To ensure seamless communication between mobile electric vehicles (EVs) and EV power supply equipment, support for ubiquitous and transparent mobile IP communications is essential in vehicle-to-grid (V2G) networks. However, it initiates a range of privacy-related challenges as it is possible to track connected EVs through their mobile IP addresses. Recent studies are mostly dedicated to solving authentication and privacy issues in V2G networks in general. Yet, they do not tackle the security and privacy challenges resulting from enabling mobile IP communications. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an efficient, secure, and privacy-preserving proxy mobile IPv6 (ESP-PMIPv6) protocol for the protection of mobile IP communication in V2G networks. ESP-PMIPv6 enables authorised EVs to acquire a mobile IPv6 address and access the V2G network in a secure and privacy-preserving manner. While ESP-PMIPv6 offers mutual authentication, identity anonymity, and location unlinkability for the mobile EVs, it also achieves authorised traceability of misbehaving EVs through a novel collaborative tracking scheme. Formal and informal security analyses are conducted to prove that ESP-PMIPv6 meets these security and privacy goals. In addition, via a simulated assessment, ESP-PMIPv6 is proven to achieve low authentication latency, low handover delay, and low packet loss rate in comparison with the PMIPv6 protocol.

In today’s digital computers, high speed logic operations are key challenges. To increase the signal processing speed of a conventional electronic processor it physically needs a significant raising of the dimensions scaling ratio of the semiconductor devices. This faces serious challenges in sub-nanometer scaling of solid state semiconductor devices. Processing of signals in the optical domain can be a suitable solution to solve this problem. An optical hard limiter can be used for several applications in all optical signal processing, such as mixed analogue and digital signal processing optical data converters, regenerators, attenuators, and comparators, and logic operations in optical digital computers. In this paper, an optical hard limiter is proposed based on using Highly Non-Linear Fibre (HNLF) and its use for performing digital logic operations simulated. The simulation results demonstrate the optical gate functionality and its performance at 200 GHz.

Electronic analog to digital converters (EADCs) face serious challenges when the root mean square timing jitter of the sampling pulse is less than a femtosecond. This restriction limits the maximum allowable sampling frequency of an EADC. In photonic analog-to-digital conversion (PADC), using a mode locked laser as a sampling source limits the sampling frequency timing jitter only at sub-femtosecond levels. The current architectures for PADC use photonic techniques either for sampling or for quantization. Consequently, current PADC architectures are not suitable for higher frequency applications because of the limitations of their electronic components. In this paper, the feasibility of implementing concept architecture for a fully photonic pipelined ADC is analyzed and evaluated to provide a design for an 8-bit pipelined PADC, the performance of which is investigated through modeling and simulation. The 8-bit pipelined PADC's effective number of bits is shown to be 4.34 bits at 200 gigasample per second.

The instantaneous and spatial localization for visually impaired people in dynamically changing environments with unexpected hazards and obstacles, is the most demanding and challenging issue faced by the navigation systems today. Although time difference of arrival (TDOA), time of arrival (TOA) and received signal strength (RSS) have been used in literature multiple times for positioning, but narrow band signals such as Bluetooth cannot efficiently utilize TDOA or TOA. Received signal strength indicator (RSSI), to measure RSS, has been found to be more suitable in this case. It has been found that the estimations using RSSI can be improved significantly by improving the existing methodologies related to RSSI. Therefore, the current paper focuses on proposing an improved method using trilateration for localization of Bluetooth devices for visually impaired people. To validate the method, class 2 Bluetooth devices were used along with the development of a software. Experiments were then conducted to obtain surface plots that showed the signal interferences and other environmental effects. Finally, the results obtained were discussed.

Program Committee Members A. Al-Dubai, Napier University, UK H. Al-Raweshidy, Brunel University, UK I. Aad, DoCoMo, Euro-Labs, Germany F. Ball, Bournemouth University, UK C. Barakat, INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France L. Bononi, University of Bologna, Italy L. Cai, University of Victoria, Canada A. Boukerche, University of Ottawa, Canada K. M. Chao, Coventry University, UK H. Chen, Virginia State University, USA I. R. Chen, Virginia Tech University, USA S. Chen, George Mason University, USA M. Denko, University of Guelph, Canada K. Djemame, Leeds University, UK K. Duffy, Hamilton Institute, Ireland J. J. A. Espin, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Spain L. Guan, Loughborough University, UK X. B. He, Tennessee Technological University, USA R. Imed, Napier University, UK X. Jin, University of Bradford, UK H. Karatza, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece W. Knottenbelt, Imperial College London, UK Z. Maamar, Zayed University, UAE D. Malone, Hamilton Institute, Ireland M. Masadah, Glasgow University, UK P. Minet, INRIA, France J. Pan, University of Victoria, Canada M. Ould-Khaoua, Sultan Qaboos University (Oman) and Glasgow University, UK Thomas Owens, Brunel University, UK A. Pescape, University of Napoli, Italy P. Rubem, John Moors University, UK H. Sarbazi-Azad, Sharif University of Technology, Iran W. Seah, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore A. Shahrabi, Glasgow Caledonian University, UK E. Shakshuki, Acadia University, Canada Z. Sun, University of Surrey, UK D. Taniar, Monash University, Australia N. A. Thomas, University of Newcastle, UK T. Turletti, INRIA Sophia Antipolis, France

An optical hard limiter can be used for several applications in all optical signal processing, such as optical data converters, regenerators, attenuators, and comparators. In this paper an optical hard limiter is proposed based on using Highly NonLinear Fibre (HNLF) that can be used as a key component for all optical signal processing and data regeneration. Simulation results demonstrate that the optical hard limiter transfer function slope relates to the fibre nonlinearity, optical amplifier gain and the optical filter bandwidth.

In fifth-generation (5G) mobile networks the available bandwidth and the range of carrier frequencies will be significantly larger than in current mobile networks. To cope with the consequent increase in traffic 5G networks will be digital radio over fibre (DRoF) networks for deploying cloud radio access networks. As conventional electronic data converters in DRoF networks suffer from jitter at very high giga sampling rates while photonic data converters have better performance, photonic data converters are considered a fundamental building block of a DRoF system for 5G. All photonic DRoF (AP-DRoF) is a suitable candidate for carrying future 5G data traffic from a central station for delivery to remote pico-cells. In this study an 8-bit binary-weighted photonic digital to analogue converter (PDAC) for AP-DRoF is proposed for the conversion of an optical bit stream generated by a photonic analogue-to-digital converter into optical analogue signal for delivery to the photo diode of a remote station's photonic antenna. The potential performance of the proposed PDAC is investigated at a sampling rate of 60 Gsample/s through simulation in terms of its effective number of bits and spurious free dynamic range.

17 June 2015 was the deadline for the switchover from analogue to Digital Terrestrial Television (DTV) in Europe, Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. The DTV4ALL Project was a project funded by the European Commission under the CIP ICT Policy Support Programme to facilitate the provision of access services on digital television across the European Union; The call for proposals under which the project was funded was issued in response to the switch-off of analogue terrestrial television service in Europe being set to begin in 2012. The motivation for the call was to ensure the switchover would take place in such a way as to be favourable to the provision of access services. This paper summarises the main lessons learned from the DTV4ALL Project in terms of the provision of access services on DTV and highlights their possible application in Africa for the purposes of fostering e-inclusion and e-accessibility through digital TV.

Secure QoS routing algorithms are a fundamental part of wireless networks that aim to provide services with QoS and security guarantees. In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), vehicles perform routing functions, and at the same time act as end-systems thus routing control messages are transmitted unprotected over wireless channels. The QoS of the entire network could be degraded by an attack on the routing process, and manipulation of the routing control messages. In this paper, we propose a novel secure and reliable multi-constrained QoS aware routing algorithm for VANETs. We employ the ant colony optimisation (ACO) technique to compute feasible routes in VANETs subject to multiple QoS constraints determined by the data traffic type. Moreover, we extend the VANET-oriented evolving graph (VoEG) model to perform plausibility checks on the routing control messages exchanged among vehicles. Simulation results show that the QoS can be guaranteed while applying security mechanisms to ensure a reliable and robust routing service.

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) networks have emerged as a new communication paradigm between Electric Vehicles (EVs) and the Smart Grid (SG). In order to ensure seamless communications between mobile EVs and the electric vehicle supply equipment, the support of ubiquitous and transparent mobile IP communications is essential in V2G networks. However, enabling mobile IP communications raises real concerns about the possibility of tracking the locations of connected EVs through their mobile IP addresses. In this paper, we employ certificate-less public key cryptography in synergy with the restrictive partially blind signature technique to construct a secure and privacy-aware proxy mobile IPv6 (SP-PMIPv6) protocol for V2G networks. SP-PMIPv6 achieves low authentication latency while protecting the identity and location privacy of the mobile EV. We evaluate the SP-PMIPv6 protocol in terms of its authentication overhead and the information-theoretic uncertainty derived by the mutual information metric to show the high level of achieved anonymity.

A wide range of services has been developed for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), ranging from safety to infotainment applications. An essential requirement for such services is that they are offered with quality of service (QoS) guarantees in terms of service reliability and availability. Searching for feasible routes subject to multiple QoS constraints is, in general, an NP-hard problem. Moreover, routing reliability needs to be paid special attention as communication links frequently break in VANETs. In this paper, we propose employing the situational awareness (SA) concept and an ant colony system (ACS)-based algorithm to develop a situation-aware multiconstrained QoS (SAMQ) routing algorithm for VANETs. SAMQ aims to compute feasible routes between the communicating vehicles subject to multiple QoS constraints and pick the best computed route, if such a route exists. To mitigate the risks inherited from selecting the best computed route that may turn out to fail at any moment, SAMQ utilizes the SA levels and ACS mechanisms to prepare certain countermeasures with the aim of assuring a reliable data transmission. Simulation results demonstrate that SAMQ is capable of achieving a reliable data transmission, as compared with the existing QoS routing algorithms, even when the network topology is highly dynamic.

In this paper an active mode-locked-laser (MLL) is modelled and simulated for designing a Photonic Analogue-to-Digital converter (PADC). It delivers 100 interfered longitudinal modes into a laser cavity with 200 μm cavity length and 88.07nm bandwidth around a central wavelength of 1550nm. The pulse repetition rate of the modelled MLL is 60 GHz with rms timing jitter magnitude of about 0.011 of a bit time and random amplitude fluctuation with eye opening height of about 67.7 percent.

All-photonic digital radio over fibre (AP-DRoF) is a suitable candidate for a digital optical link. In this study, the system and simulation modelling of the proposed photonic data regeneration architecture for the generated return to zero (RZ) pulses of an AP-DRoF link is presented. The proposed data regeneration architecture is based on time stretching, optical sampling and optical hard limiting. Based on the system model, a comprehensive analysis and performance evaluation of the proposed system is presented. The results of simulations carried out to evaluate the performance of the system show that using the proposed regenerator in an AP-DRoF link for regeneration of the ultra-short RZ pulses at 65 Gbit/s reduced root-mean-squared timing jitter by about 90%, while the regenerated pulse eye opening height is improved by 65%.

To satisfy customer demand for a high performance “global” mobility service, network operators are facing the need to evolve to a converged “all-IP” centric heterogeneous access infrastructure. However, the integration of such heterogeneous access networks brings major mobility issues. Dynamic service bootstrapping and authorization mechanisms must be in place to efficiently deploy a mobility service, which will allow only legitimate users to access the service. Authentication, access, and accounting based authentication mechanisms like Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) incur signalling overheads due to large Round Trip Times (RTTs). As a result, overall handover latency also increases. A fast re-authentication scheme is presented in this chapter, which utilizes IEEE802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) services to minimize the EAP authentication process delays and reduce the overall handover latency. In this way, it is shown that the demands mobility places on availability can broadly be met, leaving only the generic issues of Internet availability.

In intelligent transportation systems, the cooperation between vehicles and the road side units is essential to bring these systems to fruition. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a promising technology to enable the communications among vehicles on one hand and between vehicles and road side units on the other hand. However, it is a challenging task to develop a reliable routing algorithm for VANETs due to the high mobility and the frequent changes of the network topology. Communication links are highly vulnerable to disconnection in VANETs; hence, the routing reliability of these ever-changing networks needs to be paid special attention. In this paper, we propose a new vehicular reliability model to facilitate the reliable routing in VANETs. The link reliability is defined as the probability that a direct communication link between two vehicles will stay continuously available over a specified time period. Furthermore, the link reliability value is accurately calculated using the location, direction and velocity information of vehicles along the road. We extend the well-known ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol to propose our reliable routing protocol AODV-R. Simulation results demonstrate that AODV-R outperforms significantly the AODV routing protocol in terms of better delivery ratio and less link failures while maintaining a reasonable routing control overhead.

The importance of situational awareness to air traffic control, and hence the safety and security of aircraft, is evident, demonstrable, and has been hugely significant. The main purpose of this book is to convey an understanding of the impact of situational awareness on the design of the next generation computer systems, network architectures, and platform infrastructures. The book achieves its purpose by presenting principles, methods, and applications of situational awareness for computer network defense; in doing so, it makes clear the benefits situational awareness can provide for information security, computer security and computer network defense. This book contributes to cross-multidisciplinary discussion among researchers, academia, and practitioners who are engaged objectively in sharing, contributing, and showcasing how situational awareness can be adapted to computer systems, network infrastructure designs, and architecture patterns. The goal of this chapter is to explain situational awareness for computer network defense from the point of view of its most basic foundations as a spring board to discuss how situational awareness can be relevant to computer network defense, whose operations and environment are similar to air traffic control where the application of situational awareness has been hugely successful.

3R Regenerators are important blocks of the modern optical communication networks and regeneration play a key role, when degradation of the data is remarkably high. In this paper, an investigation of 3R regeneration systems is presented and a photonic 3R regeneration architecture for ultra fast and ultra-short RZ pulses based on time stretching, optical sampling and optical hard limiting is proposed. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed system and the link BER are investigated based on simulation.