Background. Sports betting is growing in popularity at alarming rates, especially among young adults. However, sports betting is not yet widely considered as a public health concern due in part to scarce examination of health correlates. The present study entailed cross-sectional examination of associations between problem sports betting and indices of hazardous alcohol use and negative alcohol-related consequences, and whether associations were moderated by same-day drinking and sports betting. Method. The sample comprised 221 young adults aged 18-29 with representation from 36 different states in the U.S. (Mage=24.4; 77.7% male; 64.6% white). Eligibility criteria included betting on sports at least twice in the past month. Results. Zero truncated negative binomial hurdle models revealed that problem sports betting scores were significantly associated with hazardous alcohol use (i.e. AUDIT scores) for those who drank at least once in the past 3-months. Problem sports betting was also associated with any (vs. no) negative alcohol-related consequences, as well as number of negative consequences young adults experienced. Both count models were moderated by same-day drinking and sports betting such that positive associations were amplified among those who more frequently drank and bet on sports on the same day. Conclusions. Findings provide early-stage evidence for a link between problem sports betting and alcohol-related problems among young adults, especially those who more frequently engage in both behaviors within the same timeframe. These results highlight the need for more research on sports betting from a public health lens as the prevalence of this addictive behavior continues to rise.

In recent years a fear of missing out (FOMO) on short-term monetary gains through speculative trading has been highlighted as a driving force of financial behaviors. Additionally, increasing evidence has likened speculative trading to gambling. The current study sought to determine whether financial FOMO is linked to stock market and cryptocurrency trading activities and problem gambling severity in both traditional gambling and financial trading domains, among a sample of 258 college students. Results of binomial regression and hurdle model analyses found that financial FOMO was linked to participation in stock market and cryptocurrency trading. Financial FOMO was also associated with problem gambling severity in traditional gambling and the presence of gambling problems in the stock market trading domain. Our results suggest that financial FOMO may be a salient risk factor of problem gambling in traditional gambling domains and, to a smaller degree, in the speculative trading domain among young adults.

Background: The rapid rise in sports betting, especially among young adults (age 18-29), necessitates identifying health correlates of this addictive behavior. The present study examined associations between problem sports betting symptoms and mental health and well-being, which represents a timely literature gap. Method: The sample was 221 young adult sport bettors from 36 different states ( M age = 24.4, 77.7% male). Regression models estimated associations between problem sports betting severity (PGSI-SB) and symptoms of depression, anxiety, psychological distress, loneliness, and stress, as well as indices of well-being, including satisfaction with life, optimism, connectedness, and social functioning. Results: Young adults with greater problem sports betting severity had significantly higher scores on each index of mental health symptomology and had poorer indices of well-being. The strongest relative effect size was the association between problem sports betting severity and stress (a 1SD increase in PGSI-SB score corresponded to 48% of a standard deviation increase in stress). Conclusions: This study provides novel and timely evidence for associations between problem sports betting and various indices of mental health and well-being; thus, highlighting the need for rapid development of holistic prevention/intervention strategies aimed at the intersection of problem sports betting and mental health.

BACKGROUND:Alcohol expectancies (AE; beliefs about the likelihood of outcomes) and valuations (beliefs about the desirability of outcomes) may help explain alcohol use by young adults. However, it remains unclear how variability in AE and valuations over time are related to alcohol-related outcomes, and whether these associations are moderated by sex. The current study addressed these gaps in knowledge by examining within-person variability among positive and negative AEs, valuations, and alcohol-related outcomes over a 12-month period.METHODS:Data were collected from 433 college students (Mage  = 20.06; 59.81% women) who completed surveys at 4 timepoints: at baseline and 3-month, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up.RESULTS:We found substantial within-person variability in both AE and valuations (intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 50% to 66%), and differences in variability by sex, with women showing more variability than men. Multilevel models revealed that weekly drinking was significantly higher at timepoints in which participants held relatively greater AE for sociability, sexuality, and risk/aggression, but lower when participants expected greater effects on self-perception. Weekly drinking was also higher when participants reported more favorable valuation of risk/aggression. Participants experienced significantly more negative consequences at timepoints in which they held relatively greater AE for sexuality and self-perception. No AEs were associated with a reduced likelihood of negative consequences. Participants experienced more negative consequences at timepoints in which they reported more favorable valuation of self-perception No valuations were associated with fewer consequences. Several between- and within-person associations were moderated by sex.CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest that AE and valuations are dynamic, that young adults' beliefs about the effects of alcohol varied over time, and that both negative and positive AE and valuations may be important correlates of alcohol use and consequences. These findings have implications for interventions designed to challenge expectancies and valuations with the goal of reducing alcohol use and associated consequences.

Today's college students have grown up with legalized gambling and access to a variety of gambling venues. Compared to the general adult population, rates of disordered gambling among college students are nearly double. Previous research suggests that the desire to win money is a strong motivator to gamble (Neighbors et al. in J Gambl Stud 18: 361-370, 2002a); however, there is a dearth of literature on attitudes towards money in relation to gambling behavior. The current study evaluated the association between the four subscales of the Money Attitude Scale (Yamauchi and Templer in J Pers Assess 46: 522-528, 1982) and four gambling outcomes (frequency, quantity, consequences and problem severity) in a sample of college students (ages 18-25; N = 2534) using hurdle negative binomial regression model analyses. Results suggest that college students who hold high Power-Prestige or Anxiety attitudes toward money were more likely to gamble and experience greater consequences related to their gambling. Distrust attitudes were negatively associated with gambling behaviors. Retention-Time attitudes were not significantly associated with gambling behaviors and may not be directly relevant to college students, given their often limited fiscal circumstances. These findings suggest that money attitudes may be potential targets for prevention programs in this population.

This research addressed gaps in the literature by testing relationships between perceived descriptive alcohol use norms and individual's own alcohol use and consequences among tribal college and university (TCU) students. Survey data were collected from 3239 tribal college students in 22 TCUs across the United States in 2015 and 2016, of whom 3174 provided usable data on the variables of interest for the current manuscript. Results indicated students misperceived the descriptive norms for alcohol use at their TCU, on average estimating students at their college drank more frequently, more per occasion, and more total drinks per week relative to the observed averages on these outcomes. Participants' own drinking was significantly related to their perceived norms, with higher perceived norms related to more drinking. In addition, higher perceived norms were associated with greater alcohol-related negative consequences and lower likelihood of being a non-drinker. These findings extend research with students at majority-serving colleges and universities, indicating normative misperceptions exist and have similar relationships to alcohol use and consequences among TCU students nationwide. These findings support adaptation of normative feedback interventions for use with TCU students to emphasize healthy alcohol norms and correct misperceptions that support the stereotype that all students drink to excess.

Bipolar DisordersVolume 22, Issue 1 p. 97-100 CLINICAL CONUNDRUM Bipolar disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in rural primary care: Extending specialty care reach Joseph M. Cerimele, Corresponding Author Joseph M. Cerimele cerimele@uw.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-8640-7412 Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Seattle, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA Correspondence Joseph M. Cerimele, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 356560, Seattle, WA, United States. Email: cerimele@uw.eduSearch for more papers by this authorTy W. Lostutter, Ty W. Lostutter Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Seattle, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USASearch for more papers by this author Joseph M. Cerimele, Corresponding Author Joseph M. Cerimele cerimele@uw.edu orcid.org/0000-0002-8640-7412 Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Seattle, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA Correspondence Joseph M. Cerimele, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St., Box 356560, Seattle, WA, United States. Email: cerimele@uw.eduSearch for more papers by this authorTy W. Lostutter, Ty W. Lostutter Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences Seattle, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 October 2019 https://doi.org/10.1111/bdi.12858Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume22, Issue1February 2020Pages 97-100 RelatedInformation

Although the 9/11 GI Bill gives veterans access to educational benefits, many return from deployment with physical and psychological challenges that may impede academic success. The current study assessed veteran and nonveteran students reports of alcohol misuse and psychiatric symptoms. The study sought to examine how identifying as a veteran and/or a college student might influence the relationship between veteran status and alcohol and psychiatric symptoms. Participants were 184 veteran and 201 nonveteran students, who completed measures of alcohol use and problems, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), generalized anxiety, depression symptoms, and identification with college student and veteran identities. Veterans were less likely to identify with typical college students compared to nonveterans. There were no significant differences in alcohol use, consequences, or PTSD symptoms between veteran and nonveteran students. However, veteran status was associated with lower scores on measures of depression and anxiety. Interestingly, identification with typical students was associated with lower scores on all measures of mental health symptoms. Moderation analyses suggests that higher identification with typical college student identity was associated with fewer PTSD symptoms particularly among veterans. Identification with typical students may be associated with fewer mental health symptoms among college students, particularly veterans returning to college.

Protective behavioural strategies (PBS) for drinking are behaviours that individuals engage in to reduce the amount they drink and drinking-related consequences. To date, little is known about associations that PBS might have with other risky behaviours that frequently coincide with drinking, such as gambling. The goal of this study was to examine the associations between three subscales of the Protective Behavioral Strategies Scale (PBSS) and gambling consequences in a college sample of gamblers who also met criteria for alcohol or drug abuse. We hypothesized that engaging in more drinking PBS would be associated with lower levels of gambling consequences. A sample of 316 students (55% female) completed an online survey and met criteria for problematic gambling behaviour (3 or more on the South Oaks Gambling Screen and 1 or more consequences on the Gambling Problem Index). Those endorsing a higher score on the Serious Harm Reduction subscale (but not the Stopping or Limiting Drinking or Manner of Drinking subscales) showed a lower level of lifetime gambling consequences, suggesting a crossover effect. Strategies to reduce serious harm represent a treatment target that could potentially reduce negative consequences associated with both drinking and gambling.

Both gambling and stimulant use are common and can lead to problems on college campuses with consequences that impact the financial, emotional, academic and physical well-being of students. Yet few studies have been conducted to understand the co-occurrence of these conditions and the increased risk factors if any that may exist for gambling and related problems. The present study is among the first to document the co-occurrence of these behaviors in both a random sample of students (N = 4640), and then to explore to what extent stimulant use impacts subsequent gambling and related problems 12 months later in an at-risk sample (N = 199). Results revealed a three-fold higher rate of recent problem gambling for those who used stimulants versus those who had not (11 vs. 4 %). For those already gambling, stimulant use predicted an increased frequency in gambling 12 months later. Implications for prevention and screening are discussed.

ABSTRACT Heavy drinking and psychiatric symptoms pose challenges to college student Veterans and may undermine academic success. We used Boynton College Student Health Survey data to assess high-risk drinking (HRD), psychiatric symptoms, and psychosocial stressors among student Veterans (N-1,679) with and without prior deployment. Rates of HRD and consequences were higher among deployed Veterans compared to those who had not been deployed. In adjusted analyses, HRD and a mental health diagnosis were associated with a greater number of academic consequences. Lower perceived support from faculty and difficulty managing stress were associated with lower GPA and academic problems. Research is needed to inform risk-reduction strategies targeting student Veterans, particularly those who perceive little on-campus support and experience high levels of stress. Key words: Alcohol, college students, veterans, mental health, academic performance, stress ********** College students who served in the US military face unique academic, health, and psychosocial stressors compared to the general college student population. Over 800,000 Veterans and family members are enrolled in US colleges nationwide under the Post 9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act (Department of Veterans Affairs, 2012, Student Veterans of America, 2012); many of whom are among the new generation of combat Veterans who served in Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom; OEF) and Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom; OIF). Veterans are non-traditional students due to their military experience and because they are generally older (age > 25 years) and more likely to be married or have children compared to the overall US college student population (US Department of Education, 2009). Research on degree persistence and completion among student Veterans is sparse, although some data suggest that compared to their non-Veteran peers, Veterans enroll at higher rates but have lower degree completion rates (Perskey & Oliver, 2011 ; Whikehart, 2010). Because individuals who drop out of college face a greater likelihood of poverty and other financial burdens compared to their graduated peers (Horn et al., 2004; U.S. Census Bureau, 2007), identification of factors that impact educational attainment among student Veterans is critical to support their career success and quality of life. Military deployments impact physical and psychological health, as well as reintegration into relationships, school and work (Spelman et al., 2012). Many OEF/OIF Veterans have experienced combat-related stressors, multiple tours of duty and prolonged separation from friends and family, increasing their risk for post-deployment stress and alcohol misuse (Jakupcak et al., 2010; Maguen et al., 2010; Seal et al., 2010, 2011). There is emerging evidence that these symptoms are salient for Veteran college students and may impact their academic success. A recent national survey of OEF/OIF student Veterans found that 24% and 46% endorsed symptoms of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Rudd et al., 2011), respectively. In addition, one-fifth of student Veterans who completed the College Student Health Study (CSHS; 2010), a state-wide health survey of college students in Minnesota, reported that their alcohol use negatively impacted academic performance or class attendance; this proportion nearly doubled for those who engaged in high-risk drinking ([greater than or equal to] 5 drinks in one sitting within the past two weeks) (Widome et al., 2011b). Among a CSHS subsample of OEF/OIF Veteran college students, those with a PTSD diagnosis were 1.5 times more likely to report high-risk drinking (HRD) compared to Veterans without PTSD (Widome et ah, 2011a). Finally, results of qualitative interviews with OEF/OIF Veteran college students indicated that post-deployment stress interfered with their ability to concentrate in class and to relate to their non-Veteran peers and faculty at their school (Ellison et ah, 2012; Sayer et ah, 2009). …

Disordered gambling has been linked to increased negative affect, and some promising treatments have been shown to be effective at reducing gambling behaviors and related problems (Larimer et al. in Addiction 107:1148-1158, 2012). The current study seeks to expand upon the findings of Larimer et al. (Addiction 107:1148-1158, 2012) by examining the relationship between gambling-related problems and mental health symptoms in college students. Specifically, the three-group design tested the effects of two brief interventions for gambling—an individual, in-person personalized feedback intervention (PFI) delivered using motivational interviewing and group-based cognitive behavioral therapy, versus assessment only on mood outcomes. The mediating effect of gambling-related problems on mood was also explored. Participants (N = 141; 65% men; 60% Caucasian, 28% Asian) were at-risk college student gamblers [South Oaks Gambling Screen (Lesieur and Blume in Am J Psychiatry 144:1184-1188, 1987) ≥3], assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Gambling problems were assessed using the Gambling Problems Index (Neighbors et al. in J Gamb Stud 18:339-360, 2002). Mental health symptoms were assessed using the depression, anxiety, and hostility subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory (Derogatis in Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): administration, scoring, and procedures manual, National Computer Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, 1993). Results revealed that the PFI condition differentially reduced negative mood, and that reductions in gambling-related problems partially mediated this effect. Implications for intervention for comorbid mood and gambling disorders are discussed.