The terpenoid composition of steam volatile oil obtained from the aerial parts of Scutellaria repens Buch-Ham. ex D. Don (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The oil was found to be rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (77.5%); aromadendrene (30.7%) and β-funebrene (15.0%) were the principal constituents. Forty-four components were identified representing 90.8% of the oil. Antibacterial activity of the oil against ten bacterial strains was determined by measuring the inhibitory zone. The oil showed significant activity against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

The genus Lomatium has played a significant role in the lives of the natives to the Western United States for their value as food, medicinals and rituals. The essential oils from the fruits, stems and leaves, as well as the roots of Lomatium marginatum var. purpureum, were analyzed. (Z)-beta-lomatene, a new sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, which is a major component of the fruit, stem and leaf oils, was isolated and its structure established from its NMR data. In addition to (Z)-beta-lomatene, (Z)-3-hexenol and beta-caryophyllene were the major components of the stem and leaf oil, and (Z)-falcarinol was the major component of the root oil. The oils had very low concentration of muscle relaxant phthalides.

The composition of steam volatile oil from aerial parts of Salvia mukerjeei Bennet & Raizada (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil was rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (67.3%). Among 71 identified constituents representing 91.7% of the oil, beta-caryophyllene (28.7%), gamma-muurolene (15.5%) and dehydro-aromadendrane (9.5%), were the principal constituents. The oil was tested against ten bacterial strains and was active against Enterococcus faecalis, Erwinia chrysanthemi and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The hydrodistilled oils from the fruits as well as the stems/leaves of Lomatium mohavense ssp. longilobum and Lomatium mohavense ssp. mohavense were analysed by GC and GC/MS. The respective oils from L. mohavense ssp. longilobum show (Z)-3-hexenol at 9.3% and 7.5%, β-sinensal at 18.8% and 6.8% and iso-α-sinensal at 18.9% and 19.3% as the major compounds. The corresponding oils from L. mohavense ssp. mohavense show β-phellandrene/limonene at 12.2% and 6.0%, β-elemene at 1.8% and 17.8%, β-caryophyllene at 8.9% and 7.8% and germacrene D at 18.8% and 10.8% as the predominant compounds.

The chemical composition of the steam volatile oil of the whole aerial part of Scutellaria grossa Wall ex Benth. (Lamiaceae), obtained by steam distillation, has been analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil was found to be rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (88.6%). A total of 50 constituents were identified, representing 94.4% of the total oil composition. Linalool (37.0%) and 1-octen-3-ol (32.0%) were found to be the principal constituents. The antibacterial activity of the oil was determined against 10 bacterial strains by measuring the growth inhibitory zones. The oil showed significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecalis, and the Gram-negative, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella enterica enterica. A minimum inhibitory concentration of 31.25 µL mL(-1) was observed against E. faecalis.

The composition of the essential oil from whole aerial parts, flowers, leaves and stems of Senecio royleanus collected from sub-alpine region of central Himalaya, India, has been analyzed by GC, GC/MS, NMR spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction. A total of fifty components were identified representing 95.0-97.3% of the oil. 1,10 beta-Epoxy-6-oxofuranoeremophelane constituted the major component (39.4-69.2%) of the oil.

Salvia hians Royle ex. Benth (Lamiaceae) growing wild in the central Himalayan region, was analyzed by capillary GC and GC-MS. The oil was found to be rich in sesquiterpine hydrocarbons (52.5 %). Total 64 compounds were identified representing 94.9 % of the oil; gamma-cadinene (10.9 %), delta-cadinene (9.2 %), caryophyllene acetate (9.7 %) and cubenol (6.1 %) were found to be the principal constituents. The oil was tested against ten bacterial strains and showed significant activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis and Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

The essential oil of Salvia nubicola Wall ex Sweet. (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty-four compounds were identified, constituting 94.0% of the oil. The oil was found rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (73.3%). Germacrene 13 (46.2%) was the principal constituent. Oxygenated sesquiterpenes constituted 12.3% of the oil. The oil showed activity against tested bacterial and fungal strains used, and which was found comparable with the standard antibiotics (Ampicillin, Erythromycin and Clotrimazole) used for comparison.

Aletes acaulis, Cymopterus hendersonii, Cymopterus panamintensis var. acutifolius, Lomatium rigidum, Lomatium scabrum var. tripinnatum, Musineon tenuifolium, Sphenosciadium capitellatum, Tauschia arguta and Tauschia parishii are among the twenty-two species of the Apiaceae family to which female Indra Swallowtail butterflies (Papilio indra: Lepidoptera) are attracted for oviposition. Because plant volatile oils are known to be attractants for female butterflies, the percent composition of the essential oils of each species was studied. Amongst the nine host plants 168 essential oil components were identified representing between 84% and 99% of the oils. Principal Components Analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis on the essential oil compositions of the larval host plants against four non-larval host plants separated the hosts from the non-hosts into distinct clusters. Volatile components of the oils common to the nine species of Apiaceae are correlated with the expression of physiological attraction behavior by the butterfly.

One-hundred-and-forty-one angelates and tiglates were synthesized and their Kovats retention indices and mass spectra are presented. It is anticipated that the publication of these data will aid in the identification of angelates and tiglates from natural sources. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Teucrium royleanum Wall ex. Benth. and T. quadrifarium Buch.-Ham., growing wild in the Central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (India), yielded, on steam distillation, 0.07% and 0.09%, respectively of essential oil. The oil samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. By GC, both oil samples showed remarkable similarity with respect to the major peaks. Fifty-seven constituents were identified in both the oils representing 96.0% and 96.6% of the total, respectively. The oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (~76.0%). β-Caryophyllene (23.6% and 38.3%), germacrene D (28.9% and 9.4%), α-humulene (5.7% and 5.9%), linalool (4.8% and 1.5%), and 1-octen-3-ol (8.5% and 0.7%) were common to both oils and were the principal constituents. The genus can be classified into two groups on the basis of the present and previous reports on the essential oil composition and chemical markers.

The hydrodistilled oils from the fruits, stems and leaves of Lomatium mohavense ssp. longilobum were investigated. iso-alpha-Sinensal, iso-alpha-sinensol and iso-alpha-sinensyl actetate were isolated and their structures derived from their 2D NMR data. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Teucrium royleanum Wall ex. Benth. and T. quadrifarium Buch.-Ham., growing wild in the Central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand (India), yielded, on steam distillation, 0.07% and 0.09%, respectively of essential oil. The oil samples were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. By GC, both oil samples showed remarkable similarity with respect to the major peaks. Fifty-seven constituents were identified in both the oils representing 96.0% and 96.6% of the total, respectively. The oils were rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (approximately 76.0%). beta-Caryophyllene (23.6% and 38.3%), germacrene D (28.9% and 9.4%), alpha-humulene (5.7% and 5.9%), linalool (4.8% and 1.5%), and 1-octen-3-ol (8.5% and 0.7%) were common to both oils and were the principal constituents. The genus can be classified into two groups on the basis of the present and previous reports on the essential oil composition and chemical markers.

This is first report oil the composition of the leaf essential oils of J. communis L varieties front the Western Hemisphere. The oil of Juniperus communis var. jackii had the most distinct oil and contained moderate amounts of alpha-pinene (16.1-18.9%), delta-3-carene (17.9-28.4%) and beta-phellandrene (9.2-13.4%) along with several diterpenes including isoabienol. Juniperus communis var. charlottensis oil had a very high concentration of alpha-pinene (59.3%), with moderate amounts of beta-pinene (5.9%), delta-3-carene (3.6%) and beta-phellandrene (2.9%). The oil of J. communis var. depressa was dominated by alpha-pinene (53.9%), delta-3-carene (9.3%) and beta-pinene (5.5%) and was a little unusual in also containing citronellol, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate with no diterpenes. The oil of J. communis var. megistocarpa possessed large amounts of alpha-pinene (58.5%), limonene (20.4%) and beta-pinene (5.0%) and, like J. communis var. depressa, its oil also contained citronellol, citronellyl acetate, neryl acetate and geranyl acetate. Putative J. communis var. saxatilis from Idaho, USA, had a high concentration of alpha-pinene (56.5%) with moderate amounts of delta-3-carene (11.5%), beta-pinene (5.4%), myrcene (4.5%) and beta-phellandrene (3.1%).The oils of these North American varieties were compared to J. communis var. communis (Sweden) and J. communis var. saxatilis (Switzerland). A survey of approximately 65 species of Juniperus revealed that isoabienol was present in eight species. X-ray, MS and (13)C-NMR were used to determine the structure of isoabienol (I) and KI and a mass spectrum is presented to aid future identification.

The essential oil compositions of the upper parts of six Lomatium species, Lomatium brandegei, Lomatium east-woodiae, Lomatium graveolens, Lomatium howelii, Lomatium junceum, and Lomatium parryi, were determined by comparing the reported CC, GC/MS data of the oil components as well as by comparing the GC/MS retention times and the mass spectra of several other components with authentic samples. The Indra swallowtail butterfly has been observed to lay eggs oil these Lomatium species. A principal component analysis of the essential oil composition of the six species against the essential oil of Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum, a non-Indra swallowtail butterfly host, was conducted.

The female Indra Swallowtail butterfly lays eggs on a number of species of the genus Lomatium in the Apiaceae family. The essential oils of three varieties of Lomatium grayi; L. grayi. var. grayi, L. grayi var. depauperatum and L. grayi. var. (undescribed) have been analyzed. Among the major components, L. grayi var. grayi shows myrcene (8.4%), beta-phellandrene/limonene (27.2%), gamma-terpinene (10.4%), and senkyunolide (24.4%). L. grayi var. depauperatum shows myreene (8.1%), p-eymene (4.3%), beta-phellandrene/limonene (20.8%), (Z)-beta- and (E)-beta-ocimene (23.6%), gamma-terpinene (4.4%), germacrene D (4.6%), senkyunolide (4.7%), and (Z)-ligustilide (6.7%). L. grayi (new varity) shows beta-phellandrene/limonene (17.7%), gamma-terpinene (16.1%), and senkyunolide (44.0%). These observations contrast significantly with the reported composition of L. grayi. Only L. grayi var. depauperatum and L. grayi (new variety) attract the butterfly.

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Agrimonia aitchisonii (Rosaceae), obtained by steam distillation was investigated by GC, GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy. The oil was found to be rich in methyl myrtenate (62.4%). Other components with significant percentage were limonene (7.2%), linalool (4.8%), myrtenyl. acetate (4.6%), linalyl acetate (5.9%) and zingiberene (2.4%).

The essential oil from the fruits of Lomatium, nevadense var. parishii showed beta-phellandrene/limonene, (Z)-beta-ocimene, (E)-beta-ocimene,gamma-terpenene, beta-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, and (E)-sesquilavandulol to constitute more than 3% each of the oil. With the addition of (E)-2-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol and palmitic acid, the stem and leaf oil had similar composition. A new sesquiterpene alcohol, trans-dauc-8-en-11-ol along with naturally occurring 2',3',3'-trimethyl-2',3'-dihydroangelicin were isolated. (Z)-Falcarinol made up 48.5% of the root oil.

Re-examination of the leaf essential oils of the one-seeded, serrate leaf junipers of the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, by GC GC/MS and NMR, has yielded 2-ethenyl-3-methyl phenol (coahuilensol), 2-ethenyl-3-methyl anisole (coahuilensol, methyl ether), and 2-(1'-acetoxyethyl)-3-methyl anisole (pinchotene acetate) as new natural products. A survey of Juniperus oils revealed that these compounds were found in: three serrate leaf junipers (J. angosturana, two varieties of J. coahuilensis, and J. pinchotii). Coahuilensol was also found in the oils of two smooth leaf junipers of the western hemisphere (J. virginiana var. virginiana and J. v. var. silicicola); three multiple seeded, smooth leaf junipers of the eastern hemisphere (J. semiglobosa, J. semiglobosa J. semiglobosa var. talassica, and J. thurifera). The phenolic compounds were not found in section Juniperus, section Caryocedrus or in the one seeded, smooth leaf junipers of the eastern hemisphere. Coahuilensol has been previously reported as 2-(2-propenyl)-phenol (tentative). The leaf oils of J. angosturana J. coahuilensis, J. coahuilensis var. coahuilensis, J. monosperma and J. pinchotii were re-examined based on fresh oil collections and the compositions are reported. NMR data and mass spectra of the three 3-methyl phenols are presented to aid in future identification.

The essential oil from the aerial parts of Salvia leucantha Cav. (Lamiaceae) was analyzed by GC, GC/MS and NMR spectroscopy The oil was found rich in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons; beta-caryophyllene (13.9%), alpha-guaiene (12.6%), cis-nmurola-3,5-diene (10.8%), germacrene D (13.8%) and bicyclogermacrene (8.7%). Bornyl acetate constituted 23.9% of the oil. This is the first detailed report on the essential oil composition based on capillary GC and GC/MS analyses.