Objective: To examine the tribological and mechanical characteristics of the AZ61 alloy reinforced with Stelcar alloy powder by surface modification through laser cladding. Methods: Surface modification was done by using a laser cladding machine, where the input parameters including Scanning Speed (SS), Laser Power (LP) and Powder Feed Rate (PFR) were adjusted. Experimental design followed a L9 Taguchi approach, and optimization of input parameters for the surface modified AZ61 alloy reinforced with Stelcar alloy particles was achieved using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). Output responses, namely wear volume and micro hardness were measured to assess the effectiveness of the optimization process. Findings: From the results obtained through the experiments, powder feed rate contributes to 82.81% of the variability in wear volume, whereas the laser power mostly impacts micro hardness; influencing it by 89.46% confirmed with ANOVA. In order to determine the optimal processing parameters among various objectives, this research applies the grey relational method. The results showed that the wear volume and micro hardness of the composite were significantly affected by the Stelcar reinforcement. Employing Grey relational analysis combined with several optimization objectives into a transparent method, resulting in a clad material with the lower wear volume and higher micro hardness. The optimized processing parameters predicted grey relational grades with an error rate of 1.39% and a significant contribution of 63.60% from laser power. This study confirmed that multi-objective optimization could enhance laser-cladded surface mechanical characteristics and laid out the theoretical foundation for this approach. Novelty: This study introduces an innovative approach to surface modification by employing the laser cladding technique to reinforce Stelcar alloy particles, thereby creating a dense coating on the substrate. Keywords: Laser Cladding, AZ61 magnesium alloy, Stelcar alloy, Coating, Optimization

The main objective of this study is to improve the surface coating characteristics and reduce the dilution rate of AZ61 magnesium alloy using the laser cladding technique. This research work employed Taguchi (L16) orthogonal experimental design to investigate the relationship between process parameters and a cladding quality index. Parameters such as Scanning Speed (SS), Laser Power (LP), Powder Feed Rate (PFR) and Gas Flow (GF) were varied to analyze their impact on wear volume, dilution rate and micro-hardness of the key response variables in the laser cladding setup. Signal-to-noise ratios were calculated for each parameter to identify their individual effects on the responses. The findings indicated that powder feed rate predominantly influenced wear volume, accounting for 88.18% of its variation, while scanning speed has the highest influence on dilution rate (73.20%), and laser power significantly affected micro-hardness (84.60%). This study utilized grey relational analysis to determine the optimum processing parameters which simultaneously reduced wear volume, minimized dilution rate and enhanced micro-hardness. In particular, inclusion of Stelcar alloy powder in the substrate significantly influenced these outcomes. The application of grey relational analysis allowed the researchers to integrate multiple optimization objectives into a strategy, resulting in a clad with superior micro-hardness and minimal wear volume and dilution rate. The optimized parameters achieved the desired goals with a high degree of accuracy, confirming the effectiveness of multi-objective optimization in enhancing coating qualities and controlling dilution rate through laser cladding.

The structural and material aging of the energy and transportation infrastructure requires the development of faster, better, and more efficient non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to assess remaining life and structural health for prognostics and structural health management. Composite materials such as carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) have beneficial properties such as corrosion resistance, durability, and lightweight, which reduce maintenance requirements and extend service life. Their an -isotropic dielectric and mechanical properties make it challenging for NDE techniques to detect and locate material defects. A miniaturized capacitive imaging system was developed to detect multiple types of defects in CFRP materials. However, algorithms to convert the raw imaging data into defect detection, classification, sizing, and location is not currently available. This paper presents a defect localization algorithm using a gradient response feature-based method to reduce the noise in the imaging data. The algorithm calculates the co -occurrence matrix of the image. From this matrix, the local features such as contrast, homogeneity, energy, and correlation are extracted. A combination of these features is selected to define a defect area. The features extracted from the image processing are classified using a support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. The location of the defects identified through the algorithm is compared with the ground truth to achieve a probability of detection of 82%.

Panchapatchi Sasthiram or five bird diagnostic methodology is one among the diagnostic methods that relies on the concept of Panchabootha theory. Panchaboothas are represented by five birds (Patchi) in Panchapatchi Sasthiram (five bird diagnostic sign) which helps in cost effective diagnosis of various diseases. Objective: To evaluate the representative Patchi & Humours associated with Madhumegam (Diabetes Mellitus) patients as per Panchapatchi Sasthiram (five bird diagnostic sign) during consultation. Materials & Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 Madhumegam patients reported in the OPD of Ayothidoss Pandithar hospital. Panchapatchi calculation is the methodology of identifying the relevant affected action corresponding to each bird which may be further correlated to identify the affected Panchabhootham and affected humour in turn based on the waxing and waning of moon. Results: According to Siddha text; Pithavatham, Vathapitham and Vathakabam are the predominant humours in madhumegam. Among 100 patients assessed by means of Panchapatchi sasthiram (five bird diagnostic sign), 32 patients had pithavatham, 26 patients had vathakabam, 14 patients had vathapitham, 18 patients had kabavatham, 5 patients had kabapitham, 5 patients had kabam and it is observed that 72% participants possessed where of Naadinadai (Estimated through Panchaptchi sasthiram (five bird diagnostic sign)) as per the madhumegam literature. Conclusion: The Naadinadai (pulse play) mentioned in the literature agrees more than 70% with that of Panchapatchi based estimation. Hence it is hypothesized that Panchapatchi sasthiram based humoral assessment can be further evaluated as it is found helpful in the estimation of Naadinadai in diabetes mellitus. More over by means of this tool we can diagnose a condition with contactless evaluation.

The Al-Cu alloy is used as the main matrix material in this study, with fly ash and graphite added in. Aluminum-copper alloy composites are very popular for a number of reasons, including their good thermal conductivity and ability to work in moderate temperatures. Since graphite and fly ash particles are thin and strong, they can be used as reinforcing materials. The process of stir casting was used to make the composite. Fly ash and graphite particles were also added to the molten Al-Cu alloy in amounts of 3%, 6%, and 9%, respectively. After that, the mechanical properties of the composite were glanced at. These included tensile strength. SEM microstructure analysis was used to figure out how well graphite and fly ash particles should be spread out in the Al-Cu matrix. The density of composites goes down as the amount of reinforcement materials rises. In furthermore, the addition of the reinforcing particle improves the wearability of the surface. The specimen used in the experiment is made to meet the standards set by ASTM.

The car door is typically made of steel, with an internal and external panel that also serves as a mounting plate for the various connections. However, doors are among the most appealing vehicle parts for light weighting: the ability to reduce absolute weight with two or four entrances is critical. The objective of this work is to reduce the weight of car doors by using Natural Fibers (NF) such as Kenaf fiber (KF), Prosopis juliflora bark (PJb) and Jute fiber (JF) fortified polyester mixtures for modelling and simulation. These models are compared with existing polypropylene material. In this study, the car door has modelled through Solid works. Afterward, the various impact attributes of automobile car door panel for mixture material and polypropylene material at different speeds are performed using Ansys Explicit Dynamic Analysis. The analysis results of NF reveal the enhanced total deformation and equivalent strain by about 20.14%, 27.78%, 85.9%, and 68.9% respectively for the velocities of 60 and 72kmph compared with polypropylene material. The NF composite helps to absorb more stress and strain, preventing damage to the vehicle body as well as the passengers.

Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin disease in which there is an accelerated turnover of skin cell growth. This is one of the challenging conditions in dermatology where the treatment remains a conundrum. The symptoms get relapsed once the medicine/ treatment is withdrawn. An integrated approach of Siddha and Ayurvedic treatments renders the relapse of this condition deferred. We report an integrated approach in a 31-year-old male patient diagnosed with Psoriasis Vulgaris (PASI -18.3) and suffered for a duration of 20 years. The patient had lesions in the chest, abdomen, back of trunk, shoulder, knees, and scalp. He was treated with integrated Siddha and Ayurvedic modalities of treatment for a period of consecutive 40 days and was followed up without a treatment for a period of 1 year. No recurrence was observed after the complete resolution of lesions which occurred within 41 days of treatment. reported after three months of treatment. The importance of diet is highlighted. This study has unraveled possible effective treatments with long-lasting relief for psoriasis with an integrated approach.

Introduction: Siddha system is one of the ancient systems coming practised in southern part of India, North and Eastern parts of Sri Lanka. The Siddha medicines are categorised as Aga marundhugal (Internal Medicine) and Pura marundhugal (External Medicine).One among them is kudineer (Decoction). Kabasura kudineer chooranam (KSK) is a polyherbal formulation and it contains 15 ingredients. It is indicated for Iyyasuram and it used for fever with Respiratory disease. Objective and Methods: To analyse the presents of different phyto constituents, develop HPTLC fingerfrint and quantify the amount of phenols and alkaloids in Kabasura Kudineer prepared at 1/4 (sample A), 1/8 (Sample B) and 1/16 (Sample C) reduction concentrations. Result: Phytochemical analysis of Kabasura Kudineer revealed the presence of alkaloid, phenol, flavonoid and tannin in Sample A, B and C. The Rf value obtained by TLC and HPTLC fingerprint for Sample A are 0.02, 0.04, 0.79, Sample B is 0.04, 0.80 and Sample C is 0.04, 0.43, 0.051 and 0.71. The amount of Alkaloid present in Sample A, B, C 1.61 ,1.03,1.44 and phenol present in Sample A, B, C 17.62 ,19.71,18.60 Conclusion: The Analytical parameters along with TLC photo documentation, HPTLC fingerprinting profile and UV Spectrophometer in various concentration of Kabasura Kudineeer are different in different reduction concentration ratio. Further specific chemical markers can be quantified using HPTLC and the therapeutic efficacy can be explored in further studies.

Industry 4.0, the current industrial revolution, promotes the combination of cutting-edge information technology and smart manufacturing systems. Many people in this new paradigm see additive manufacturing (AM) as crucial to its success. One of the primary drivers of AM's uptake is the growing emphasis on combining digitally sophisticated manufacturing and production systems within an Industry 4.0 framework (AM). This cutting-edge software has the potential to revolutionize how businesses function and how they relate to their customers, paving the path for higher profits and more long-lasting models. This chapter provides a thorough analysis of AM technologies and the benefits they bring to Industry 4.0. Focusing on current advancements in material research, process development, and improvements in design consideration, this chapter examines three crucial features of AM. Moreover, AM is grabbing a wide range of creative solutions, from waste reduction to shorter supply chains and longer product lifecycles, which encourages businesses to embrace it due to the material, energy, and cost savings that can be made. Despite this, AM deployment is still in its infancy and confronts technical hurdles of capacity, IT integration, and results. This chapter's primary goal is to organize the state of our understanding of AM and shine a light on its possible applications.

Siddha and Ayurveda system of medicine are important field of traditional medicine with Vedic and post Vedic origin in India. Both the system of medicine were formulated by Noblemen who are known by different names like Sage, Rishi’s, etc. Siddha and Ayurveda systems of medicine have many similarities like humoral pathology (Thridhosham/ thrithodam), usage of herbs, and diagnostic methods to name a few and also few differences.Various Siddha and Ayurveda literatures were reviewed to document scientific and rationale diversities prevailing in Siddha and Ayurveda fundamental concepts namely Siddha maruthuvanga churukkam, Sushrutha Samhita etc. Based on the review of literature, some scientific diversities and rationales are prevailing in the Siddha and Ayurveda systems of medicine. Even though both the systems seem to be similar, all the basic concepts in the Siddha system comes under a single entity called 96 thathuvas. Whereas in the Ayurveda system of medicine, the basic concepts are not organized under a single entity. Neither system of medicine is higher than the other and each system of medicine is unique in its own.

Normal fiber-strengthened composites are a developing territory in polymer discipline. These regular fibers are ease fibers with quiet density and elevated explicit attributes. These are decomposable and non-coarse. The trademark fiber composites proposition express credits for all intents and purposes indistinguishable from those of ordinary fiber blends. Due to their low rate, similarly incredible mechanical properties, outrageous express quality, non-grating, eco-accommodating and natural ascribes. The ductile characters of natural fiber-reinforced polymers are essentially impacted by the hookup attachment among the matrix and the fibers. This report presents the detailed effort on characteristic of fiber-reinforced mixtures with exceptional testimonial to the types of strands, fabrication method, mechanical attributes and numerous applications of fibers.

Metal additive manufacturing, mainly direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), is presiding over all the mechanical and manufacturing segments with its fascinating progress. Several studies have proved that the build orientation of the additive manufacturing (AM) process is very significant and influential on the mechanical properties. In this study, In718 samples were fabricated through DMLS with different Scan Orientation Strategies (SOS) of 67(0) (sample A), 67(0) + 90(0) (sample B), and 90(0) (sample C), and their impacts on mechanical characteristics and microstructures were discussed. The study revealed that due to a higher rate of elemental segregation, sample B exhibited a UTS of 1231 Mpa, which is approximately 17.21% greater than sample C and 8.36% greater than sample A. In the same way, the percentage elongation of sample C is 21% greater than that of sample B and 10.5% superior to sample A. Images obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an optical microscope (OM) were analysed to support the specimens' fractographies, columnar pattern growth, and elemental segregation. The fractured surfaces of tensile samples A & C revealed uniform fracture and equiaxed failures with deep dimples, whereas the fractured surface of sample B revealed the presence of an intermetallic configuration displaying brittle and low plastic deformation. (C) 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

In this study elastic, flexural, effect, and hardness characteristics of sisal fiber and kenaf rein constrained with polyester mixtures are portrayed unexpectedly. The composite samples are manufactured for various fiber loads by injection molding technique. Kenaf filaments are having better elasticity contrasted and sisal. Because of that reason, kenaf is as base material and sisal is as filler. To research the mechanical traits of elastic, flexural, sway, and hardness tests were proceeded according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard. The mechanical experiment outcomes uncovered an ordinary pattern of an expansion in malleable, flexural, effect, and hardness attributes to including common filaments. Great grip between the normal filaments and the polyester matrix is additionally liable for the successful mechanical ability. This outcome infers that kenaf and sisal fiber have.

Utilizing biomaterials for every conceivable purpose area, such as automobiles, sporting goods, medical, civil, and textile industries, is the aim of the research field. Applications of Natural Fiber (NF) reinforced polymer composites in structural and tribological engineering are rapidly expanding. For the first time in this work, Prosopis juliflora bark and two different types of NF (jute and kenaf) were reinforced with polyester matrix by the hand layup method. The objective of the work is to determine the wear performance and viscoelastic properties of the new hybrid bio-composite. Under dry contact conditions, the tribological performance of the proposed hybrid composite material was evaluated using a range of process parameters, including sliding distance (1000-2000 m), applied load (10-50 N), and sliding velocity (1-5 m/s). The wear behaviour of the fabricated NF composite was greatly enhanced (17.5 x10-8 mm3 /N-mm) by the higher composition of kenaf fibers has been observed. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) showed that the manufactured composites had high storage modulus (4.1 GPa) and loss modulus (3.8 GPA). SEM was used to investigate and propose a potential wear mechanism for the developed composites by evaluating the exterior geomorphology of samples after wear tests. AFM provided details on the fiber surface properties of hybrid composites.

In the present work tensile, flexural, impact and hardness properties of Prosopis juliflora bark (PJb), jute fiber (JF) and kenaf fiber (KF) reinforced polyester composites are expressed for the first time. The challenge in working with natural fiber composites (NFC) is the large variation in properties and characteristics. The properties of NFC to an enormous degree are impacted by the sort of fibers, a natural condition where the plant fibers are sourced and the kind of fiber treatments. In this experimental investigation JF as a base material, PJb and KF are filler materials. The weight percentage of JF has been maintained as constant and the remaining two fiber fillers were varied. To investigate the mechanical characteristics of tensile, flexural, impact and hardness tests were performed as per ASTM standard. The mechanical test outcomes exposed a reliable propensity of an expansion in the above mechanical credits to including natural fiber fillers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is utilized to identify the chemical composition of NF and SEM analysis utilized for interfacial adhesion between the NF and polyester matrix. Thermal consistency/degradation of NF was identified through Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

In this work, Alumina/Graphene/Hydroxyapatite as a nanocomposites developed using sol–gel associated Dip coating technique on Ti–6Al–4V Substrates. The wear and corrosion behaviour is a predominant factor for implant material like Ti–6Al–4V alloys that reduces the function and service life of the components. The tribological behaviour of Al2O3/Gr/HAP-coated and -uncoated substrates was investigated by wear test using pin-on-disk tribometer. The corrosion resistance of coated and uncoated substrate was analyzed by potentiodynamic polarization studies in SBF solution at 37 °C. In addition, the performance of the coated surface was assessed by X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Raman Spectroscopy. The lower wear rate is attributed to the hardness and it was observed that the hardness value increased from 358 to 616 HV, respectively. This study resulted that the surface-coating technique can efficiently improve the wear and corrosion resistance of coated Ti–6Al–4V alloys.

By using SOL–GEL Technique, novel nanocomposites made of alumina/hydroxyapatite/graphene were deposited on Ti-6Al-4V Substrates. The wear performances of the deposited coatings and coating thickness were assessed by scanning electron microscopy and EDS. The crystallography and the topography of the coated surface were examined by X-ray Diffraction and Atomic Force Microscope with porosity analysis, whereas incorporation of graphene was verified by Raman spectroscopy. The wear test was conducted using the pin-on-disc, with varying parameters exhibiting superior wear resistance and coefficient of friction and wear mechanism maps were constructed. The hardness of coated surface is increased by 70% approximately which subsequently increased the wear performance of the coated Ti-6Al-4V.

Siddha system of medicine is the eternal science of life. It is a system that has its extensive bonding with Dravidian culture, language and beliefs. The system of medicine mostly prevailed and prospered in the regions of Dravidian cultures by the great Siddhars. It’s unique as one only than other AYUSH traditional systems of medicine across India with its distinctive abundant usage of medicinal plants, metals, minerals and animal products. Siddhars used the steps of Alchemy to prepare various medicines from metallic and mineral origin for attainment elixir and various rare diseases. Siddha medicine is classified into 32 types of internal and external medicine each. Among the 32 types of internal medicine Chendhuram is a medicine shelf life of 75 years usually from herbo-mineral combinations. Arumuga Chendhuram (ARC) is a herbo-mineral formulation cited in Siddha literature ‘Siddha Vaithiya Thirattu’. ARC was orally administered at higher dose 2gm/kg to the Wistar Albino rats in acute toxicity study and during 28 days of repeated (sub acute) toxicity study, at daily doses of 12, 24 & 48mg/kg of body weight to the Wistar Albino rats. Type II collagen arthritis is another model for developing autoimmune arthritis. The immune pathogenesis mediated by T cell and B cell response to collagen. By this model, nearly 100% arthritis can be achieved. In our study, ARC after 42 days treatment reduced the arthritic swelling significantly and degree of inflammation evident to act against auto immune disorder.

In the present study, Alumina/ Hydroxyapatite/ Graphene as the bioactive coating is deposited with the sol-gel method on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy to evaluate their effects on antibacterial, cytotoxicity, and corrosion resistance. The corrosion behavior of uncoated Ti alloy along with coated substrate was analyzed by Potentiodynamic (Tafel) polarization in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution kept at a temperature of 37 °C. The result of the test exposed that the composite coating provided superior barrier characteristics and accomplished better corrosion protection for Ti-6Al-4V substrates. The resultant coatings surface morphology was studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).No antibacterial activity against human pathogens could be confirmed and demonstrated proved non-cytotoxicity when tested adjacent to healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that indicates the material has a high prospective for biomedical applications. This analysis resulted to facilitate the nanocomposite coatings can be proved as a potential applicant for succeeding bone implantations.