Millimeter-wave (mmWave) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) has accelerated the efficiency of modern wireless systems, yet its performance is constrained by the propagation blocking effect and the receiver analog-to-digital converters (ADC) saturation. Motivated by these, this paper first attempted to study an intelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided downlink mmWave MIMO system equipped with a modulo ADC front end at the receiver and explicitly models receiver-side quantization error. We propose spectral efficiency (SE) maximization under total-power and constant-modulus constraints and develop a real-valued genetic algorithm-based scheme that, in each generation, (i) explores the IRS reflection matrix and (ii) updates the transceiver beamformers by performing singular value decomposition on the cascaded channel, updated with the IRS reflection matrix. Experimental results demonstrate that the modulo ADC achieves higher SE and lower bit error rates with fewer bit resolution, effectively mitigating saturation-induced clipping and outperforming conventional ADCs.

Accurate modelling of interference and coverage in optical wireless communication (OWC) systems remains challenging due to the limitations of conventional approaches, which typically rely on infinite-network assumptions or simplified disc-shaped cell models. In practical deployments, OWC networks are finite and regularly structured, resulting in spatially varying interference patterns that are not captured by existing models. This paper proposes a comprehensive analytical framework for evaluating interference and coverage probability in finite OWC networks with regularly deployed grid-based nodes. The framework is developed for a baseline line-of-sight (LOS)-dominant scenario with regularly spaced nodes, ideal transmitter–receiver alignment, and unobstructed propagation conditions (i.e., without blockage or misalignment effects). It explicitly accounts for three-dimensional distances, inter-node spacing, system dimensions, and transmitter–receiver height differences, while incorporating boundary effects. To capture spatial variability, the network is partitioned into core, mid, and boundary zones. Semi-analytical expressions for the interference distribution are derived for each zone, revealing distinct behaviours and pronounced performance degradation in cell-edge regions. Analytical and simulation results demonstrate that commonly adopted disc-assumption models significantly overestimate system performance by neglecting edge effects. For example, at a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) threshold of −3 dB, disc-based models predict approximately 95% coverage, whereas the proposed framework and simulations show that only about 75% of the core and mid zones satisfy this threshold. The results further show that increasing inter-node distance and adopting higher reuse factors substantially improve coverage, while larger height differences degrade performance by increasing the number of visible interferers. Overall, the proposed framework provides a realistic and generalisable tool for analysing finite OWC networks, enabling more accurate performance evaluation and more reliable network design and deployment.

Accurate performance evaluation is essential for unlocking the full potential of optical wireless communication (OWC) systems, particularly under different network deployment strategies. This paper presents a comprehensive analytical framework for evaluating OWC system performance that explicitly accounts for key parameters, including inter-node distance, height difference, and full cell geometry, thereby overcoming limitations introduced by simplifying assumptions commonly adopted in the literature. Using the proposed framework, a systematic and balanced comparison between the two most widely used network configurations, namely hexagonal and square deployments, is conducted. Two deployment scenarios are considered. In the first scenario, both deployments employ the same inter-node distance. In the second scenario, the inter-node distance in the square deployment is reduced to account for differences in node density and to enable a fair comparison. Simulation results validate the accuracy of the proposed analytical model and demonstrate that disc-shaped cell approximations can lead to misleading performance predictions. The results further show that, when identical inter-node distances are used, the square deployment generally achieves higher coverage probability across most signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) thresholds. When node density is equalised, the hexagonal deployment provides comparable performance at low and medium SINR thresholds for larger inter-node distances, while the square deployment consistently achieves higher coverage probability at high SINR thresholds. These findings provide practical insights into the impact of network geometry on OWC system design.

This paper presents a potential beamsteered 5G/6G Compliant Optical Wireless Communication cell free network solution for facilitating longer propagation distances, wider coverage areas and more accurate and reliable indoor localization, which is realised using a combination of VCSELs Infra-red source and Integrated Photonic Processors. The intended use case is smart transportation of materials in Industry 4.0 factories.

Indoor localization has recently experienced a surge in interest, primarily because of its ability to offer a diverse range of services by utilising the Internet of Things (IoT) and widespread connectivity. This study presents a measurement campaign conducted to assess the precision and consistency of a 5G Sub 6GHz Time of Arrival system. The system is capable of measuring time intervals with a resolution of 0.3 picoseconds, which corresponds to a distance resolution of 0.1 mm. Due to the system's susceptibility to environmental noise and multipath reflections, fixed directional antenna array were implemented to enhance the received signal strength in the intended direction and reduce the impact of multipath reflections. The numerical test results demonstrate that distance can be measured with a precision ranging from 3.5 cm to 4.5 cm, ensuring consistent and reliable measurements. Precise localization has a significant architectural effect by enabling accurate beam-steering between ORAN (Open Radio Access Network) and UEs (User Equipment), resulting in the creation of more sustainable and energy-efficient networks.

This research demonstrates how MATLAB's Reinforcement Learning Markov Decision Process (MDP) Example Model can be used to design Radio Link Control MDP Reinforcement Learning (RL) agent. Since the number of agents in MATLAB's RL toolbox is not scalable beyond one agent, then an agent scalability scheme is required to design RL agents in MATLAB's RL toolbox and then realize multiple lightweight simultaneously operable Python instances of it for each of the multiple user equipment UE in a network.

High data rates are one of the most prevalent requirements in current mobile communications. To cover this and other high standards regarding performance, increasing coverage, capacity, and reliability, numerous works have proposed the development of systems employing the combination of several techniques such as Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) wireless technologies with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the evolving 4G wireless communications. Our proposed system is based on the 2x2 MIMO antenna technique, which is defined to enhance the performance of radio communication systems in terms of capacity and spectral efficiency, and the OFDM technique, which can be implemented using two types of sub-carrier mapping modes: Space-Time Block Coding and Space Frequency Block Code. SFBC has been considered in our developed model. The main advantage of SFBC over STBC is that SFBC encodes two modulated symbols over two subcarriers of the same OFDM symbol, whereas STBC encodes two modulated symbols over two subcarriers of the same OFDM symbol; thus, the coding is performed in the frequency domain. Our solution aims to demonstrate the performance analysis of the Space Frequency Block Codes scheme, increasing the Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) at the receiver and decreasing the Bit Error Rate (BER) through the use of 4 QAM, 16 QAM and 64QAM modulation over a 2x2 MIMO channel for an LTE downlink transmission, in different channel radio environments. In this work, an analytical tool to evaluate the performance of SFBC - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, using two transmit antennas and two receive antennas has been implemented, and the analysis using the average SNR has been considered as a sufficient statistic to describe the performance of SFBC in the 3GPP Long Term Evolution system over Multiple Input Multiple Output channels.

This paper presents a Photonic near infrared IR Cell Free 5G Network, which provides universal broadband coverage for (1) Smart Transportation Vehicles and (2) Material Handling by Collaborating Mobile robots (3) Motion Control use cases with their required Key Performance and Key Value Indicators in industrial factory buildings from pervasively located optical wireless communications OWC access points.

With greater demands for cost-effective, reliable, and highly accurate positioning, indoor wireless localisation using Visible Light Positioning (VLP) is a promising solution for future networks. One can expect VLP solutions to appear in all environments, from homes to industry; however, the existing literature primarily considers Visible Light Communication (VLC) sources with purely Lambertian emission patterns. To facilitate greater versatility within VLP solutions, this paper considers non-Lambertian sources. It evaluates practical Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) data obtained during the Internet of Radio Light (IoRL) 5G Measurement Campaign conducted in a home environment using non-Lambertian Total Internal Reflection (TIR) lenses, which produce a halo lighting effect. The initial analysis explores the calibration of Lambertian source parameters against datasheet values leading to reductions in the average Positioning Error (PE) of 17% and 3% for averaged and individual RSSI measurement sets, respectively. While this highlights improvements from correct calibration, the Lambertian model proved to be unsuitable for non-Lambertian sources. In the absence of any existing non-Lambertian models, the authors proposed the Halo Lens Compensation (HLC) method to calibrate the considered non-Lambertian TIR sources correctly. The HLC further reduced PE in the calibrated results by 50% and 39%, with mean PE of 3.1 cm and 4.6 cm for averaged and individual RSSI measurement sets, respectively. In conclusion, for VLP using non-Lambertian sources, the existing Lambertian model is unsuitable. However, the proposed HLC is highly effective and achieves positioning accuracy comparable to existing literature using Lambertian sources.

The purpose of the IEEE Scott Helt Memorial Award is to recognize exceptional publications in the field and to stimulate interest in and encourage contributions to the fields of interest of the Society.Hequn Zhang received the master's degree in computer science and engineering from

Abstract In this paper, a deep learning integrated reinforcement learning (DLIRL) algorithm is proposed for comprehending intelligent beamsteering in Beyond Fifth Generation (B5G) networks. The smart base station in B5G networks aims to steer the beam towards appropriate user equipment based on the acquaintance of isotropic transmissions. The foremost methodology is to optimize beam direction through reinforcement learning that delivers significant improvement in signal to noise ratio (SNR). This includes alternate path finding during path obstruction and steering the beam appropriately between the smart base station and user equipment. The DLIRL is realized through supervised learning with deep neural networks and deep Q‐learning schemes. The proposed algorithm comprises of an online learning phase for training the weights and a working phase for carrying out the prediction. Results confirm that the performance of the B5G system is improved considerably as compared to its counterparts with a spectral efficiency of 11 bps/Hz at SNR = 10 dB for a bit error rate performance of 10−5. As compared to reinforced learning and deep neural network with a deviation of ±3o and ±5°, respectively, the DLIRL beamforming displays a deviation of ±2o. Moreover, the DLIRL can track the user equipment and steer the beam in its direction with an accuracy of 92%.

Due to the great demand of throughput and reliability for multimedia applications in Fifth Generation (5G) networks, many broadcasting systems adopt the Millimeter Wave (mmWave) technology to address the lack of the spectrum resources. As one of 5G-PPP projects, Internet of Radio Light (IoRL) project adopts 40GHz mmWave band to support a high-speed and stable Ultra-High-Definition (UHD) television broadcasting service in the indoor environment. Because of the high frequency property, mmWave bands usually suffers from the high path loss and the penetration loss. Thus, in order to overcome these issues, directional antennas are employed to provide additional power gain while increasing transmission distance. However, the mmWave with directional antennas brings additional problems, such as limited transmission angle and more multipath effects. Therefore, in this paper, for better understanding of impact factors on the signal quality and transmission coverage of the directional 40GHz mmWave band in the indoor environment, a measurement campaign is introduced in detail and the channel characteristics are measured and analysed in varying cases. The mainly concerned characteristics are path loss, shadow fading, average Power Delay Profile (PDP), Root-Mean-Square (RMS) delay spread, arrival rate and coherence bandwidth. All Measured characteristic values are summarised in three tables at the end of this paper. Besides of these, as a reference of channel analysis and a metric of signal quality and effective coverage, Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) of received signal in each case is measured and discussed. Moreover, a simulation is performed based on a statistical channel model to validate the measured results.

This paper presents the technical performance results of a measurement campaign from a 5G indoor millimeter Wave (mmWave) and Visible Light Communications (VLC) multi component carrier system, which was developed in a Horizon 2020 research project called Internet of Radio-Light (IoRL). The measurement campaign was performed in the famous Integer House laboratory at the Innovation Park in Building Research Establishment in Watford, U.K., which represents a typical European home environment. It includes four field test results: 1) VLC received signal quality measured as Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) against coverage, 2) mmWave received signal quality measured as EVM against coverage, 3) VLC location accuracy against a prescribed grid using received signal strength, 4) Comparison of measured and simulated Electromagnetic Field (EMF) strength against coverage. This measurement campaign not only tests the system concept in a realistic indoor home environment but also provides analysis of the results with practical recommendations on further technical enhancements required to improve the system performance and insights into viable commercial solutions and applications. Other environments in which this technology could be deployed were envisaged as: underground train platforms and tunnels, museums and supermarkets.

Wireless Capsule Endoscopy is a state-of-the-art technology for medical diagnoses of gastrointestinal diseases. The amount of data produced by an endoscopic capsule camera is huge. These vast amounts of data are not practical to be saved internally due to power consumption and the available size. So, this data must be transmitted wirelessly outside the human body for further processing. The data should be compressed and transmitted efficiently in the domain of power consumption. In this paper, a new approach in the design and implementation of a low complexity, multiplier-less compression algorithm is proposed. Statistical analysis of capsule endoscopy images improved the performance of traditional lossless techniques, like Huffman coding and DPCM coding. Furthermore the Huffman implementation based on simple logic gates and without the use of memory tables increases more the speed and reduce the power consumption of the proposed system. Further analysis and comparison with existing state-of-the-art methods proved that the proposed method has better performance.

The Internet of Radio Light (IoRL) project has developed a high performance buildings communications system with Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) facilities that can potentially provide intelligent SDN/NFV services over 1G bits/second for each room in the property up to a total of 10G bits/second, with latency from the user terminal to the property gateway of less than 0.5ms and with location estimation accuracy of less than 10 cm. Communications performance at this level of performance and intelligence will allow for innovative application and network layer services so that people can live, work and play from their home instead of being dependent on fossil fuels for physical transportation for their social interactions.

Virtual Reality (VR) systems are currently limited in either processing power, portability or functionality. 5G networking, with super high data rates and ultra-low latency, is expected to revolutionise much of what we do, notably transforming VR experiences. The Internet of Radio Light (IoRL) project presents a 5G architecture that could further enhance VR experiences by bridging gaps between various VR technologies and reducing current restrictions. This could enable a single IoRL VR system, capable of combining the significant processing performance of PC operated VR systems with similar physical freedoms offered by standalone VR headsets, as well as delivering equally impressive VR experiences to mobile users. Most notably, the IoRL project combines both Visible Light Communication (VLC) and mmWave technology to produce an Indoor Positioning System (IPS) which, as presented in earlier works, poses an opportunity for a novel VR tracking method. This paper explores the possibilities of an IoRL VR system and proposes a model and solution to evaluate the concept validity. The obtained results reflect that while this system is effective for 5G wireless localisation, further work is required to meet VR requirements.

The Internet of Radio-Light (IoRL) is a cutting-edge system paradigm to enable seamless 5G service provision in indoor environments, such as homes, hospitals, and museums. The system draws on innovative architectural structure that sits on the synergy between the Radio Access Network (RAN) technologies of millimeter Wave communications (mmWave) and Visible Light Communications (VLC) for improving network throughput, latency, and coverage compared to existing efforts. The aim of this paper is to introduce the IoRL system architecture and present the key technologies and techniques utilised at each layer of the system. Special emphasis is given in detailing the IoRL physical layer (Layer 1) and Medium Access Control layer (MAC, Layer 2) by means of describing their unique design characteristics and interfaces as well as the robust IoRL methods of improving the estimation accuracy of user positioning relying on uplink mmWave and downlink VLC measurements.

With LED-based lighting lamps now being utilized all over the world, the concept of the Internet of Lights (IoL) using existing LED illumination networks with information and communications technologies including visible light communications (VLC) was created. IoL improves the lighting efficiency and indoor lighting comfort level, and can support value-added information services by modulating the light intensity. However, further investigation of its impact on human beings is needed. This article first introduces the concept, the requirements, and the system structure of IoL using the Internet of Radio Light system as an example for information service. We investigate the feasibility of regulating human physiological rhythms, especially to alleviate degenerative neurological diseases. This would possibly bring light therapy treatments to patients in a non-intrusive way. From a preliminary set of experiments, it is seen that the hippocampus area of mice clearly reacts to the lighting at low frequency, showing the influence of light intensity variation on degenerative neurological diseases. This suggests that the future standardization of VLC needs to consider not only the system transmission performance but also its potential impact on human beings for indoor applications.

As one of the key features in 5G network, Millimeter wave (mmWave) technology can provide the ultra-wide bandwidth to support higher data rate. However, for high frequency band, mmWave signal still suffers from the high pathloss, the multipath fading and the signal blockage issue, especially in the indoor environment. For different application scenarios, the channel conditions and quality of services (QoS) are quite different. Therefore, it is essential to investigate the impact of the mmWave channel on the system performance. This paper investigates and measures the performance of a 60GHz mmWave module that is exploited for the downlink and uplink high data rate transmission in the Internet of Radio-Light (IoRL) project. The coverage area and the throughput of the mmWave module is estimated by measuring the error vector magnitude (EVM) of received signals with different transmitter (TX) and receiver (RX) angles and at different locations in a laboratory. In this paper, the measurement environment and system setup are introduced. After that, the waveform design for the measurement is also discussed. The measurement results show that this 60GHz mmWave module can provide an acceptable performance only in some cases, which restricts its application scenarios.