Liposomes are now considered the most commonly used nanocarriers for various potentially active hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules due to their high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low immunogenicity. Liposomes also proved to enhance drug solubility and controlled distribution, as well as their capacity for surface modifications for targeted, prolonged, and sustained release. Based on the composition, liposomes can be considered to have evolved from conventional, long-circulating, targeted, and immune-liposomes to stimuli-responsive and actively targeted liposomes. Many liposomal-based drug delivery systems are currently clinically approved to treat several diseases, such as cancer, fungal and viral infections; more liposomes have reached advanced phases in clinical trials. This review describes liposomes structure, composition, preparation methods, and clinical applications.

Plant phytochemicals are very extensive and varied sources for medicinal compounds. The need for finding alternative remedies for several illnesses that are linked to the products of an enzyme like xanthine oxidase, motivates researchers to find in nature searching for local new better remedies. Many plants' extracts are investigated, and many other sources like honey, food, and bacteria are being found to produce inhibitors of xanthine oxidase. Yet efforts are needed to find the perfect remedy with clinical effect and with no or little side effects. The aim of this review is to provide recent information on natural substances derived from plants that have the potential to inhibit xanthine oxidase, with attention to some medicinal plants from Jordan. As a consequence of the information presented in this review, several natural compounds have demonstrated to xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects which highlight them as potential candidates for application in the management of different chronic disorders.