以西蓝花为对象,研究了露地菜田不同施肥方式下土壤氮转化酶、氮转化功能基因及氮吸收量的差异,监测了西蓝花生育期内不同时期0～100 cm 土壤硝态氮含量动态变化.结果表明:①施氮处理(CF、CU80％和CU60％)土壤脲酶活性是缺氮处理(PK)的1.78～3.11倍,差异显著(p＜0.05),并且其AOA、AOB、nirS、nirK和nosZ丰度分别较PK处理分别增加了26.35％～50.98％、57.69％～126.73％、50.76％～120.79％、31.41％～118.07％和39.45％～282.95％.减氮20％控释掺混肥一次性底施处理(CU80％和CU60％)与传统底追结合施肥处理(CF)之间的脲酶活性和氮转化功能基因丰度均无显著差异(p＞0.05).②不同施肥处理植株全氮含量和吸氮量无显著差异(p＞0.05).③与CF处理相比,CU80％处理提高了0～20cm土壤硝态氮供应,其含量是CF处理的1.97～15.22倍.④试验开始后第31 d,施肥、灌溉和降雨导致试验地块40～60 cm和60～80 cm土壤硝态氮平均含量分别增加到种植前的3.37倍和7.33倍,且80～100 cm 土壤硝态氮含量高达23.22 mg·kg-1.西蓝花采收后,试验区各土层硝态氮平均含量均降到8mg·kg-1以下,表明西蓝花种植期间发生了明显的硝酸盐淋溶.⑤追肥、灌溉和降雨导致CF处理40～60、60～80和80～100cm土壤硝态氮含量分别增加到55.98、51.69和36.04 mg·kg-1,而CU80％处理相应土层的硝态氮含量分别仅为CF处理的5.91％、18.61％和26.69％.综上结果表明,减氮20％控释掺混肥一次性底施(CU80％)在满足土壤氮转化、耕层氮供应和作物吸氮的前提下,有效削减了硝态氮淋溶,显著降低了农田面源污染.

土壤是农作物生长的立地基础,对土壤的实际肥力进行全面客观的了解,可以促进肥料的合理施用、土壤养分的有效管理,最终实现农业资源的可持续发展.该研究以北京市平谷区为对象,经过实地调研,确定以土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾作为土壤肥力指标,对土壤肥力进行了多角度分析.结果表明:(1)研究区土壤有机质和全氮在空间上呈北部高、南部较低的变化趋势,速效钾含量在全区均较高,有效磷在重点区含量较高;(2)土壤肥力在土壤剖面中呈现自上而下逐渐递减的规律;(3)全区只有少部分地区存在缺磷限制型耕地;(4)根据研究区大量土壤数据资料,建立耕地质量管理信息系统,可为农业科技人员数据管理和决策提供有力的工具.

Agriculture has played an indispensable role in the economic and social development of China. However, the inappropriate application of fertilizers in agriculture has brought about environmental pollution. Therefore, under the requirements of green development, the inevitable choice has been reducing the application amount while increasing the utilization rate of fertilizers. To solve the problems resulting from fertilizers, this research designed and made Balanced Nutrient Fertilizer based on the nutrient balance method. To test Balanced Nutrient Fertilizer, continuous planting experiments on three crops (peas, corns, and peaches) were carried out in Pinggu District, Beijing. Furthermore, a substance flow analysis (SFA) was conducted to obtain a deeper understanding of the Balanced Nutrient Fertilizer. Through a series of tests, the application of Balanced Nutrient Fertilizer was shown to increase the crop yield by 3%. The product quality was also improved. In addition, the amount of nutrients applied was significantly reduced in the experimental group (specifically, 35%-88% for nitrogen, 69%-93% for phosphorus, and 8%-82% for potassium). The results of the SFA revealed that applying the Balanced Nutrient Fertilizer could meet the required amount of nutrients for the best crop growth, greatly decrease the negative influence of chemical fertilizers on the soil and reduce agricultural non-point source pollution.

为探索包膜尿素掺混肥料在露地西蓝花规模化生产中的应用潜力,提高西蓝花大规模生产中轻简化施肥水平,对比研究了包膜尿素掺混肥料一次性底施和常规施肥方式下,西蓝花的产出(综合采收指数和产量)、品质(硝酸盐和维生素C含量)、成本、净经济效益以及不同生育期土壤耕层硝态氮供应和植株养分吸收量变化.结果 表明,包膜尿素(释放期60天)与磷酸二铵、硫酸钾掺混一次性底施,西蓝花综合采收指数为54.67,亩产量为1.65 t,较常规施肥增加3.96％;硝酸盐含量为634.52 mg/kg,较常规施肥降低2.14％;维生素C含量为335.45 mg/kg;亩节省追肥用工成本180元,亩增加肥料成本32.73元,综合亩节本147.27元,亩增加净经济效益373.2元,增幅12.28％;苗期和莲座期耕层土壤硝态氮含量分别是常规施肥方式的2.7倍和3.2倍;苗期、莲座期和花球采收期植株的养分吸收量与常规施肥方式无差异.综上,包膜尿素掺混肥一次性底施,可稳定西蓝花产量和品质,保障不同生育期土壤的氮素供应和植株的养分吸收,节本增效效果显著,在露地西蓝花规模化生产中具有较大的推广应用价值.

为了减少豌豆栽培中氮和磷的用量、提高肥料利用率、实现稳产和改善豌豆品质,根据豌豆生长发育对营养的需求,设计并配制了豌豆均衡营养肥并开展了大田肥效试验.试验在不同地点分别设置了豌豆均衡营养肥处理和对照处理,每个处理面积3.33 hm2,通过测定单产、百粒质量、干物质、可溶性总糖、粗蛋白、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和黄酮含量,豌豆和豆秧中的氮、磷、钾含量以及土壤养分指标,研究豌豆均衡营养肥对豌豆产量和品质的影响.结果表明:豌豆均衡营养肥能够满足豌豆整个生长周期对氮、磷、钾等营养元素的需求;在大幅度减氮、减磷的情况下,确保了豌豆产量,提高了豌豆中可溶性总糖、蛋白质、黄酮和直链淀粉或支链淀粉的含量,进而提高了豌豆的营养价值.

缓控释肥料与普通肥料相比具有施肥次数少、肥料效率高、提高产量、改善品质等优点. 由北京世纪阿姆斯生物技术有限公司生产的生物包膜复合肥(缓控释肥),采用先进的生物包膜技术,添加高活性功能菌,具有养分释放均匀,高钾含量的大桃专用配方等优点.为验证该缓控释肥的肥效,特选择北京市平谷区进行田间肥效鉴定试验, 为该肥料推广提供理论依据.

在微喷带灌溉施肥条件下，以常规复合肥撒施为对照，研究“芭田”和“圣诞树”2种水溶肥以不同用量微喷施入对豆苗产量、水分利用和产投比的分析，提出豆苗微喷施入“芭田”和“圣诞树”2种水溶肥效果较好，前期喷施5 kg/667 m2，后期2次每次喷施6 kg/667 m2，共喷施17 kg/667 m2，比常规对照总纯养分投入减少14.8 kg/667 m2，分别增产10.9%和9.7%，节本增收417元/667 m2和348元/667 m2。

With regular border irrigation and drip irrigation as control,the effect of first generation of trace irrigation system under 2 conditions of mulch-covering and surface exposed on peach growth,yield and water use efficiency in the greenhouse were researched.The results show that,compared to regular border irrigation and drip irrigation,the trace irrigation with pipe buried under 30 cm depth in the earth and mulch covered saved water 80.1 m3/667 m2 and 40.0 m3/667 m2 respectively;water use efficiency increased 16.1 kg/m3 and 10.6 kg/m3 respectively,and no significant differences in economic output.The trace irrigation with pipe buried only 3 cm depth and surface exposed saved water 88.9 m3/667 m2 and 39.8 m3/667 m2,but the economic yield decreased 11.5% and 25.3% respectively.This may suggest the trace irrigation should be buried under 30 cm depth with mulch-covering when used on fruit trees.

The effect of 6 perennial forages on the soil water content and weed in young orchard was studied through the field intercrop experiments.The results indicated that the soil water content was increased and the weed growth was restrained.The priority order of 6 forages was white clover(Haifa)alfalfa(Empress 2000)hybred clover(Aurora)common prairie milk vetchDactylis glomerata(Amba)perennial ryegrass(Toya).