We assessed health risks for operators who had to live in mobile houses in the Arctic regions. Inadequate lighting is a most significant factor related to housing conditions that can cause various pathologies resulting in decreasing working capacity. We revised data on impacts exerted by luminous and LED lighting on operators and it allowed us to determine reasons for “aftereffects” produced by LED lighting regarding an increase in latency in No. 95 pattern electroretinogram (PERG); this latency characterizes a situation with ganglionic cells in the visual analyzer. We put forward a hypothesis that lower “inhibition” efficiency was caused by absorption of blue light within 380–450 nanometers range, and an increase in PERG P50 amplitude was caused by an additional increase in Na + , Ca + ions flows when ChR2 protein absorbed excessive 470 nm blue light against a blue light dose in a luminous lamp spectrum. We showed there no changes in health after they however, the participants the had a W-like splitting in P100 peak in visually induced cortical po-tentials as a response to stimuli with different angle sizes. When ganglionic cells are blue lighting, interaction between their mitochondria and astrocytes becomes very important. LED lighting results in damage to mitochondria in ganglionic cells. Mitochondria are moved to the optic nerve head where they are astrocytes and eliminated with their lysosome. mitochondria inflow exceed speed at they are utilized, it will cause mechanic strains in fibers of the optic nerve head due to “mitochondria jam”; in turn, can lead to long-term disorders in the optic nerve head and glaucoma occurrence. We formulated recommendations for the State Standard 23274-84 “Mobile houses. Electrical appliances. Overall technical conditions” and advised applying semi-conductor white light sources in them as they had a biologically adequate irradiation spectrum.

The article discusses the issues of adjustment, developed in 2007 and supplemented in 2009, of the methodology for evaluating the equivalent level of cabin noise of civil aviation aircraft in Russia. The relevance of the problem is due to high levels of professional hearing loss among the aircrew members of the air force, which is directly related to the lack of unified and competent approaches to assessing the acoustic load on the hearing organ of the aircrew members. The updated methodology contains full-fledged data on noise levels in modern domestic and foreign airliners, data on certification of acoustic efficiency of aircraft accessories, a direct algorithm and formulas for calculating the noise load for the selected periods of flight operation.

Disorders in refraction, myopia and other eye disorders lead to a decrease in efficiency of any activity and impose certain limitations on educational and working capabilities of economically active population. As light denaturation grows, fatigue caused by performing test visual efforts also increases. The lowest decrease in physiological and mental parameters occurs when a person works under natural luminance, and the greatest one, under completely artificial luminance. Artificial light sources, as opposed to an even sunlight spectrum, have peaks and notches in photon flow under specific wave lengths. It is shown in the paper that a drastic decrease in spectral-energy characteristics occurs in red light area with wave length 670 nm as compared to sunlight spectrum. The authors consider how 670 nm red light deficiency influences visual analyzer cells and mitochondria in particular. A theory that focuses on mitochondria aging states that oxidative stress caused by DNA mutations in mitochondria is associated with a decrease in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production leading to cell degeneration. A rate at which this degradation develops is related to metabolic demands of a body, progressing inflammation in the outer retina, macrophages penetration and cells loss; as a result, eye sight deteriorates. A mechanism of a decrease in efficiency of ATP-synthesizing structures is examined within "670 nm light – water structural properties – efficiency of mitochondria rotary engine operations" cause-and-effect chain. The authors substantiate the necessity to synthesize red 670 nm luminopfor and to optimize LED lighting in this spectrum area.

The article discusses the actual problem of professional hearing loss in members of the flight professions of civil aviation in Russia. The indices of this disease amounted of one-third of the prevalence rate values concerning occupational diseases of the hearing organ among all workers of “noise” professions, are registered with the highest frequency in pilots and aircraft commanders and have no tendency to decrease. As the only occupational disease among the persons of the flight professions of the main airlines of the Russian Federation, the persistent sensorineural hearing loss has not only medical but also socio-economic aspects. It is registered in working-age persons lost their professional aptitude. The main revealed causes of the gain of indices of the hearing loss in professional pilots are: the insufficient qualification of medical workers on the issues of early diagnosis of the negative impact of noise on the hearing organ; the lack of regulated criteria for the diagnosis and examination of the relationship between the hearing loss and the occupation; insufficiently clear algorithms of departmental logistics in the examination of occupational diseases of the hearing organ. The ways of optimization of the problem are shown as follows: the development and implementation of the method of speech perception in the conditions of competing the in-cab noise of the aircraft; objective criteria for decision-making on admission/non-admission to the flight work; adequate assessment of the indices of the in-cab noise and sound pressure arising in the aircraft headset during speech radio exchange; mandatory compliance with the requirements of accounting for the data of the Protocol of acoustic load for the entire period of the flight activity, with the indication of noise-protective characteristics of the used airguns in the implementation of the examination of the communication of the disease of the hearing with the profession.

The article deals with problems of color perception under LED lighting. We revealed that inadequate perception of a signal color by a driver led to greater risks of transport accidents. We reviewed both Jung-Helmholtz three-color hypothesis and a modern one based on fiber-optical approach to functioning of "Mueller cells and cones" system. We made an attempt to explain a number of effects related to visibility curves and time delays when defining color of light signals. Our research on assessing influence exerted by LED lighting on functional state and working capacity of railway workers during which we applied occupational selection techniques revealed negative changes. We proved there was a decrease in functional resistance to color sense between red and green signals as well as longer response time for complicated sight-motor reaction and significant decrease in readiness to emergency actions (resistance to monotony) in examined individuals. The article also contains data on time peculiarities which are characteristic for defining signals color in relation to red signal (650 nm). We showed that when red color LEDs with wave length much shorter than 650 nm were used in signaling devices it caused risks of inadequate color detection, longer reaction to inhibiting signals, and greater possibility of transport accidents and negative events in everyday life. These peculiarities should be taken into account when designing traffic lights and other signaling devices which provide transport safety. We also proved that signaling traffic lights for transport systems should be designed allowing for physiology of color perception by a human visual analyzer; application of LEDs with wave length shorter than 650 nm should be absolutely excluded

Spectral structure of environmental light can have significant influence on risks of various eye diseases which can evolve quite early. The paper dwells on how age-related macular degeneration evolves and on a part which eye age pigment plays in the process. We discuss predictive models for age pigment accumulation and methodology of their creation. We created a predictive mathematical model for accumulated A2E age pigment quantity allowing for LED lighting peculiarities and its age-related perception. The model encompasses active oxygen forms generation evolving due to decrease in antioxidant cellular protection efficiency in a lighting environment with a higher blue light dose. It is shown that superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GRX 1) efficiency within 445 (plus minus 10 nanometers) range drops substantially in blue light; it increases risks of lower cellular resistance to effects exerted by non-compensated active oxygen forms. These processes which are rather long-term can lead to early age-related macular degeneration. Mathematical calculations prove that in the nearest future a share of patients aged 30–40 who suffer from age-related macular degeneration will grow drastically; it will eventually lead to an increased number of disabled people aged 50–60 whose disability is caused by eyesight disorders. It is shown that if we fail to discover any mechanisms aimed at lowering risks of early age-related macular degeneration evolvement in the nearest future, total costs required for solving eyesight disorders issue will grow substantially. Thus, in 2012 about 140 billion dollars were spent on the eyesight disorders issue all over the world; the sum is likely to reach 377 billion dollars in 2050.

The paper focuses on the geneeration of the excessive dose of the blue light in the LED light.It shows that the photobiological assessments made in accordance with GOST R IEC 62471-2013 need to be revised accounting for the changes in the pupil size in the LED light and the spacial distribution of the blue light absorbing pigment (460 nm) in the yellow spot.The paper decscribes the methodological principles of the calculation of the excessive dose of the blight light in the LED spectrum as compared to sunlight.It is noted that today in the USA and in Japan, the concept of LED lighting has changed, and white light LED have been produced to minimize the health risks.In particular, in the USA this concept includes not only the general lighting, but also the monitros and car headlights.

The article summarizes the materials of long-term studies to assess the working conditions, state of health in workers of the chemical industry - mainly manufacturers of ethylbenzene, styrene, olefin oxides, rocket fuel. It was found that the most adverse working conditions are typical for the production of heptyl, rubber and fiberglass. The causal relationships of working conditions in the form of an increased incidence of early (pre-clinical) stages of occupational diseases, as well as major chronic non-communicable diseases, are identified. It is shown that depending on the tropism, mechanism of action and intensity of the chemical factor a clear staging of the development of pathological changes in the body is recorded. A very high degree of professional conditionality of early toxic hepatitis stages (biliary dyskinesia) in a heptyl production operator was determined, as well as initial manifestations of autonomic-sensory polyneuropathy in hands of the workers splicing rubber products, specific changes of the hand skin in glass production operators. Production-related diseases with a high degree of conditionality in certain categories of workers include diseases of the musculoskeletal system; hypertension had an average degree of conditionality. During in-depth medical examination of 2411 workers it was found that the largest number of healthy individuals were identified in the bulk manufacture of ethylbenzene – styrene (54.7 %), and olefin oxide (35,0 %) of the number of inspected workers, the least number (12 %) – in the manufacture of rubber products. The remaining workers demonstrated the pathology of various organs and systems. Based on the results of risk assessment and professional damage to the workers’ health the chemical productions are ranked according to their degree of danger, a system of preventive measures and risk management principles has been developed. The programme implementation resulted in the positive effect of more than 2 billion rubles.

The conditions for the formation of an excess dose of blue light produced by the LED lighting were examined. It is shown that light-biological safety assessment carried out in accordance with GOST R IEC 62471-2013 need to be clarified, taking into account changes in the pupil of eye’s diameters when LED lighting and spatial distribution of the light-absorbing blue light (460 nm) of the pigment in the macula influences it. Methodical principles of calculation of an excess dose of blue light in the spectrum of LED lighting comparing to sunlight are presented. It is indicated that today in the USA and Japan the concept of LED lighting has changed and LED white light been developed to minimize disturbances of health risks. This concept applies not only to general lighting in the United States, but also to monitors and car headlights.

The hygienic aspects of the transport illumination and the risks of the negative impact of LED lighting on the health of operators, drivers and passengers have been investigated. The transport illumination is a subject of the longitudinal research of the light effect of the beam and signal lights on driver’s reaction and dazzle. The study of the vehicles’ light effect on passengers’ health was not carried out because for the illuminating of the passenger compartments the incandescent bulbs were used, the characteristics of which are well known. Increasing of the duration of trips, their intensity and the replacement of incandescent lamps to LED lamps makes these studies more urgent. Particular attention is drawn on the fact that the transport system transports millions of passengers and children who are regularly exposed to excessive doses of blue light. The blue light time exposure is more than an hour per trip within the city and more than 5 hours during travel between the cities. The specialists of N.M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics RAS have indicated that modern white LEDs have expressed emission band in blue spectrum 440-460 nm that is entirely attributable to the spectrum of action of retinal photochemical damage and its pigment epithelium. Such extensive emission poses a hazard to the eyes of children and adolescents, because their crystalline lenses are almost twice as transparent in the dark-blue and blue spectrum area than those in adults. Retinal photochemical damage develops in distant time and can cause gradual, irreversible visual impairment. The risks of negative impact especially increase in the application of blue LED for interior lighting passenger vehicles. It was demonstrated that at the retinal cells’ affection by the excessive dose of the blue light the consequences have delayed character. The results of the accelerated assessment of the retina damage in Japanese quils (Сoturnix japonica). The eyes of these birds are a complete analog of human eyes. It has been shown that moderate daily blue LED lighting of the young animals induces 1.5 times overload of the cellular metabolism of the retina, resulting to its accelerated aging and functional activity suppression of the blood-retinal barrier structures

Lighting LED backlit panel with the backlighting creates additional load on an operator, increasing the suppression of melatonin synthesis. The spectrum of light emitted by the LED-backlit display affects the circadian rhythms, drowsiness and cognitive levels of productivity. The possibility of using LED lighting studies while working in professions related to traffic safety, and above all machinists-drivers and dispatchers-operators showed a decrease of functional stability to color sense of green and red signals, an increase in the execution time of complex visual-motor reactions and significant reductions in readiness for emergency action of the surveyed persons.

Front light on LED screens create an additional load on the operator by increasing the suppression of melatonin.The light spectrum emitted by an LED screen impacts the circadian rhythms, sleep schedule, and cognitive levels of work performance.The studies of potential use of LED-based lighting in professions related to road safety, in particular, train operators, drivers and dispatchers showed decreased functional stability in perceiving perception green and red, increased time of performing complex hand-eye reactions, and significant increase in preparedness for emergency actions.