Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are rare but genetically diverse neuromuscular disorders caused by mutations of over 35 distinct genes. They are characterized by muscle weakness due to defective neuromuscular transmission. The RAPSN gene plays a crucial role in the assembly of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction and is linked to approximately 15 percent of cases of congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS). We employed a computational framework in this study to investigate the pathological effects of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the RAPSN gene, utilizing specialized bioinformatics programs such as SIFT, PolyPhen, and MutPred2. Out of 38,888 nsSNPs, 104 were identified as harmful with14 mutations including C382F (rs773403514), G240R (rs773316367) and G240W (rs773316367) impacting the stability and structure of the protein. Homology modelling detailed the structure of protein validated by high RMSD scores and Ramachandran plot which highlight the deviations from native structure. Molecular docking studies predicted the interactions of ligands such as silibinin, silymarin, EGCG and apocynin with mutant protein. Among these, silibinin exhibited the most promising interaction for mitigating the effects of oxidative stress and inflammation characteristic of CMS. Silibinin demonstrated stable dynamic binding confirmed via 100 ns MD validation. Further, post-translational modification analysis predicated the critical alteration i.e. loss of methylation and phosphorylation site and clustering analysis showed mutations such as G240R and G240W are associated with risk of cancer. Our findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying CMS and highlight the potential for developing tailored therapeutic strategies targeting the RAPSN pathway to improve clinical outcomes.

Due to their specific physicochemical properties, cobalt-based nanomaterials have been largely considered in terms of their biomedical and catalytic usage. This study aimed to synthesize cobalt iodide (CoI₂) nanoplates and assess their biological interactions, such as hepatotoxicity, antioxidant effect, and pharmacokinetics. The chemical reduction method was used to synthesize CoI₂ nanoplates and analyze their morphology, bonding structure, and crystallinity by use of SEM, FTIR, and XRD. It was determined that the mean size of particles was about 2.60 nm, and SEM images showed the hexagonal shapes of the particles. The FTIR analysis revealed a clear cobalt iodide bond peak at an approximate of 450 cm⁻¹, and XRD analysis indicated high crystallinity and phase purity. Toxicity in vivo was evaluated using two doses of the albino mice, T1: 50 µL and T2: 100 µL of 1 mg/mL solution. The liver enzymes were found to increase with dose, with AST level increased to 29.67 ± 2.08 U/L (T2) compared to 14 ± 3.6 U/L (control) and total bilirubin to 1.20 ± 0.05 mg/dL (T2) compared to 0.50 ± 0.05 mg/dL (control). Histological findings revealed progressive hepatic necrosis, hepatocyte swelling, and sinusoidal dilation, particularly in T2. Interestingly, the activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, POD, and SOD) also rose in treated groups, especially in T2, and indicates an adaptive response to oxidative stress. In silico pharmacokinetic modeling indicated high intestinal absorption (100

Ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) is a common monogenic skin disorder, mainly caused by loss-of-function mutations in the filaggrin (FLG) gene. This results in impaired skin hydration and barrier function. We identified deleterious nsSNPs in FLG using 11 bioinformatics predictors, with F15L, F15S, and L33P identified as the most pathogenic. Wild-type and mutant FLG structures were modeled; 22 phytochemicals from Solanum nigrum were evaluated through molecular docking (Maestro 12.5), molecular dynamics (100 ns), and MM-PBSA binding free energy calculations. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) was employed to compute electronic properties of lead ligands. Docking analysis revealed that SN-10 (−5.1 kcal/mol) and SN-20 (−4.2 kcal/mol) had stronger binding affinities than other screened compounds. These compounds formed stable hydrogen bonds with HIS59, LYS79, and LEU75, as well as hydrophobic contacts with PHE56 and MET76. MD simulations confirmed the conformational stability of these complexes, as evident from stable hydrogen-bond profiles and consistent RMSD values. MM-PBSA free energy calculations further supported the strong binding potential of SN-10 with the FLG protein. DFT-derived quantum descriptors, such as the HOMO–LUMO gap, ionization potential, and electronegativity, indicated favorable electronic properties and reactivity of these phytocompounds.SN-10 and SN-20 are particularly promising small-molecule stabilizers. They are prioritized in this integrative computational framework for identifying deleterious FLG mutations and S. nigrum phytochemicals. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for future experimental validation and the development of phytotherapeutic interventions in ichthyosis vulgaris

The uncontrolled discharge of textile dyes such as Pollen Yellow G (PY-G) and Nile Blue A (NB-A) into aquatic systems poses serious environmental and health risks due to their toxicity, persistence, and resistance to biodegradation. In this study, xanthan gum-grafted poly(acrylic acid) (XG-g-PAA) hydrogel was successfully synthesized and evaluated as an efficient adsorbent for dye removal using batch adsorption experiments. The hydrogel was characterized by SEM, EDX, FTIR, TGA, and BET/BJH analyses, confirming a rough, highly porous, and sponge-like morphology with abundant active sites and good thermal stability up to 250 degrees C, which are favorable for adsorption applications. Under optimized conditions of contact time 60 min, adsorbent dose 0.01 g, initial dye concentration 250 mg/L, temperature 298 K, and pH 6 (PY-G) and 8 (NB-A), the adsorption process exhibited excellent performance. Kinetic analysis showed that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model with R2 > 0.99, indicating chemisorption as the dominant mechanism, while equilibrium data were best fitted to the Langmuir isotherm, yielding maximum adsorption capacities of 327 mg/g for PY-G and 636 mg/g for NB-A. Thermodynamic parameters further supported the adsorption behavior, where Delta H degrees values of 9.396 and 6.450 kJ/mol and Delta S degrees values of 31.32 and 40.53 J/mol. K were obtained for PY-G and NB-A, respectively, while Delta G degrees values decreased from (-220.06 to -1,032.7 J/mol) for PY-G dye and from (-5,422.41 to -7,043.31 J/mol) for NB-A with increasing temperature (293-333 K), confirming that the adsorption process is spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-driven, consistent with previously reported xanthan-based hydrogel systems showing high adsorption capacities and Langmuir behavior. Furthermore, the hydrogel demonstrated good reusability with only a slight reduction in efficiency after multiple adsorption-desorption cycles. Overall, the results indicate that XG-g-PAA hydrogel is a highly effective, recyclable, and eco-friendly adsorbent for the removal of hazardous dyes from wastewater.

Breast cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths in the world, and thus, there is a need to find safer and better therapeutic interventions. This paper describes the chemical reduction synthesis of selenium silver bimetallic nanoparticles with ascorbic acid and sodium borohydride with subsequent detailed physicochemical and biological analysis. The synthesized nanoparticles were found to be uniform in their morphology as nanoscale particles, well dispersed, and negatively charged, which implies colloidal stability. There was confirmation of structural characterization in the coexistence of crystalline selenium and silver phases, typical functional groups, and metal bonding interactions. Antioxidant tests indicated good free radical scavenging and redox activity, and the anti-inflammatory test indicated a large inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators and signaling pathways. In vitro anticancer therapy of breast cancer cell lines exhibited a dose-dependent cytotoxicity, high levels of apoptosis, and cell cycle arrest, with high selectivity against normal cells. Molecular analysis showed the regulation of genes associated with apoptosis, such as downregulation of anti-apoptotic markers and caspase pathways. In vivo evaluation in tumor-bearing mice has shown that significant tumor growth inhibition and significantly enhanced survival occurred without any apparent systemic toxicity. The synergistic relationship between selenium and silver elements led to improvement in biological activity in comparison to the monometallic systems. All in all, the presented results demonstrate that selenium silver bimetallic nanoparticles are a promising solution as a multifunctional nanoplatform with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects in the treatment of breast cancer. Additional research is needed to test the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and safety in the long term.

To determine the biomedical potential of silver-doped cobalt ferrite (Ag-CoFe2O4) nanoparticles, a chemical co-precipitation method was employed to prepare nanoparticles and the properties were well characterized. The X-ray diffraction analysis was done to confirm the occurrence of crystalline spinel ferrite structures where the crystallite sizes were in a range of 27–35 nm. Using scanning electron microscopy, it was found that the nanoparticles were slightly aggregated oval-shaped, with the majority of the particles being quasi-spherical and the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated uniform distribution of Co, Fe, O and Ag elements. The ferrite spinel bonds were also confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The agar well diffusion, MIC, and MBC methods were used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the nanoparticles on Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Findings revealed that there was an inhibitory effect that was dose dependent and Gram-positives were more susceptible. Cytotoxic activity on the cells of MCF-7 human breast cancer was analyzed through the MTT assay where cell viability was decreased in a concentration-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 64 µg/mL which is moderate cytotoxicity. The antioxidant activity determined by the DPPH radical scavenging assay showed a positive correlation with the concentration to 74.3

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia and oxidative stress, leading to multi-organ dysfunction and impaired wound healing. This study evaluated the antidiabetic, antioxidant, hematological, biochemical, and wound-healing effects of silver-doped copper carbonate nanoparticles (Ag-CuCO₃ NPs) in alloxan-induced diabetic albino mice. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg) and animals were divided into control, diabetic control, and treatment groups receiving low dose (LD) or high dose (HD) of Ag-CuCO₃ NPs orally for 28 days. Hematological, biochemical, hormonal, electrolyte, and wound-healing parameters were assessed, and data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test, with p < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Diabetic controls showed severe hyperglycemia (> 280 mg/dL), elevated LDL (64 ± 3 mg/dL), reduced RBC count (5.1 ± 0.3 × 10⁶/µL) and delayed wound closure beyond Day 20. Low-dose Ag-CuCO₃ NP treatment significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels from diabetic values (> 280 mg/dL) toward near-normal levels and improved hematological indices, including a 42

Myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) plays an essential role in metabolic pathways and cell processes, controls oxidative stress response mechanisms, and balances osmotic stress in aquatic organisms. Molecular docking and structural analysis of the MIOX gene have been accomplished in this work. The MIOX gene has a length of 3608 bp, which encodes 286 amino acids (AA). The secondary structure revealed α-helical and random coils containing 40.56

Nail disorders in Pakistan are an underestimated burden, and no population-based molecular data on nail disorders in Punjab have been provided previously. The study aims to establish prevalence, clinical presentation, risk factors and genetic structure of nail disorders in ten districts. Methods and. A cross-sectional survey (20,222,024) involved the recruitment of 1,240 affected participants and 480 controls. Diagnostics consisted of mycological culture, dermoscopy, histopathology, targeted NGS (NailGenome-94v2), and pharmacogenomic (CYP2C19, CYP3A4, ABCB1). The overall prevalence was 98.4/1,000 with a southern hotspot: Sadiqabad (127.6/1,000), Rahim Yar Khan (119.2/1,000) and Bahawalpur (112.8/1,000). Severe onychomycosis was predicted by agricultural occupation (aOR 2.14), pesticide exposure (aOR 1.98), and living in the south (aOR 2.87). In 17 Seraiki-speaking families, a novel FZD6 c.1757G > A (p.Arg586Gln) variant was identified, with shared haplotype evidence suggesting a possible founder effect; however, this interpretation requires confirmation in larger population-based and functional studies. The prevalence of a CYP2C19 poor metabolizer was 12.4

Acarbose is a recognized inhibitor of [Formula: see text]-amylase and [Formula: see text]-glucosidase used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, these established and therapeutically utilized inhibitors are also associated with numerous undesirable effects. Consequently, there is a need to develop safer therapies. Despite the wide range of biological activities of isatin and thiourea, their potential for [Formula: see text]-amylase and [Formula: see text]-glucosidase inhibition has been infrequently investigated. This study focuses on the synthesis and biological evaluation of isatin-based thiourea analogues (1– 18) for their [Formula: see text]-amylase and [Formula: see text]-glucosidase inhibitory activities. The structures of the synthesized analogues were confirmed using various spectroscopic techniques, including 1 HNMR, [Formula: see text]CNMR, and HR-EIMS. All analogues exhibited excellent inhibitory potential against [Formula: see text]-amylase and [Formula: see text]-glucosidase enzymes, with IC[Formula: see text] values ranging from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]M ([Formula: see text]-amylase) and [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]M ([Formula: see text]-glucosidase) compared to the standard drug acarbose (IC[Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]M, respectively). Among these, analogues 2, 8, 11, and 17 demonstrated remarkable potency, significantly outperforming acarbose. Structure–activity relationship analysis revealed that different substitutions on the compounds significantly impacted their inhibitory potential. Additionally, in silico studies identified key structural features responsible for interactions with the active sites of [Formula: see text]-amylase and [Formula: see text]-glucosidase enzymes.

The present study aims to evaluate the hematotoxicity and renal toxicity of cobalt iodide nanoplates (CoI2 NPs) in albino mice, validated through pharmacokinetic and molecular docking analyses. CoI2 NPs were synthesized and characterized for morphology, crystalline structure, and functional groups using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Albino mice were divided into control and treatment groups (low dose 2.27 mg/kg, high dose 4.55 mg/kg CoI2 NPs). Hematological parameters, including hemoglobin (HGB), white blood cell count (WBC), and platelets, along with renal function tests such as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and urea, were assessed as conventional toxicity markers. Kidney tissue morphology was examined via histopathological analysis to detect structural alterations. Pharmacokinetic profiling revealed high bioavailability of CoI2 NPs, though their ability to cross the blood–brain barrier was limited. Molecular docking identified the binding interactions of cobalt ions with renal proteins, suggesting potential disruptions in protein structure and function. Furthermore, results showed significant hematological and renal effects, with increased HGB levels in the high-dose group (14.23 ± 0.57 g/dL) and elevated WBC (7.6 ± 1 × 103/µL), indicating inflammation. Elevated BUN (112 ± 1.5 mg/dL) and creatinine (1.3 ± 0.03 mg/dL) levels further suggested renal dysfunction. Histopathological analysis revealed tubular necrosis, hypertrophy, inflammation, and fibrosis, primarily in high-dose samples. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the engineered nanoparticles was evaluated through modulation of reactive oxygen species and enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms, indicating their potential role in mitigating oxidative stress–associated diabetic complications. The study concludes that CoI2 NPs cause notable hematotoxicity and renal toxicity within 30 days of exposure, emphasizing the need for careful dose management in biomedical applications to mitigate potential health risks.

Nanotechnology is promising for water filtration and decontamination, eliminating contaminants and pathogens from wastewater with exceptional efficiency. Nanomaterials like metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) have received attention for their extraordinary characteristics and versatility in tackling environmental issues. Metal oxides are attractive wastewater treatment materials due to their various physicochemical features. Metal oxide nanoparticles have great promise, but few review studies have examined their relevance in this field. Thus, our understanding of the extensive range of metal oxide nanoparticles and their water filtration applications is poor. A comprehensive investigation of metal oxide nanoparticles that reduce water contamination is the goal of this review paper. MONPs can remove organic and inorganic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides, and wastewater dyes like azo-dyes. MONPs’ dynamic physiochemical properties high surface-to-volume ratio and low concentration efficacy make them effective wastewater treatment agents. These features help MONPs absorb and breakdown contaminants, improving water treatment. This extensive review examines five metal oxide nanoparticles, as well as their antibacterial and wastewater treatment uses. Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), zinc oxide (ZnO), iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3 ), copper oxide (CuO), and manganese oxide (MnO 2 ) prove their environmental flexibility and performance. Due to their photocatalytic activity, TiO 2 nanoparticles degrade organic contaminants and inactivate germs under UV light. ZnO nanoparticles have the ability to adsorb and photocatalyze heavy metals and organic contaminants from wastewater, making them powerful antimicrobials. Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles can separate from treated water due to their magnetic characteristics. CuO nanoparticles also adsorb organic dyes and heavy metals, making them useful in wastewater cleanup. Finally, MnO 2 nanoparticles have excellent oxidizing characteristics, decomposing organic pollutants and reducing water toxins. Their capacity to catalyze redox reactions makes them essential in water treatment, especially for pollution removal. MONPs, especially in wastewater treatment, have great potential to reduce worldwide water pollution. By using metal oxide nanoparticles, we can improve water purification efficiency and sustainability, preserving our precious water resources and public health.

In this work, a selective membrane for antibiotics removal from water was fabricated. The ingredients utilized for membrane fabrication include functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) and poly vinyl imidazole (PVIM). Firstly, TiO2 nanostructure's surface was functionalized through APTES. The layer of functional monomers methyl methacrylate (MMA) and VIM (vinyl imidazole) was grafted onto TiO2 surface through controlled radical polymerization technique. The grafted material was fabricated into membrane with embedded selectivity utilizing molecular imprinting method. The material was diagnostically analyzed with Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy and NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) technique, which confirm functionalization of nanomaterial surface. The grafted layer around the nanoparticles was visualized with FESEM. The hybrid membrane shows excellent and promising results against removal of antibiotics from aqueous medium. The fabricated membranes via Molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) technique were applied for the selective removal of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) from real water samples. The removal efficiency and selectivity of the hybrid membrane was monitored via UV visible spectroscopy.

The genetic variations affect the prognosis and susceptibility to heart failure and congenital heart disease (CHD). The NPPB gene encodes B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), which contributes to the upregulation of the ventricular myocardium during cardiac stress, indicating its relevance to heart-related conditions. Despite ongoing structural analysis, NPPB polymorphism affects natriuretic peptide levels, including BNP and NT-proBNP. The heritability of circulating NT-proBNP is influenced by genetic factors. This is the first thorough bioinformatic analysis of the NPPB gene. The molecular formula of the NPPB protein is C638H1051N199O189S60, which is shown by its physicochemical properties to be hydrophilic, negatively charged, and highly unstable. The gene mania study built gene-to-gene interaction networks including NPPB by finding 8 interacting genes and offering insights into the broader regulatory processes. HuRI and STRING analysis also served to perform a PPI network analysis, which showed links to other proteins that help explain underlying diseases and intricate physiological processes. The α-helix is predicted by the secondary structure comprising 41.04% of the core structure; however, Phyre2 discovered that the α-helix makes up 28% of the core structure and that 72% of the sequence is anomalous. Furthermore, the prevalence of α-helices relative to β-type structures highlights significant structural characteristics associated with the functional NPPB elements. The 3D structure was generated for homology modelling using the SwissModel server, and the model quality was confirmed using QMEAN, ProSA, and SAVES analysis. The LigPlot+ tool and Discovery Studio were used to examine possible interactions between the ligands and the NPPB protein. Targeting the NPPB protein, the discovered ligands (pigenin, GN8, Rofecoxib, Sclareol, and Visotriazine) with favourable binding energies show promise for potential treatments. From our findings, a broad spectrum of molecules may be investigated in targeted docking studies as potential treatments for NPPB-driven disease. Determining the functional value of NPPB and designing future experimental research to validate these expected interactions and look into their biological consequences requires knowledge of such molecular interactions.

Bio-Nanoscience is an emerging field that integrates nanotechnology with biological systems to revolutionize medicine, agriculture, and environmental sustainability through innovative and targeted solutions. The aim of this study was to synthesize copper carbonate nanoparticles and to investigate their antibacterial, wound healing, and glucose-lowering properties. Nanoparticles (NPs) were Synthesized through chemical reduction method and confirmed by using SEM, XRD, and FTIR. Characterization revealed that the nanoparticles had an average size of 55 f 16 nm, exhibited a crystalline structure, and were free of impurities. Antibacterial tests demonstrated enhanced inhibition zones for Pseudomonas spp., S. aureus, and other bacterial strains, with the largest zone of inhibition observed at 12 mg/ml, measuring 18.5 f 1.05 mm for Pseudomonas spp. In wound healing activity in diabetic mice observations revealed a complete wound closure in NPs treated mice by day 14 as compared to the control group (96.10 % wound closure). Nanoparticle administration (oral) also significantly reduced glucose levels in diabetic mice after 15 days in the experimental period, whereas fasting glucose levels reduced from 398.00 f 6.16 to 116.67 f 12.47 mg/dl. The docking studies of copper carbonate nanoparticles (NPs) with proteins involved in wound healing, including Antileukoproteinase (-2.7 kcal/mol), Casein (-2.5 kcal/mol), Collagen (-2.9 kcal/mol), Lysozyme (-2.8 kcal/mol), and Phospholipase (-3.9 kcal/mol), revealed significant binding affinities, suggesting potential applications in enhancing wound healing processes. Therefore, the copper carbonate nanoparticles demonstrate strong antibacterial properties and show promising effects on wound healing, along with blood glucose-lowering activity. These findings suggest their potential in biomedical applications, particularly for treating diabetes and bacterial infections.

-Benzotriazole-based thiourea analogues (1-13) were synthesized, characterized through different techniques such as H-1-NMR,C- 13-NMR, and HREI-MS, and evaluated against alphaglucosidase and urease enzymes. All synthesized analogues exhibited variable inhibitory potential, with IC50 values ranging from 2.30 f 0.10 to 19.40 f 0.20 mu M (against alpha-glucosidase) as compared to standard drug acarbose (IC50 = 12.30 f 1.10 mu M) and 8.50 f 0.30 to 27.60 f 0.40 mu M (against urease) as compared to standard drug thiourea (IC50 = 19.20 f 0.21 mu M). In case of alpha-glucosidase, analogues 12 (IC50 = 2.30 f 0.10 mu M) exhibited many times better activity than standard drug acarbose, while in case of urease, compounds 7 (IC50 = 8.50 f 0.30 mu M) showed many times better activity than standard drug thiourea. Analogue 13 showed the least activity in both cases. We performed molecular docking studies to demonstrate the binding interaction of the most active scaffolds with the enzyme's active site. All compounds were verified for cytotoxicity against the 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell line and detected as non-toxic.

Sweeping contact with cancer continues to rise globally, which has led to advanced research on new treatment approaches; nanotechnology has become crucial to targeted cancer therapy. Within the intimate of nanomaterials, Au/Ag nanostructures have emerged as highly attractive because of their distinctive desirable characteristics and their prospective roles in diagnosis as well as cancer therapy. The nanostructures developed revealed remarkable biocompatibility, optically recursive alteration, and magnificently improved therapeutic effects of gold and silver in conjunction with each other. This review addresses the molecular and systemic aspects of Au/Ag nanostructures in cancer research, including the impact of nanostructures on the molecular genetic pathways and their use of systemic administration in the human organism. We explain some of the related mechanisms of action, such as photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT), as well as the drug delivery systems where they display potential benefits towards offering a more targeted treatment approach with fewer side effects. The latest development has shown that they have the prospect of real-time imaging and biomarker identification, and owing to this they are being viewed as a tool for individualized treatment. However, there are still some limitations: challenges of scaling up, biological safety, and bringing it to the clinic. It is therefore incumbent upon these managements to overcome these hurdles to optimize for their impact. As a result, the current findings are briefly reviewed, and the development directions are discussed to support the revolutionary role of Au/Ag nanostructures in cancer research and therapy.

This study investigates the biocompatibility, antibacterial, hormonal, immunomodulatory, and wound-healing properties of cobalt iodide nanoparticles (CoI2 NPs). The nanoparticles were synthesized using chemical reduction and characterized through FTIR, XRD and SEM. The characterization revealed high crystallinity and a mean diameter of 2.60 nm. Biocompatibility was dose-dependent and hemolysis rates were below permissible limits (<5 %) at lower concentrations. Antibacterial testing showed moderate activity, particularly against Staphylococcus haemolyticus. In albino mice the treated groups demonstrated enhanced hormonal levels (T3, T4, testosterone, estrogen, and insulin) and improved immune responses (IgA, IgM, IgE). Wound healing in diabetic mice treated with CoI2 NPs was significantly faster, with reduced inflammation and accelerated tissue regeneration compared to control groups. Molecular docking confirmed that cobalt ions enhanced the binding of biomolecules, such as thyroxin and insulin, to their receptors, supporting biological functions. CoI2 NPs show promise for biomedical applications, being effective and safe, though further research is needed to fully understand their therapeutic potential.

Objectives: The current study explores the synthesis, characterization and toxicity of copper oxides (CuO-NPs) in albino mice. Methods: NPs were synthesized and albino mice were exposed to these nps orally for 30 days. Results: The nanoparticles exhibited a porous, rough-surfaced, spherical morphology; XRD confirmed their crystallinity, while FTIR revealed key functional groups. H1 (5 mg/kg) and H2 (15 mg/kg) of CuO-NPs exposure induced significant alterations in haematological parameters, including elevated WBCs counts, platelets and a significant decrease in haemoglobin and platelets distribution width. Biochemical analyses revealed changes in lipid profile, kidney, and liver biomarkers, indicating potential toxicity. Histological studies of the liver indicated sinusoidal lumen, necrosis, opening of the central vein, lymphocytic infiltration, irregular nucleus, degeneration of hepatocytes, and antinucleosis. In the kidney, glomerular destruction, necrosis, tubular degeneration, vascular degeneration, anisokaryosis, and expansion of the central vein were recorded. The heart tissues showed congestion, fatty degeneration, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and necrosis in the treated group. Molecular interactions revealed CuO NPs interacted with albumin, AST, bilirubin, and fibrinogen showing potential toxicity. Conclusion: This study highlights the link between nanomaterial properties, physiological changes, and molecular interactions underlying CuO NP toxicity, emphasizing the need for further research on their safe use and biomedical applications.