note, however, that possessing land titles doesn't necessarily guarantee de facto tenure security. Despite this distinction, the study reveals a meaningful correlation, suggesting that women with land titles are more likely to experience higher levels of empowerment. Official certification, resolution of tenure disputes, increased agricultural income, and the impact of regional urbanization all play an important role in empowering rural women, which usually results in better economic outcomes for them. According to the results, it is evident that the legal registration of women's land ownership correlates with enhanced women's empowerment within rural communities. Land ownership provides women with the means to generate income, make independent choices, and actively participate in various aspects of social and economic life. The findings of this study underscore potential shortcomings in gender neutrality within land interventions, emphasizing the necessity for incorporating gender considerations into research and land-use planning. The practitioners and policy-makers may utilize the study's findings to invest in programs that include components of land tenure security and increase women's economic empowerment.

Sustainable farmland construction (SFC) is a priority development strategy used to address the integrated goals of "efficiency output, resource conservation, and environmental friendliness" in agricultural systems. Introducing farmer participation to optimize SFC institutions can improve farmland construction efficiency and address limited construction funding. This study analyzed farmer preferences for participating in SFC through a discrete choice experiment survey of farmers in the project area. This study also evaluated farmers' willingness to pay for different SFC schemes. The findings indicate that farmers prefer constructing mechanized production roads (MPR), leveling farmland and transforming the contiguous farmland (LF and CF), integrated irrigation and fertilizer facilities (IIFF), and moderate improvement in ecological protection facilities. On the basis of the heterogeneity of the farmer preferences, they can be classified as benefits-driven and ecology-driven. In addition, factors such as age, educational level, risk proneness, land transfer, and cultivated land quality can influence the classification of farmer preferences. Farmers' willingness to pay for MPR, LF and CF, ED, IIFF, and moderate improvement in ecological facilities has reached 50-80 % of construction costs, essentially bridging the investment gap under the SF standards set by the central government. Based on the aforementioned, SFC schemes should be designed to consider farmers' needs and regional development requirements. Allocating SF construction costs according to farmers' willingness to pay for various facilities, formulating diverse investment ratios, and forming a coherent government-farmer cooperation mode are recommended. This study introduces policy tools to establish a farmers' participation mechanism in farmland construction, offering valuable insights into institutional reforms in land consolidation projects across other developing countries.

Agricultural white pollution is a pressing concern in China. However, the efficiency and rationality of the government’s subsidies for mulch film management remain ambiguous. To formulate reasonable policies for mulch film management and optimize fiscal resource allocation, the study employs cost–benefit analysis to evaluate the economic performance of mulch film management. Two environmentally friendly measures being primarily proposed in China, namely the application of thicker mulch film (hereinafter referred to as thicker film) and the substitution of biodegradable mulch film (hereinafter referred to as biodegradable film), are selected for analysis, with conventional mulch film (hereinafter referred to as conventional film) serving as the benchmark for comparison. Primary data obtained through field surveys, supplemented by secondary data from national statistics, industry reports, and literature reviews, are used for the study. Results show that thicker film application is cost-effective, with a net benefit of CNY 3208.8/ha (USD 449.2/ha; 1 CNY = 0.14 USD), which is CNY 253.8/ha (USD 35.5/ha) higher than that of conventional film. The net benefit for biodegradable film application is lower than that for conventional film, at CNY 2244.6/ha (USD 314.2/ha). The results reveal the significant potential of promoting the use of thicker film due to its recycling and economic advantages. Findings imply that the further promotion of its use lies in improving farmers’ cognition and optimizing subsidy dimensions to allocate government financial resources more effectively. On the contrary, biodegradable film utilization is unprofitable and relies on continuous external subsidies. The government can optimize the subsidy standard based on the cost–benefit performance of different mulch films applied and provide incentives to promote cost reductions and efficiency increases. Further analysis indicates that sustainable mulch film management entails developing mechanisms to internalize the external benefits of management and innovating a new governance landscape.

Agricultural plastics play a pivotal role in agricultural production. However, due to expensive costs, agricultural plastic waste management（APWM） encounters a vast funding gap. As one of the crucial stakeholders, the public deserves to make appropriate efforts for APWM. Accordingly, identifying whether the public is willing to pay for APWM and clarifying the decisions’ driving pathways to explore initiatives for promoting their payment intentions are essential to address the dilemma confronting APWM. To this end, by applying the extended theory of planned behavior（TPB）, the study conducted an empirical analysis based on 1,288 residents from four provinces（autonomous regions） of northern China. Results illustrate that: 1) respondents hold generally positive and relatively strong payment willingness towards APWM; 2) respondents’ attitude（AT）, subjective norm（SN）, and perceived behavioral control（PBC） are positively correlated with their payment intentions（INT）; 3) environmental cognition（EC） and environmental emotion（EE） positively moderate the relationships between AT and INT, and between SN and INT, posing significant indirect impacts on INT. The study’s implications extend to informing government policies,suggesting that multi-entity cooperation, specifically public payment for APWM, can enhance agricultural non-point waste management.

CONTEXT: Ensuring reduced carbon emissions and sustainable development in agricultural production are pivotal in addressing the multifaceted demands within farming systems, including safeguarding food security, advancing eco-friendly agricultural practices, and enhancing farmers' livelihoods. While an efficiency-driven farming system under the sustainable farmland has been recently introduced in China, integrating production, ecology, and livelihood aspects, its effectiveness remains unexplored in comparison to alternative farming systems. Moreover, the interplay among different elements within farming systems lacks comprehensive characterization. OBJECTIVE: Typically, the three predominant farming systems comprise conventional farmland-smallholder farming mode, high-standard farmland-intensive farming mode, and sustainable farmland-efficiency-driven farming mode. In this study, the system boundary of farmland construction is identified, elucidating how various interrelated forms of farmland infrastructure development and cropping management practices affect the envi- ronmental and economic efficiency. METHODS: The integrated benefits of the farming systems were evaluated by investigating life cycle charac- teristics, life cycle cost, cost-benefit analysis and Net Ecosystem Economic Benefit (NEEB) under wheat-maize cropping. Furthermore, simulation was conducted to explore the development potential of the farming system with the greatest integration benefits and regional contribution magnitude. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that sustainable farmland-intelligent farming mode not only reduces resource inputs but also enhances productivity. Moreover, it positively contributes to regulating nitrogen losses, nitrogen and carbon footprint and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission. Furthermore, this mode represents an optimal economic approach, leading to a total decrease in CO2 2 emissions of 9.01E+07 +07 t, an in- crease in net ecosystem economic benefits of 101 billion Chinese Yuan, and a rise in grain yields of 1278 tin the North Plain of China. SIGNIFICANCE: This study emphasizes the significance of enhancing precise cropping management practices and advanced farmland infrastructure to promote development of efficiency-driven farming systems. Furthermore, strategies for improving various farming system should be tailored to their unique characteristics and adaptability.

The current study’s objective was to present a conceptual model that using the Value-Belief-Norm theory, could forecast the behaviour of wheat producers in the West Azarbaijan Province. This study showed that the egoistic variable has a non-significant and negative correlation with pro-environmental behavior and the new environmental paradigm. In addition, environmental beliefs had a mediating effect on pro-environmental behavior, while norms and values had a straight effect on pro-environmental behavior. This shows that norms and values are more effective than beliefs. Moreover, personal norms, beliefs, biosphere, and altruistic values are considered to be significant predictors of pro-environmental behavior. According to the results, norms and values are more effective than beliefs, which can be helpful for future policymaking. The results further suggest that environmental behavior can be strengthened by emphasizing altruistic and biospheric values, enhancing environmental awareness, increasing the ascription of responsibility, and strengthening personal norms for reformative actions. The application of the value-belief-norm theory in the context of Iranian farmers is supported by this study, which improved understanding of the factors influencing farmers’ environmentally friendly behaviour. It also helps agricultural policymakers and decision-makers develop their policies for sustainable agricultural development by providing a better understanding of farmers’ decisions and behaviours.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of medicinal plants cultivation on rural livelihoods. To achieve this goal, firstly, using relevant literature and secondary sources, the data were collected, and then to determine the validity, a questionnaire was provided to a panel of subject experts, and pilot tests were used to determine the analysis tool's dependability. The alpha coefficient of Cronbach was then determined for different parts of the completed questionnaire and showed that the questionnaire has acceptable reliability. The statistical population of the study consisted of 9178 medicinal plants farmers in the South-Khorasan province of Iran in the year 2019. The sample includes 368 individuals based on Krejcie Morgan table. The results showed that there is a connection between medicinal plant cultivation and human health as well as rural livelihoods. The correlation coefficient of cultivation of medicinal plants and economic capital had the highest position and the rest are in environmental, human, social, and physical, capital. The main outcome of the cultivation of medicinal plants is increased income and savings and poverty reduction, 68

Land intensive grass-based dairy systems have the highest contribution to food security but may have a higher impact on the environment. The aim of this study was to classify dairy farms in terms of sustainable contribution to food security and analyze the farm characteristics related to these performances. To this end, we performed a sustainability assessment by calculating 17 indicators using FADN data of 209 Walloon (Belgium) dairy farms. Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process, 25 stakeholders of the Walloon milk upstream sector defined preference weights for the indicators. Farms were ranked using ELECTRE III using the mean weights for the dairy sector and grouped in four sustainability groups. A canonical discriminant analysis was performed on farm characteristics. Farm characteristics that negatively impact sustainability are the use of maize silage, the use of concentrates and the CP-content of these concentrates, the farm size, and the number of female followers per cow. The farm characteristic that positively impacts sustainability is the grassland yield. Milk production per cow, age at first calving, and calving interval have a negligible effect on sustainability. These results suggest that feed conversion efficiency is not a main driver of sustainability but rather that specific production means and practices play a more significant role in determining sustainability. Consequently, we argue that the search for efficiency that has been promoted to increase the sustainability of food systems should be placed in a systemic perspective in order to avoid trade-offs with other aspects and that, in general, an increase in efficiency is positively linked with sustainability when achieved through knowledge and technicity rather than by the addition of external inputs.

Exploring the construction of effective payment mechanisms for rural residents could break the dilemma of the value of a single investment by the government in environmental governance and promote the process of sustainable rural domestic sewage treatment (RDST). The effects of environmental regulations have been roughly approved; however, their influence mechanisms on rural residents’ willingness to pay (WTP) and payment level for sustainable RDST have not been fully revealed. Based on a database of 744 respondents, an integrated model was developed to verify the heterogeneous effects of three environmental regulations on rural residents’ WTP and further explore their interaction effects and impact mechanisms. In addition, there is an urgent necessity to explore the effectiveness of implementing different combinations of environmental regulations. Our results indicated that, firstly, the guiding regulation and incentive regulation promoted rural residents’ WTP and payment level, whereas the binding regulation had a limited impact on individuals. Secondly, rural residents’ cognition mediated the effect of the environmental regulations on their WTP and payment level. Lastly, the guiding and incentive regulations showed a substitution relationship, while both guiding and binding regulations as well as incentive and binding regulations revealed a complementary relationship. The implications of these results indicate the importance of strengthening the public attention on the environmental and health hazards of rural domestic sewage and effectively raising rural residents’ environmental cognition and environmental protection awareness, thereby increasing their WTP and payment level for sustainable RDST. This study provides credible references and recommendations for environmental regulations’ formulation and policy optimization for RDST, as well as for the construction of payment systems for rural residents, and inspiration for rural environment management in other developing countries.

Information intervention has been verified to be effective in influencing individual behavior. Thus, can information intervention reverse the common discrepancy of high intention but poor action among the public about participating in environmental management? Clarifying the issue is critical to facilitating the public payment scheme for agricultural plastic waste management (APWM) to evolve from idea to reality, as well as harnessing potential contributions from the public to promote the sustainability of APWM. In light of these inquiries, the study seeks to reinforce the public's payment for APWM by employing an information strategy based on the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and to verify the effect of information intervention on the respondents' willingness to pay (WTP) by a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Results showed that the public's WTP for APWM is generally malleable, with information targeting normative beliefs and control beliefs significantly increasing the WTP by CNY 307.2 and CNY 400.5, respectively. Findings imply that the public payment scheme for APWM is characterized by the high perception but weak social norm and lack of effective mechanism. Consequently, it is imperative to prioritize strengthening relevant norm and constructing public payment mechanism, thereby promoting multi-entity cooperation to enhance the APWM in sustainability.

The problem of excessive water consumption in the traditional puddled transplant rice (PTR) cultivation method has increased efforts to develop the dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) system as a favorable alternative to achieve sustainable rice production. However, current data show that the rates of DDSR use in the Iranian rice production systems fall below the goals set by the higher management of agriculture. This study's primary objective was to investigate the elements that led rice farmers to fully embrace, reject, or partially use DDSR as a suggested technique for growing rice in paddy fields in order to conserve water. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 2021 to collect data from 694 paddy farmers in Golestan province, northeastern Iran. Farmers' socioeconomic characteristics, farm management factors, and Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) concepts were all included in the data. PMT constructs such as perceived severity and perceived self-efficacy had a positive relationship with both adoption behaviors, i.e., using only DDSR and using both DDSR/PTR. Percentage of products that are self-consumed, annual income of rice farming, land area under rice cultivation, percentage of family labor force in rice farming, amount of rice yield, and using private wells as sources of irrigation water use in rice fields were identified as the predictors for both of the adoption behaviors. On the other hand, PMT constructs such as perceived vulnerability, response efficacy, and obtaining information about DDSR from extension agents were only predictors of DDSR adoption. Overall, the potential of PMT in explaining rice farmers’ behavior towards pro-water saving innovation was supported. Finally, agricultural extension programs that consider the aforementioned factors for improving the rate of DDSR adoption may fundamentally change farmers' behavior to save water in paddy fields.

Land suitability analysis is a process to specify the suitability of a particular area according to its inherent characteristics. Inefficient land suitability leads to inefficient exploitation of natural resources, destruction of land resources, poverty, and even social harm. In this regard, land suitability assessment is important to support transportation planning and demand for construction. This study aimed to systematically review the mutual impacts of land logistics and land suitability. This study applied a meta-analysis to integrate the results of 36 original papers published between 1990 and 2024. The findings showed there were mutual impacts of land logistics and land suitability. In this regard, demand for highway construction significantly affects warehousing (B = 6.30; p < 0.99) and distribution and transportation (B = 4.23; p < 0.99) according to Table 3. In addition, warehousing (B = 7.35; p < 0.95) and distribution and transportation (B = 2.11; p < 0.90) have significant effects on demand for highway construction based on Table 4. The temporal effect of logistics land development has the most positive influence on natural resources and environmental tolerance (4.49). The spatial effects of land suitability and food logistic providers have respectively the most positive impacts on inventory control and demand for highway construction in European countries. Policymakers should consider the global issue of land suitability according to its advantages. First, the greatest advantage of land suitability is that it gives more accountability to the officials and decision makers. Second, land suitability provides the basis for distribution and transportation and inventory control effectively controls storage costs. Thirdly, warehousing, due to land suitability, ensures a regular supply of goods in the market.

Human consumption of insects has previously been examined in cross-cultural studies. However, such studies rarely include African countries and willingness-to-pay for insect-based food has never been assessed in cross-cultural studies. The current study presents a cross-cultural study conducted with 409 urban dwellers from Belgium (191 males; 218 females) and 412 urban dwellers from Gabon (219 males; 193 females). Each respondent was surveyed with a questionnaire following the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices model and included questions relative to willingness-to-pay for 2 insect-based foods (insect baguette and insect burger). More than 90% of respondents from both countries were familiar with edible insects. However, acceptance of entomophagy was lower in respondents from Gabon than in respondents from Belgium. Intercultural differences were also recorded between Gabonese ethnic groups. Most respondents who accepted entomophagy were willing to eat the insect baguette and/or the insect burger. These findings confirm that entomophagy could further develop in Belgium and Gabon. Willingness-to-pay varied between countries and between insect-based foods. In Belgium, the average prices of comparable conventional foods (i.e., same foods but without insects) were lower than the average willingness-to-pay for insect-based foods. In Gabon, respondents were not willing to pay extra for insect-based foods. Setting the right price for insect-based foods is a necessary step to promote more frequent insect consumption.

Climate adaptation and human pressure on natural resources are challenges for safeguarding and preserving the ecosystem and biodiversity in Upper Niger and particularly the Milo River basin. During the dry season, women’s sources of income are the exploitation of natural resources and rural exodus. The Solar Market Garden (SMG) is a way of climate adaptation by employing women to reduce human pressure on natural resources and improve their socio-economic conditions. The overall aim is to assess the environmental and socioeconomic profitability of solar irrigation practicing garden market in Banankoni village along Milo River in Upper Niger, Guinea. Data collection includes investment in solar-powered irrigation systems, demographic characteristics of women, inputs for crops, selling prices of vegetables, and the impacts of SMG. Environmental and social impacts of SMG were analyzed by comparing women’s practices before and during garden market perimeter valorization. Assessment of the Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PBP), and Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) was used to analyze the economic impacts of SMG. SMG stimulates social cohesion and improves women’s position in households. It is an alternative to rural exodus and deforestation by creating employment. SMG practice enhances food security diversity, nutritious value, and the microenvironment through the consumption of produced vegetables. The NPV, IRR, and PBP analysis showed that SMG is economically profitable for women in Banankoni village during dry seasons. Most women (92.4%) are willing to invest to scale up SMG which is a pathway to decrease human pressure on natural resources and improve food security, the social status of women, and their income in the climate change context.

Sahel's largest wetland, the Inner Niger Delta (IND) is highly productive with a biologically diverse ecosystem and fed by seasonal floods.It plays a crucial role in shaping culture and driving local and national economies.Over one million people composed mainly of fishermen, farmers, and breeders that depend on the vitality of these wetlands.Despite the resources that the IND contained, people continue to migrate to other countries.The main objective of this study is to analyze the link between water ecosystem services and the migration of IND's inhabitants.Specific objectives are to understand the endogen perception of ecosystem services and identify the determinants of migration outside wetlands.Based on recent household surveys including the econometric model, results show that 36.9% of respondents have at least one member who migrated out of IND.The remittances from migrants support 41.2% of respondents and 29.8% of them have the intention to migrate.The determinants of migration intention are gender, household size, land access, employment opportunities in livestock and fishing, submersion practice, soil fertility, peaceful natural resources management, credit access, migrated household members, and remittances from migrants.To limit migration, it is necessary to restore and conserve water ecosystems through innovations in climate change adaptation, integrated water resource management, and people sensitization towards nature-based solutions practices.

The sustainability index (SI) is a relatively new concept for measuring the performance of water resource systems over long time periods. The purpose of its definition is to provide an indication of the integral behavior of the system with regard to possible undesired consequences if a misbalance in available and required waters occurs. Therefore, the tidal river management (TRM) approach has been implemented for the past three decades (from 1990 to 2020) within the polder system in Southwest Bangladesh to achieve water sustainability. TRM plan and watershed management plan (WMP) have commonalities as both are aimed at ensuring the sustainable use of watershed resources with the management of land, water, and the wider ecosystem of the watershed in an integrated way. The TRM plan focuses mostly on coastal regions, whereas the WMP focuses on both coastal and non-coastal regions. According to this, the aim of this study was to explore the application of the sustainability index of tidal river management (SITRM) in measuring the sustainability of tidal river management in the coastal area of the Lower Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) delta. In order to quantify the sustainability of tidal river management, this research first provided the components and indicators of SITRM for the coastal region. The study follows a 5-point Likert scale for opinion survey of key informants and comprises households’ survey of farmers. In addition, it includes Landsat satellite images from Earth Explorer of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and direct field observation to collect information regarding the indicators of SITRM. The study measures the index value of SITRM for identifying the water sustainability of Beel East Khukshia-TRM. The index value was 71.8 out of 100, showing good tidal river management for the Hari–Teka–Bhadra catchment. To achieve water sustainability and aid stakeholders and water managers in decision making, it may be possible to include the SITRM framework in tidal river management projects. In addition, the SITRM is more capable of facing drainage congestion, waterlogging, and climate change issues than watershed sustainability index (WSI), Canadian water sustainability index (CWSI), West Java water sustainability index (WJWSI), and water poverty index (WPI). Therefore, water professionals and policymakers can apply SITRM to assess the resilience of specific TRM schemes for greater sustainability in different coastal regions of the world.