Published data and the results of the authors' investigations on the electrochemical conversion of carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen oxides and freons into valuable organic products are reviewed. Considerable attention is paid to the probable mechanisms of such processes, the role and position of the radical-ions and free radicals in them, and the effect of the structure of the reagents, the electrolysis conditions, and other factors on the composition and yield of the products. The problems of developing this promising process, which lies at the junction between physical chemistry, organic chemistry, and ecology, are explored.

The literature data and results of author's investigations concerning the processes of electrochemical conversion of carbon, sulfur anal nitrogen oxides, as well as freons into valuable organic products are briefly presented Considerable attention is devoted to the possible mechanisms of these processes, the role of ion-radicals and free radicals, the influence of reagent structure, the conditions of electrolysis and other factors on the composition and yield of the formed products, the problems of development of this perspective field which is on the boundary of physical chemistry, organic chemistry and ecology.

It has been found that when polyvinyl alcohol- or gelatine-stabilized colloidal solutions of cadmium sulfide nanoparticles are irradiated in the presence of strong reducers (sulfite ions, hydrazine) a portion of Cd2+ ions forming the crystal lattice of the CdS is reduced of Cd-0 with a quantum efficiency of the order of 10(-4).

The influence of the aprotic organic solvent and background electrolyte nature on the electrochemical and spectrophotometric characteristics of soluble polyaniline perchlorate and borofluoride was studied The availability of solvation and donor-acceptor interactions in a soluble p-doped polyaniline - organic aprotonic solvent system was found.

We demonstrate the feasibility of electrochemically activated introduction of pyridine and nicotinarnide into the aromatic ring of phenothiazine with formation of N-(3-phenothiazinyl)-pyridinium perchlorate and N-(3-phenothiazinyl)-3-carbamide-pyridinium perchlorate. We have studied the physicochemical properties of the derivatives obtained.

A polyaniline/magnetite composite with a magnetite content of up to 50 mass % has been obtained The magnetite particles are of nanometric size, that is why on the whole the composite shows superparamagnetic behavior The components of the composite have been shown to interact with each other, which is reflected in their changed physicochemical properties.

The authors' analyses were generalized, with philosophy extended regarding molecular design as a strategy to control photocatalytic processes via creation of organized systems in which all conversions relating to electron transfer are coordinated with one another.

The electrochemistry of conjugated organic polymers such as polyaniline, polythiophene, and polypyrrole has been reviewed. The physical chemistry and, especially, the electrochemistry of conducting polymers (CP) are largely determined by their electrosynthesis conditions. The effects of such factors as the dopant, solvent, and base electrolyte on the preparation and electrochemical n- and p-doping of CP have been considered. The outstanding features of the electrochemistry of CP have been delineated. The prospects for the use of CP as active cathode and anode materials in chemical cells have been discussed.

The kinetics of the reaction of 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenoxyl radical with 1,4-benzoquinones was investigated. The composition and structure of the resulting products were established. A reaction mechanism is proposed in which transfer of one electron from phenoxyl to quinone in the initial step followed by rearrangement of the ion-radical pair to an electron-neutral free radical, recombination of which with the starting phenoxyl leads to formation of bis-cyclohexadiene compounds of the corresponding hydroquinones. The reaction rate is determined basically by the electronic influence of the substituents in the quinone, and the possibility of the formation of the final bis-cyclohexadienone is dependent on the steric accessibility of the oxygen in the quinone.

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Cyclic voltammetry and preparative electrolysis at controlled potential were used in the present work to study the electrocatalytic reduction of carbon monoxide to methanol in aqueous electrolytes containing pentacyanide complexes of cobalt as the catalysts on supports of porous graphite electrodes not modified or modified with potassium iron(II) ferricyanide. Depending on the solution pH, the products of carbon monoxide conversion are methanol or formic acid.

AbstractDie Formylierung des Dimethyldihydrophenazins (I) zur Verbindung (VII) verläuft über das Kation‐Radikal‐Salz (IV).