We studied the effect of dicarbamine and leucostim on myelopoiesis in experimental post-radiation bone marrow syndrome. Dicarbamine in different modes of administration and doses provided a high level of protection of proliferating hematopoietic precursors in the early period after radiation, which was reflected in a statistically significant decrease in the depth and duration of post-radiation deficit of cells, such as of granulocytes, lymphocytes, megakaryocytes and erythroid cells. The greatest effect of the drug appeared at a dose of 4 mg/kg (prophylactic administration) and a dose of 15 mg/kg (curative double dose). In the bone marrow of experimental animals leucostim prevented development of post-radiation deficit of granulocytes and lymphocytes to a lesser extent, than dicarbamine, and it was effective for erythroid cells and megakaryocytes.

There was studied the effect of different doses of Dicarbamine by means of oral medical-prophylactic and medical administration on the peripheral blood of rabbits in conditions of experimental radiation damage to the blood system. The drug provided the safety of circulating red blood cells at rather high level, prevented the development of severe post-radiation thrombocytopenia, reduced post-radiation leukocytopenia, accelerated processes of recovery of peripheral blood leukocytes to the initial level by segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes.

There was studied the influence Dicarbamine and Leykostime on peripheral blood leukocyte composition of rabbits in experimental radiogenic damage to the blood system. Dicarbamine significantly insured the safety of circulating red blood cells, prevented the development of severe postradiation thrombocytopenia, reduced postradiation leukocytopenia, and accelerated the recovery of peripheral blood leukocytes to the initial level by segmented neutrophils and lymphocytes. Leukostime ensured the safety of peripheral blood leukocytes however was less effective than Dicarbamine to prevent postradiation deficit of circulating red blood cells and thrombocytes.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ingavirin® on the morphological features of the foci of adenovirus hepatitis in Syrian hamsters by electron microscopy. The use of the drug was shown to cause a substantial reduction in the rate of destructive processes and inflammatory reactions in the liver, by normalizing its structure at the levels of both tissue and individual hepatocytes. After administration of Ingavirin®, the morphogenesis of adenovirus infection in the infected hepatocytes did not differ from that in the controls; however, the infected cells were fewer. The proportion of morphologically inadequate virions in the presence of Ingavirin® increased from 35 to 46%. The findings suggest that Ingavirin® is an effective drug that has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective activities in the focus of adenovirus tissue involvement

: The effect of dicarbamine on hemopoiesis in experimental post-irradiation bone-marrow syndrome was studied. The myeloprotective activity of the drug was established. It manifested in the protection of hematopoietic progenitor cells and stimulation of cell proliferation and differentiation in the bone marrow.

The effect of dicarbamin on cellular composition of rabbits' venous blood in experimental post-radiation bone marrow syndrome was studied. The dicarbamin use has allowed to reduce depth and to shorten the duration of post-radiation leukocytopenia.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ingavirin on the morphological features of the foci of adenovirus hepatitis in Syrian hamsters by electron microscopy. The use of the drug was shown to cause a substantial reduction in the rate of destructive processes and inflammatory reactions in the liver, by normalizing its structure at the levels of both tissue and individual hepatocytes. After administration of Ingavirin, the morphogenesis of adenovirus infection in the infected hepatocytes did not differ from that in the controls; however, the infected cells were fewer. The proportion of morphologically inadequate virions in the presence of Ingavirin increased from 35 to 46%. The findings suggest that Ingavirin is an effective drug that has antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective activities in the focus of adenovirus tissue involvement.

Parainfluenza viruses affect the upper respiratory tract in all age group patients, in children aged 6 months to 3 years in particular. The most urgent task is to design drugs to treat parainfluenza. This investigation studied the antiviral activity of Ingavirin (2-(imidazole-4-yl) ethanamide of pentandioic-1,5 acid) on a model of parainfluenza infection in Syrian hamsters. The drug was shown to restrict the infectious process in animal lung tissue. This restriction manifested itself as reductions in the infectious titer of parainfluenza virus in the lung tissue, in the degree of pulmonary edema and tissue cell infiltration, and in virus-specific lesion of bronchial epithelial cells. The in vitro experiments demonstrated the ability of Ingavirin to diminish the infective activity of viral descendants. The finding allows one to consider Ingavirin to be a promising antiviral agent that is active against parainfluenza infection in vivo.

Human parainfluenza viruses cause damage of upper respiratory tract in patients of all age groups. The main antiviral drug is Ribavirin, which has severe side effects and is prescribed only at life-threatening conditions. The activity of Ingavirin against human parainfluenza virus was demonstrated in this work both in cell culture and in the model of parainfluenza pneumonia in Syrian hamsters using transmission electron microscopy. The application of Ingavirin is shown to reduce the number of progeny virions and cytopathic effect of the virus. The effect of Ingavirin was similar or exceeded that of ribavirin. In the in vivo experiments Ingavirin was shown to normalize the morphological structure of lungs, decreasing thereby the degree of destruction of alveolocytes. It also restricted budding of progeny virions and reduced the amount of inflammatory infiltrate. Thus, the combination of antiviral, cytoprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties makes Ingavirin an important component of comprehensive therapy of human parainfluenza infection.

Adenoviruses constitute a clinically important family of human pathogens. Due to their wide tissue tropism, adenoviruses are able to induce different diseases from moderate respiratory disorders to fatal outcomes in patients with immunodeficiencies. The authors present the results of a trial of the antiviral activity of the new drug Ingavirin [2-(imidazole-4-yl-ethanamide) pentandioic-1,5 acid] against human adenovirus type 5 on an animal model. Ingavirin is shown to decrease an adenoviral infectious titer in the liver and lung of neonatal Syrian hamsters (by approximately 1 log10 TCID50 as compared to the control) and to reduce the sizes of liver inflammation foci by 2-fold. Furthermore, it also decreases the count of virus-infected cells detectable by morphological analysis. Hepatocytes from Ingavirin-treated animals appear intact unlike strongly vacuolized cells from the animals given placebo. The findings make it possible to regard Ingavirin as a promising agent of the combination therapy of human adenovirus disease.

AIM:To study efficacy of Ingavirin in vitro and in vivo against strains of pandemic influenza virus A(H1N1/09)v and influenza virus A(H5N1) and A(H3N2).MATERIALS AND METHODS:Changes in hemagglutinating and cytopathic activity of influenza virus strains A(H1N1/09)v, A(H5N1) and A(H3N2) during their incubation in the presence of Ingavirin or Remantadin on MDCK cell culture were studied. In mice infected by influenza strains A(H1N1/09)v and A(H3N2) and orally treated with Ingavirin, Tamiflu or Remantadin virus titers in lungs were measured.RESULTS:There was decrease in hemagglutinating and cytopathic activity of influenza virus strains after incubation with Ingavirin in vitro. Ingavirin effectively inhibited reproduction of influenza virus strains A(H1N1/09)v and A(H3N2) in lungs of infected mice. Titers of these strains in lung homogenates decreased when Ingavirin was orally administered to infected mice.CONCLUSION:Strains of influenza virus A(H1N1/09)v were susceptible to Ingavirin and Tamiflu but resistant to Remantadin. Reference strains of A(H5N1) and A(H3N2) were susceptible to Ingavirin, Tamiflu and Remantadin.

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of ingavirin on the structure and properties of influenza virions forming in its presence. The infectious activity of the virus and the morphology of the virions were analyzed by titration in cell culture and electron microscopy, respectively. The use of ingavirin was shown to reduce the proportion of morphologically intact virions and to increase that of filamentous and giant particles. No defects of surface glycoproteins were observed. The effect of the drug did not depend on the chosen model of virus replication and it was similarly shown in both cultured human cells and laboratory animals. In MDCK and A549 cells and in the mouse lungs, viral infectious activity was decreased by 1-2 orders of magnitude in relation to a model. The findings suggest that Ingavirin is able to impair the processes of viral morphogenesis, which in turn leads to a reduction in the infectivity of progeny virions.

This review deals with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that demonstrate antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity. It considers structure and mechanism of AMP interaction with lipid membrane and intracellular targets of pathogens. Special attention is paid to modern state and perspectives of AMP practical application and also to approaches that increase efficacy and reduce toxicity of AMP by chemical modification of their structure.