As construction of the FAIR accelerator complex progresses, the existing heavy ion synchrotron SIS18, the storage ring ESR and the high energy beam transfer lines HEBT have been upgraded to the future control system. Within this upgrade the beam instrumentation (BI) data acquisition (DAQ) systems have been heavily modernized too. These are now integrated into the control system with its White Rabbit based timing system, data supply (i.e. ion species, energy, etc.) and services like archiving. Dedicated clients running in the main control room allow visualization and correlation of the data and status of the BI devices. The DAQ hardware has been upgraded using new state-of-the-art components. With a trend to slowly phase out VME based systems, solutions based on standard Industrial PC for few channels as well as on the new μTCA standard for many channels have been successfully implemented. This contribution will give an overview over the upgraded BI-DAQ systems like current transformers and counter applications for ionization chambers, scintillators and more. It will also present first experiences during beam operation with the new control system, which started summer last year.

At FAIR the commissioning of the re-assembled CRYRING accelerator, formerly hosted by Manne Siegbahn Laboratory Stockholm, is currently in progress. This compact low energy heavy ion synchrotron and experimental storage ring will be the main instrument for an extensive research programme [1] as well as a testing platform for the future beam instrumentation and control system concepts decided on for FAIR. Besides many other measurement systems CRYRING is equipped with 18 beam position monitors (BPM), for which a new data acquisition system (DAQ) was developed. Based on the upcoming MicroTCA form factor in combination with FPGA mezzanine card (FMC) technology the DAQ system was designed to be state-of-the-art, reliable, modular and of high performance. Testing „Open Hardware“, here the ADC FMCs and FMC carrier boards, was another intention of that concept. The DAQ layout and obstacles that had to be overcome as well as first measurements will be presented.

The FAIR facility will provide intense primary beams of protons and heavy ions, or secondary beams of antiprotons and rare isotopes. The operation includes fixed-target experiments or subsequent facilities of independent storage rings and experiment beam lines. The particle beams greatly differ in ion species, energy, intensity, time structure, spot size and stopping power. Therefore, transverse beam profile measurements require a careful choice of detector type for each location in order to cope with the large dynamic range and operational demands. This contribution presents the actual status of FAIR detector developments for intercepting devices (SEM-grids, multi-wire proportional chambers, scintillating screens) as well as non-intercepting beam induced fluorescence monitors and ionization profile monitors. Recently, promising results were obtained with an 11.4 MeV/u Uranium beam in measurements of optical transmission radiation emitted from thin metal foils. The boundaries for the application area are described and basic detector parameters are summarized. FAIR BEAM PARAMETERS The main objectives of the upcoming FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) accelerator complex are to provide high-intensity ion beams, to generate beams of rare isotopes, as well as the production and storage of anti-protons [1]. Because the existing GSI accelerators Unilac and SIS18 will serve as injectors for FAIR a longterm upgrade program had been initiated including an extensive upgrade of beam diagnostic devices for the requirements of high-intensity operation. The foreseen FAIR standard operation modes require e.g. that Unilac routinely injects 510 U in a 150 μs macropulse into SIS18 as a booster synchrotron. From SIS18 the beam will be injected into the fast ramped superconducting heavy-ion synchrotron SIS100, the main accelerator of the future FAIR complex. SIS100 will deliver high-energy high-intensity protonand heavy ion beams near the space charge limit. The requirements for the experiments with radioactive ion beams include acceleration of up to 410 U ions/s to end energies of 400-2700 MeV/u, either in single bunches of 30-90 ns, or as slowly extracted beam with extraction times of several seconds. For the production of anti-protons 2.510 protons per pulse will be accelerated to 29 GeV with a repetition rate of 0.1 Hz and an output bunch length of 50 ns. It is clear that the large variety of beam parameters along the FAIR accelerator chain requests for well-matched diagnostic devices. Moreover, the high-energy beam transport lines (HEBT) have to be designed for the transport of ion beams with a large range of parameters. Because of the multiplexed experiment operation, the beams principally might differ on a pulse-by-pulse manner in ion species, energy, intensity, time structure and transverse beam width. The interconnection of the existing SIS18 to SIS100 has a magnetic rigidity of 18 Tm and will transport slowly and fast extracted beams in the intensity range 110310 particles per pulse. Beams to and from the storage rings will be transported by 13 Tm and 100 Tm beam lines, but also here a large range of beam intensities of 10-10 particles per pulse is planned. Additionally, the aperture has a range of 100-150 mm, which sets up additional requirements with regard to the mechanical layout of beam profile monitors. INSTRUMENTATION FOR BEAM PROFILING For the broad range of parameters adequate instruments for beam profile detection have been developed at GSI in the past years. Devices are divided into intercepting instruments, like SEM-grid, multi-wire proportional chamber (MWPC) or scintillating screens (SCR), that are specifically used for beam optimization procedures and non-intercepting devices, like beam induced fluorescence monitors (BIF) or ionization profile monitors (IPM) that allow for online profile measurements. Table 1: Typical Parameters during Test Measurements for Development of FAIR Instrumentation Device Ion Energy [MeV/u] Detection Threshold [Part./Pulse] Spatial Resol. [mm] SEMGrid U 11.4 510 <1

To cope with the demands of FAIR for UNILAC highcurrent operation, non-intercepting beam diagnostics is mandatory. A new diagnostic for transverse beam profile measurements, the Beam Induced Fluorescence monitor (BIF) was developed. After the first BIF installation in 2008 (Unilac section US1), three new monitors were installed (Unilac section UA4 and transfer-line sections TK2 and TK6) and several upgrades were performed to make the monitors more reliable and easier to use for the upcomming handover to operation. For FAIR several BIF monitors are destined for p-Linac, HEBT and SFRS and it is foreseen to realize all slow controls by Siemens SPS and FESA-based software.

The new Tune, Orbit and Position Measurement System for the SIS18, called TOPOS, is a replacement for the present POSI BPM System. Currently TOPOS is installed in parallel and uses the same analogue amplification chain as POSI. TOPOS consists of 12 Libera Hadron units [1] for front-end processing. The Libera stations sample the four analog plate signals of a BPM pick-up with four 14 Bit ADCs at 125 MHz. One of the main improvements of the TOPOS is the capability of Bunch-By-Bunch measurement and recording. To achieve a proper position calculation at bunch rates from 850 KHz up to 6 MHz, several processing steps like bunch detection [2] and baseline restitution [3] have to be performed online. Implementation of these algorithms is done inside Libera’s FPGA which uses the sampled ADC values to perform the signal correction and calculation of the beam position values. For validation of consistency of the measured positions and timing purposes, the Liberas receive in addition four digital signals. Two signals are used as Startand StopTrigger. Three timestamps are calculated for time measurement and consistency checking. These timestamps are derived from the rf signal of the accelerating cavity. To minimize measurement divergences due to skew, jitter and clock inaccuracy, all Liberas are clocked synchronously with an 125 MHz timing signal. All these signals are generated externally and distributed by a low skew fan-out. Because of the high signal dynamics over the different acceleration cycles, information about the signal in form of SNR and overand under-load (including ADCclipping) is retained. The complete set of measurement data and parameters are collected in a 96 Bit data package per bunch and produces a maximum data rate of about 580 MBit/s per BPM. The data stream of all 12 Libera stations is handled by a dedicated 10 GbE LAN and two so called Concentrator and Control Computers (CCCPs). TOPOS is also the pilot project for DAQ software integration in FESA at GSI, which was realized on the CCCPs [4, 5]. In the design and implementation phase of TOPOS great care was taken to realize a scalable and modularized data acquisition system for BPMs which serves also as a prototype for the future SIS100.

The Front End Software Architecture (FESA) developed at CERN was chosen to serve as the front-end level of the future FAIR control system [1]. FESA provides the tools to design and operate DAQ systems (FESA classes) based on common platforms such as PCI, cPCI and VME. It handles common tasks like multiplexing and publishing of the data to Java based GUI applications. A complete FESA framework environment (V2.10) has now been established at GSI, which already allows developments for the existing accelerators to obtain the expertise with the development techniques and the look-andfeel of the final applications.

The SIS100 heavy ion synchrotron will be the central machine of the FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research) project currently designed at GSI. The unique features of SIS100, like e.g. the acceleration of high intensity beams of 2.510 protons and 510 Uranium ions near the space charge limit, the anticipated large tune spread, extreme UHV conditions of the cryogenic system for superconducting magnets and fast ramp rates of 4 T/s, make challenging demands on the beam diagnostic components. This contribution describes the conceptual design for SIS100 beam diagnostics and reports on the present status of prototype studies. Exemplarily the progress concerning beam position monitors, beam current transformers and beam-loss monitors is presented. THE FAIR FACILITY AND SIS100 At present GSI conducts the final planning and engineering layout of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research FAIR. The modularized start version of FAIR, as depicted in Fig. 1 consists of the p-Linac, a dedicated linear accelerator for high current proton beams, the SIS100 synchrotron for the acceleration of protons and heavy ions, the super fragment separator for production of rare-isotope beams, the antiproton target for pBar production, the collector ring CR for accumulation of RIBs and pBar and the High-Energy Storage Ring HESR for pBar experiments. More details about the FAIR project are given in [1]. Figure 1: Existing GSI and layout of the FAIR accelerator complex (NESR and RESR not part of the start version). This contribution concentrates on the beam diagnostic system of SIS100 as the main machine of FAIR. SIS100 will deliver high intensity, high energy proton and ion beams for the various experimental programs of FAIR. Acceleration of up to 410 U ions/s to energies of 400-2700 MeV/u is required for the production of radioactive ion beams, either compressed to a single bunch of 30-90 ns, or as slowly extracted beam. For the production of pBar 2.510 protons per pulse will be accelerated up to the energy of 29 GeV with a repetition rate of 5 Hz and an output bunch length of 50 ns. For the condensed baryonic matter program acceleration of 10 U ions per cycle with slow extraction is foreseen. Moreover, SIS100 includes a number of engineering challenges, like operation at ultra-high vacuum of 510 mbar, superconducting synchrotron magnets with 4 T/s ramp rate, control of beam-losses by implementation of a collimator system and a rf-compression system for single bunches of high intensity, cf. [2]. Beam diagnostic devices for SIS100 have to comply with these technological boundary conditions and have to ensure precise determination of all relevant beam parameters. BEAM DIAGNOSTIC LAYOUT An overview of the planned beam diagnostic devices for SIS100 is presented in Table 1. Table 1: Overview of Foreseen Diagnostic Systems Device Parameter # pcs. Acronym DC Transformer dc beam current 1 DCCT DC-Transformer (novel system) dc beam current (high current, high rep.

For the upcoming 'Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research' (FAIR) at GSI, the Front End Software Architecture (FESA) framework built by CERN has been chosen to serve as front-end level of the future FAIR control system [1]. All beam diagnostic devices of FAIR will be controlled by FESA classes that are addressable by the new control system. The connectivity to the old control system is retained, since both control systems will be in operation contemporaneously for several years. Commercially available Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) have been installed as part of Beam Induced Fluorescence (BIF) monitors to replace outdated network attached devices and to improve the reliability of the BIF systems. The new PLC devices are controlled by FESA classes which are addressed from the existing C++ software via Remote Data Access (RDA) calls. This contribution describes the system setup and the involved software components to access the PLC hardware.

GSI accelerators are currently equipped with four Beam Induced Fluorescence (BIF) monitors. They determine the transverse beam profiles without beam disturbance by detecting the fluorescence light generated by excitation of a working gas (N2) with the passing ion beam. Therefore, they are well suited to observe the beam at multiple positions simultaneously [1]. The fluorescence photons are detected by two microchannel plate (MCP) based image intensifier systems using FireWire CCD cameras to determine the horizontal and vertical beam profile. Each camera lens has a remote controllable iris to adjust the number of photons hitting the photo cathode of the intensifier system. Irises and MCP amplification are controlled by an Ethernet connected DAC electronics. Additionally, each BIF monitor comprises a pressure control unit to inject defined gas pressures into the beam pipe and a timing decoder to trigger the cameras and the MCPs.

One of the main challenges of the planned Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at GSI in Darmstadt is to handle its complex parallel and multiplexed beam operation. In addition, the size of the FAIR project demands for tailor-made but yet extendible solutions with respect to all technical subsystems, especially for the control system. In order to operate and maintain the large amount of front-end equipment, standardized solutions are an absolute must. Moreover, facility-wide standards have to be defined to give guidelines and interface specifications to the international collaborators and external partners for so-called "in-kind contributions". For this reason, GSI decided to use the Front-end Software Architecture (FESA) at the lowest level of the control system. FESA was developed by CERN and is already operational at LHC and its injectors. This report presents a framework overview and summarizes the status of the FESA test installation at GSI. Additionally, first experiences with the SIS18 BPM system controlled via FESA are presented.

Within the FAIR SIS18 upgrade the data acquisition hardware as well as the concept for signal treatment of the Beam Position Monitoring system (BPM) were renovated. The former BPM system was based on the analog narrowband signal processing (see [1]). Since any information concerning an individual bunch is lost, observation in the turn-by-turn scale as well as tune measurement is impossible. Hence, a new data acquisition (DAQ) was developed. Acting as a prototype realization for the FAIR Control System, the software part of the DAQ is realized within the framework FESA [2], the Front-End Software Architecture developed by CERN. The programming is performed in cooperation with Cosylab [3].

As optical beam instrumentation at GSI, mainly scintillator screens are used and read out with analogue cameras. This system is simple and cheap, but suffers from some disadvantages which are solved by the new, completely digital system: exact triggering, exposition control, histogram/projection calculation and picture stora ge for offline analysis. As prototype setups the HITRAP experiment, as well as a scintillator test installation have been equipped with digital FireWire cameras (AVT Marlin F033B). The components of the new system are schematically shown in Fig. 1. The FireWire cameras are connected via fiber optical extenders to dedicated image processing hardware, acting as middle layer between the camera and the PC running the Graphical User Interface (GUI). For this purpose, the embedded system from National Instruments Compact Vision System 1456 (CVS) [1] is used running a LabView Real-Time application, implemented by an industrial partner [2]. Images from up to four active cameras can be compressed, mirrored, rotated, cropped and sent to a Windows or Linux PC. For timing purposes, a programmable timing decoder and trigger generator with network connection is used. The camera iris is connected to an Ethernet-controlled ’iris-control’ device.

A long-time experience in emittance measurements and result evaluation at GSI were transformed into a set of numerical instruments to perform basic and advanced data analysis for data obtained in various emittance measurement systems. The common problems and differences between slit-grid-, pepper-potand longitudinal emittance data analysis are discussed. Some aspects of non-linear algorithms particularly for the case of non-zero slit width and pepper-pot holes diameter are presented. TOOLBOX APPLICATIONS Historically the emittance evaluation software development has been started as a part of control and evaluation software developed for a new pepper-pot emittance measurement device [1]. The data evaluation software was designed as a standalone application providing a Component Object Model (COM) interface to data mining software. The main requirement at that time was a maximum compatibility with the existing algorithms used for classical slit-grid measurements. With the time and with new emittance control techniques new demands were issued to finally produce an idea of the Toolbox which is both, conservative, to provide trusted results, and flexible, to be adapted to different devices and data structures. Figure 1: The Toolbox is used for various emittance measurement methods and systems. Fig. 1 schematically shows three emittance measurement systems for which the Toolbox is used on regular basis: the classical slit-grid device a), a high performance pepper-pot system b) [2] and TOF-based longitudinal emittance measurement system c) [3]. BASIC FUNCTIONALITY The Toolbox core is a library of MATLAB scripts, which are covering emittance data import, export, evaluation and presentation. Included extensions provide a Microsoft Word interface for report production and interactive tools for batch calculations and interactive digital experiments. In the simplest case the Toolbox provides basic procedures to present most common data related to the accelerated beam. Fig. 2 shows the main page printed by Toolbox using MATLAB Word interface. One can see the phase space, beam profile, statistical data and marginal emittance as a function of threshold level. Very often the original data includes a significant amount of noise or measurement system artefacts. Therefore some basic data reduction procedures are normally executed before the data is finally processed. Figure 2: The standard graphical output of evaluated data. The data pre-evaluation script is also printed within the graphical output, so afterwards one can see the applied procedures.

HITRAP is an ion trap facility which is designed for deceleration and cooling of highly charged ions produced by the GSI-accelerator facilities. The ions are decelerated in the ESR and then ejected at 4 MeV/u. Subsequently they are further decelerated by the HITRAP linac [1]. Since the HITRAP decelerator gets an ion bunch from the ESR every 50-60 seconds, it is necessary during linac commissioning to measure the transverse emittance within a single shot. The pepperpot method is the ideal choice for this task, because the horizontal and vertical emittance are measured at the same time. The GSI pepperpot emittance meter was built during the late nineties for high current emittance measurements at the UNILAC [2]. The ion beam is shot through a plate with a regular matrix of apertures. The beam spots of the transmitted ions are detected via scintillation on a phosphor screen, which is caught by an cooled CCD camera. Assuming that the aperture holes are points and by knowledge of the distribution of the scintillation on the phosphor one can calculate the transverse emittances only from geometry. Measurements at the UNILAC revealed problems in the emittance evaluation from pepperpot measurements. The emittance values were always larger than the values determined with the slit grid method. In order to proof the reliability of the pepperpot device, a comparison with the “nondestructive evaluationmethod”was done at HLI prior to the HITRAP measurements. Measurements were taken with both methods under the same beam conditions. Data evaluation showed that the pepperpot measurements showed approx. 50%–100% bigger emittances than the other method no matter how the settings of the pepperpotmeasurements were changed. Single-shot emittance results of HLI were 14.3mm·mrad in horizontal and 13.0mm·mrad in vertical direction compared to the non-destructive evaluation with horizontal 5.9mm·mrad and vertical 10.4mm·mrad. The data analysis of the correct emittance from pepperpot measurements is done by the following scheme. The background is cut in 1% steps of the maximum intensity and the emittance was calculated for each cut. Therewith one gets a curve shown in fig.1 that is linear only in a region, where the real beam is cut. By extrapolation to the 0% cut the real emittance of the ion beam is determined. The pepperpot system was transfered to the reinjection channel for the first two commissioning beam times of the HITRAP Double Drift Bunchers (DDB). First HITRAP measurements were done with 64Ni28+. It was found that the resolution of the current pepperpot aperture plate was not sufficient due to ion beam diameter restrictions. For

The planned Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research (FAIR) at GSI in Darmstadt is a very challenging task due to its dimension and complexity. Several new heavy ion accelerators have to be built and then operated in parallel and multiplexed modes. In order to cope with these unique requirements numerous collaboration partners are involved to add so-called "in-kind contributions" to the project. Detailed guidelines and interface specifications have to be defined in advance to avoid an indefinite pool of different technologies which have to be handled by the future control system. For that purpose, GSI decided to use the Front-end Software Architecture (FESA) at the lowest level of the control system. FESA was developed by CERN and is already established for usage at LHC and its injectors. It is a framework to integrate any kind of equipment such as beam instrumentation devices, magnet power supplies, vacuum- and cryogenic components into the control system. A framework overview, its advantages, and boundary conditions provided by FESA are described.

As part of the GSI duties for the Heidelberg Ion Therapy (HIT), GSI Beam Diagnostics (BD) group acted as contractor for the delivery of beam diagnostic devices. This contract includes production of the mechanical parts (feed-throughs, detectors etc.) as well as installation and commissioning of the 92 different diagnostic devices at the HIT facility and, additionally, integration of the data acquisition into the accelerator control system.