The primary productivity of the Baniyapur pond was estimated from March 2024 to February 2025 through relationship between abiotic parameters and phytoplankton density during the study period. The seasonal variation of primary productivity revealed that maximum and minimum values of Gross primary productivity and community respiration were associated with monsoon and summer seasons respectively. The minimum values of Net primary productivity were recorded during monsoon season and maximum during winter during study period.

Platinum group metal (PGM) complexes have attracted a lot of interest in medicinal chemistry, especially in the treatment of cancer, because of their strong cytotoxic qualities. Platinum-based complexes, such as cisplatin, carboplatin, and oxaliplatin, are essential chemotherapeutic medicines that have transformed the treatment of cancer. In the present work, the two chromogenic reagents derived from the flavonol family, namely, 3-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4H-chromen-4-one and 3-hydroxy-2-tolyl-4H-chromen-4-one complex have been selected to prepare platinum and iridium complexes. The anti-proliferative potential of the three complexes related with PGMs was investigated against the HaCat cancer cell line by applying Methyl Thiazole Tetrazolium reduction assay. HaCaT cancer cell line is a keratinocyte cell line derived from adult human skin. A comparison between the examined complexes indicated that the complexes of platinum metal in its divalent state have proven to be more potent anti-cancer agents as compared to those of iridium in the metal's trivalent state. The results finally suggested that PGM complexes with a logical design may help create next-generation anticancer medications that are more effective than the existing ones.

Lung cancer continues to be a disease that is feared on a global scale due to its high mortality rates. The annual incidence of lung cancer is estimated to be 1.8 million, with approximately 1.6 million fatalities. Conventional treatment regimens are ineffective because they are unable to eradicate lung cancer stem cells (LCSCs). LCSCs are known to be highly resistant to treatment, induce relapse, strengthen metastasis, preserve tumorigenicity, and self-renewal. This demonstrates the necessity of a novel treatment modality that can specifically target lung cancer and its progenitor cells. Nanomaterials (NMs) handle unique challenges with outstanding solutions in a variety of industrial and scientific applications. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are among the most commonly used NMs in drug delivery, medical diagnostics, energy harvesting devices, sensors, lubricants, and bioremediation. Notably, they have demonstrated strong antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral capabilities in the biomedical sector. The literature analysis reveals a selective cytotoxic impact on cancer cells compared to healthy cells, highlighting its potential utility in cancer treatment and emphasizing the necessity to investigate the potential risk of their use to the environment and human health.

Background: Charcoal rot of fenugreek caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is destructive disease of all fenugreek growing areas of Rajasthan, The disease is wide occurrence in sandy soil of Rajasthan, where the climatic conditions are dry and temperature remains high. Under severe infestation it cause 35.00-42.56% losses in yield. In the present investigation, our main emphasis was to find out some new fungicides alone and combination with bio-agent for management of charcoal rot of fenugreek. Methods: Eight fungicides viz., captan 70%+ hexaconazole 5% WP, azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenaconazole 1.4% SC, chlorothalonil 75% WP, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG, carboxin 37.5% + thiram 37.5% WP, copper oxychloride 50% WP and captan 70% WP were tested at different concentration of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ppm against M. phaseolina using Poisoned Food Technique in vitro. The in vivo study was taken to evaluate the effect of one fungal and one bacterial bio-agent viz., T. harzianum, P. fluorescens was applied as seed treatment, soil dressing and soil application @ 5+5g/kg and @ 10 kg/ha respectively and fungicides viz., tebuconazole 50%+ trifloxystrobin 25% @ 1.5 g/kg, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% @ 2 g/kg and azoxystrobin 18.2% + difenaconazole 11.4% 2 ml/kg seed were used in different treatments. The experiment was conducted at Experimental farm COA, SKRAU, Bikaner during Rabi 2020-21 on most popular cv. Rmt-305 in RBD design with the application of seed treatment, soil dressing and foliar spray of different fungicides with bioagents at different concentrations against Charcoal Rot disease and compared with an untreated control. Result: Among all the tested fungicides used in the present investigation, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG found most effective in controlling the mycelium growth of pathogen. In field condition, it gave maximum disease control (85.72%) with highest grain yield (19.83 q/ha) when applied as seed treatment with tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG @ 1.5 g/kg seed + soil application of T. harzianum @ 10 kg/ha + SD with tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% WG. These treatments can provide an effective management of charcoal rot disease for fenugreek cultivators.

ABSTRACT: One of the most aggressive invasive weeds, Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae) is generating serious difficulties for the environment, economy, and livestock in India and other parts of the world. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify the fungal pathogens from the leaves of Parthenium weed and evaluate their cultural filtrates against the growth of the weed. Alternaria alternata was isolated from the infected Parthenium leaves by using standard isolation techniques utilizing potato dextrose agar (PDA), during an extensive search for natural enemies of P. hysterophorus. After applying Koch's postulates and leaf bioassay, it was discovered that A. alternata was found pathogenic and can be used as biocontrol agent of the weed. Seed germination bioassay was performed to check the herbicidal potential of A. alternata metabolites against Parthenium plant. The fungal pathogen's metabolites caused severe harm to the leaves and seeds of P. hysterophorus. This research aims to explore the biological control efficacy of isolated fungus A. alternata to inhibit Parthenium growth.

The design, synthesis, and assessment of novel thiazole derivatives' antibacterial properties are presented here. These compounds showed modest antibacterial activity, according to the in vitro study. Compound 3 had the highest activity, with MIC and MBC ranging from 0.25 to 0.1 and 0.49 to 0.96 mg/mL, respectively. Three compounds (b, c, and d) demonstrated greater potential than the reference medication ampicillin when tested against three resistant strains of P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The compounds' antifungal activity was superior, with MIC and MFC falling between 0.07 and 0.49 and 0.12 and 0.96 mg/mL, respectively. Compound I exhibited the highest activity, with a MIC of 0.06–0.25 mg/mL and an MFC of 0.13–0.49 mg/mL. Docking studies suggest that the compounds' antibacterial action may be due to their expected inhibition of the E. coli MurB enzyme, while their antifungal activity is most likely due to their inhibition of 14a-lanosterol demethylase.

The study introduces an innovative Z-scheme heterojunction g-C3N4/ZnO/PPy (GZP) nanocomposite synthesized through a three-step process: calcination, coprecipitation, and in situ polymerization of polypyrrole (PPy), with varied PPy concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%). Extensive characterizations confirmed the successful integration and uniform dispersion of ZnO and PPy on the g-C3N4 matrix, enhancing surface interaction and structural stability. FTIR confirmed the successful incorporation of PPy and ZnO on the g-C3N4, while XRD and XPS provided insights into the crystalline structure and elemental composition. TEM and SEM revealed uniform dispersion of ZnO and PPy, ensuring optimal surface interaction. UV-DRS analysis showed enhanced visible light absorption, while PL spectra demonstrated effective suppression of charge carrier recombination, with EIS indicating reduced charge transfer resistance, thus promoting superior separation and transport of photogenerated carriers. Photocatalytic evaluations highlighted the remarkable efficiency of GZP1 achieving 97% degradation of Rose Bengal (RB) and 93% degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) at a low concentration of 10 mg/100 mL, with consistent performance over four cycles. Active species analysis identified holes (h(+)) and hydroxyl radicals ((OH)-O-center dot) as the key contributors to degradation. These results establish GZP as a promising photocatalyst with high reusability and efficiency, addressing critical water purification challenges.

Alpha ketoglutaric acid is a biological compound found naturally in the human body. It plays an important role in the cell metabolism and has a role in various metabolic pathways including Kreb's cycle, protein metabolism and so on. Keto glutaric acid is chemically prepared from succinic acid and oxalic acid. It is a direct precursor of glutamic acid and triazines. It can be produced by oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate by isocitrate dehydrogenase. The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is used as a prospective producer of alpha ketoglutaric acid from ethanol. The capability to synthesize Keto glutaric acid has so far been investigated for many microorganisms such as Pseudomonas fluoroscens, Bacillus subtilis etc. P. fluoroscens have the ability to synthesize a huge amount of alpha ketoglutaric acid in a glycerol medium supplemented with manganese (Mn). The Mangnese has a significant impact on glycerol metabolism resulting in the buildup of alpha ketoglutaric acid. The metabolism of succinate may result in the production of alpha ketoglutarate. Despite its importance in TCA cycle, alpha ketoglutaric acid buildup as an intermediate product of bacterial glucose oxidation. Along with chemical synthesis andmicrobial fermentation, enzymatic transformation can also be used to produce alpha ketoglutaric acid. Biodiesel waste is considered as cheap and renewable carbon source for the development of alpha ketoglutaric acid. Alpha ketoglutarate is used for kidney disease, intestinal and stomach disorders and many other conditions. It also plays an important role in the food industry as food and nutrient enhancers. The review is covering all the aspects related with the Alpha ketoglutaric acid production, utilization and product recovery.

Background: Early leaf spot caused by Cercospora arachidicola Hori. is most destructive disease in all the groundnut growing areas of Rajasthan, under severe infestation it cause 30-50% losses in pod yield. Recently, Central Insecticide Board (CIB), Faridabade banned 27 pesticides including some important fungicides which are extensively used in plant disease management. Therefore, in the present investigation, our main emphasis was to find out some new fungicides for management of early leaf spot disease.Methods: Ten fungicides (hexaconazole 5% EC, difenconazole 25% EC, propiconazole 25% EC, tebuconazole 25.9% EC, trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG, mancozeb 50% WP, chlorothalonil 75% WP, carbendazim 50% WP, carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 63% WP and captan 70% + hexaconazole 5% WP) were evaluated against early leaf spot pathogen (C. arachidicola) both in lab as well as in field condition. The experiment was conducted at ARS, SKRAU, Bikaner during Kharif-2019 on most popular cv. HNG-69 in RBD design with the application of foliar spray of ten different fungicides at different concentrations against early leaf spot disease and compared with an untreated control.Result: Among all the fungicides used in the present investigation, Tebuconazole 25.9% EC was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen followed by trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG. Under field condition, it gave maximum (70.73%) disease control with highest pod yield (31.5 q/ha) and net return (Rs 57,500/ha) when applied as foliar spray at 0.1% concentration followed by trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% WG at 0.2%. These treatments can provide an effective and economical management of early leaf spot disease for groundnut cultivators.

A novel series of metal complexes of 3d elements of the type, [MLCl2] [M = Ni(II), Cu(II) & Zn(II), L = ligand] produced from an ampyrone-based ligand was discussed. A thorough investigation was carried out using elemental analyses, LC-MS, FT-IR, 1H- & C-13 NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis for the ligand and its complexes. The ligand was additionally characterized through single crystal X-ray crystallography, revealing a monoclinic system with the C2/c space group, featuring dimensions a = 17.8776(12) angstrom, b = 6.8982(6) angstrom, c = 29.862(2) angstrom, beta = 101.170(5)degrees. Hirshfeld surface analysis was employed to unveil various intermolecular interactions in the ligand. Additionally, theoretical investigations were conducted to have a better understanding of the structures. Moreover, the antimicrobial efficacy of all investigated compounds was assessed.

Transition metal complexes are an appealing target in the development of functional materials used frequently in industrial and therapeutic world. The quantum chemical investigations help to obtain a thorough comprehension of the interplay between complexes and biological materials. It necessitates sufficient modeling of chemical phenomena in the system, occasionally involving assistance of classical or semi-empirical computational techniques. Identification of the factors influencing complexes and their optimization is essential for electronic structure calculations and the relevant biochemical potential. The present study aims at correlating analytical studies with the theoretical behavior involving identification of structural features and bonding interactions of the three 4H-1-benzopyrans and their spectrophotometrically analyzed palladium complexes using DFT calculations to get acquainted with pharmacological profile of the complexes. FMO studies indicated a higher Egap for ligand in all the cases than their respective Pd(II) complexes. Furthermore, according to the other chemical descriptors, interaction between the ligands and respective complexes, cause chromogenic ligand’s chemical hardness to decrease indicating that the formed complexes have lower kinetic stability and more chemical reactivity. Efficiency of the studied ligands further was analyzed by molecular docking against the target proteins, of which 2O0U, a transferase exhibited mutual interactions with all the examined ligands. KEY WORDS: Palladium(II), 4H-1-benzopyran complexes, DFT, MEP, Molecular docking Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(5), 1311-1327. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i5.10

An analytical approach has been instigated for spectrophotometric inquisition of trace amounts of palladium in its bivalent oxidation state employing a novel 1-benzopyran derivative viz. A 1:2 [Pd(II):HMPB] light yellow complex is formed by a spontaneous interaction between Pd(II) and HMPB. The complex is quantitatively extracted from a weakly basic medium into dichloromethane absorbing prevalently and consistently at 405-425 nm. The method coheres to linearity up to 1.5 µg mL-1 of palladium(II). Analytical parameters such as the molar absorption coefficient (ε=3.011 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1), Sandell's sensitivity [0.0035 µg Pd(II) cm-2], % RSD (0.62%) and the limit of detection [0.0147 µg Pd(II) mL-1] indicate that the study satisfies all the criteria for good sensitivity, precision and accuracy. In addition, intervention with regard to numerous anions/complexing agents and cations of primary analytical importance has been performed to assess the method's flexibility and usefulness. The results show that the majority of them do not cause any interference during determination. To better understand chemistry of the prepared complex, spectroscopic quantum chemical studies including DFT and MEP mapping based on examination of the electronic characteristics of the complex in its most stable least energy conformation are used. KEY WORDS: Palladium, 3-Hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran, Extractive spectrophotometric determination, DFT, MEP, Docking Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2024, 38(3), 591-603. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v38i3.4

Parthenium hysterophorus, a noxious weed of tropical America, had relocated to Indian plains and rapidly encroached on north-western Himalayas Mountain regions. Earlier, the plant was primarily found in wastelands, but it now thrives in cultivated fields, pastures, and roadsides. Parthenium weed threatens human and animal health, destroys vegetation, lowers the diversity of native plant groups and causes significant financial damage to individuals and their significance in numerous nations worldwide. Parthenin, a sesquiterpene lactone found in P. hysterophorus, is harmful to livestock and poses a serious health risk to people, e.g., dermatitis and skin rashes, emaciation, tissue rupturing, internal organ haemorrhages and death are the hazardous side effects. Several studies are being conducted to determine the most efficient and reasonable method to control this harmful weed worldwide, including physical, chemical and biological ones. The study revealed that biocontrol of P. hysterophorus was a cost-effective, safe and viable technique and poses no threat to non-target organisms, environment and biodiversity, e.g., some allelopathic plants are used to curb the growth of congress grass. The combined effects of biocontrol agents like insects, fungi, nematodes, snails, slugs, and competitive plants decrease the density and vigour of congress grass and increase its production. The work done over the past 20 years on screening and evaluating both insect and fungal agents and the actual and potential employment of natural enemies as traditional biological control agents has been discussed. The study concludes that biological control, because of its affordability, environmental safety and sustainability, could be a significant constituent of an effective strategy for managing weed.

. Transition metal complexes are an appealing target in the development of functional materials used frequently in industrial and therapeutic world. The quantum chemical investigations help to obtain a thorough comprehension of the interplay between complexes and biological materials. It necessitates sufficient modeling of chemical phenomena in the system, occasionally involving assistance of classical or semi-empirical computational techniques. Identification of the factors influencing complexes and their optimization is essential for electronic structure calculations and the relevant biochemical potential. The present study aims at correlating analytical studies with the theoretical behavior involving identification of structural features and bonding interactions of the three 4H-1-benzopyrans H-1-benzopyrans and their spectrophotometrically analyzed palladium complexes using DFT calculations to get acquainted with pharmacological profile of the complexes. FMO studies indicated a higher Egap for ligand in all the cases than their respective Pd(II) complexes. Furthermore, according to the other chemical descriptors, interaction between the ligands and respective complexes, cause chromogenic ligand's chemical hardness to decrease indicating that the formed complexes have lower kinetic stability and more chemical reactivity. Efficiency of the studied ligands further was analyzed by molecular docking against the target proteins, of which 2O0U, a transferase exhibited mutual interactions with all the examined ligands.

Abstract Butyric acid is an important chemical which has many applications in the chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Butyraldehyde, which is derived from propylene, is now converted into butyrate by petrochemical processes known as oxo synthesis. Because of its poor productivity and low butyrate concentration in the fermentation broth, biotechnological production of butyric acid is not economically viable. Typically, a sizable amount of the overall production expenses goes toward the cost of the fermentation substrate. If the fermentation process can use minimal biomass as the feedstock, a cost-competitive production of butyric acid from the fermentation technique would be generated with a strong market prospect. Organic wastes are recommended as a source of butyric acid fermentation feedstock because they are inexpensive, can be generated in huge numbers, and are biodegradable. With a focus on the low-cost feedstock, the many uses of butyric acid are discussed, with its present production status. As a result, this paper explores several butyric acid fermentation-related problems and offers ideas for potential solutions.

Abstract Succinic acid is a valuable organic acid with a high commercial value that may be employed in a variety of sectors including food, cosmetics, and chemistry. Through bacterial fermentation, succinic acid can be easily produced. This paper includes a broad body of literature assessment spanning the previous two decades on the evaluation of succinic acid (SA) production procedures in to further drive research toward membrane-based sustainable and affordable production. The best natural method of SA producer is through Actinobacillus succinogenes. The process of microbial fermentation is used to produce bio-succinic acid utilizing agro-industrial waste. There are different methods under metabolic engineering which are being frequently used for bio-based succinic acid production using representative microorganisms, such as Mannheimia succiniciproducens, Pichia kudriavzevii, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Actinobacillus succinogenes, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Basfia succiniciproducens, and Escherichia coli. This review summarizes the evolution of microbial production, fermentative methods, various organic substrates and the effects of efforts to recover and refine components for a wide range of applications in the perspective of biologically produced succinic acid for commercialization state.

Background: Dry root rot of chickpea caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid is a serious biotic constraint for chickpea production in Rajasthan. For the management of soil borne disease like dry root rot of chickpea, by using fungicides alone is not feasible due to environmental and health hazards. Hence integrated management of the disease by using bio-agents and fungicides is the best alternative. Therefore, in the present investigation, our main emphasis was to identify best fungicide and bio-agent for management of dry root rot in chickpea. Methods: Eight fungicides and four bio-agents were evaluated against dry root rot pathogen (M. phaseolina) in lab as well as in field condition. The experiment was conducted at instructional farm, COA, SKRAU, Bikaner during Rabi-2019 on most popular cv. GNG-1581 in RBD design with the application of seed treatment and soil application of different bio-agents and fungicides at different concentrations against dry root rot disease and compared with an untreated control. Result: Among all the fungicides used in the present investigation, tebuconazole 50% + trifloxystrobin 25% was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Among all the bio-agents, T. harzianum was found most effective in inhibiting the mycelial growth of the pathogen. Under field condition, tebuconazole 50%+ trifloxystrobin 25% WG as seed treatment @ 1.5 g/kg along with T. harzianum @ 10 kg/ha as soil application gave maximum (83.76 %) disease control with highest pod yield (19.5 q/ha) and net return (Rs 39,826/ha). These treatments can provide an effective and economical management of dry root rot disease for chickpea cultivators.

Background Small, non-coding microRNAs, usually of 20-25 nucleotides, are known to regulate the post-transcriptional gene expression, which has a significant role in human biological processes, including immune-biogenesis, homeostasis and infection control as differential expression of such miRNAs is responsible for fine-tuning the organismic development. Methods A search of bibliographic databases was carried out with a focused question on microRNA-Disease Prediction. A deductive qualitative content analysis approach was employed to assess the research's overall outcomes, review articles on prediction tools in miRNA-Diseases, and analyse the interventions. Results Diagnosis and therapeutics of diseases and miRNA prediction methods hold importance in identifying the regulatory mechanisms. Collections of efficient miRNA prediction methods to identify miRNA-mRNA-disease regulatory relationships have been presented through this review, consolidating the potential of miRNAs as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of multiple diseases, including COVID-19. Conclusion The role of miRNA in the aetiology and pathogenesis of wide-range of pathologies, including viral, bacterial to chronic diseases such as cancer, is quite feasible through the modern tools in bioinformatics which has been elaborated focusing upon miRNA-disease prediction methods and their application potential establishing miRNAs as a robust and reliable biomarker in clinico-medical studies.

BACKGROUND:The liver is a well-known player in the metabolism and removal of drugs. Drug metabolizing enzymes in the liver detoxify drugs and xenobiotics, ultimately leading to the acquisition of homeostasis. However, liver toxicity and cell damage are not only related to the nature and dosage of a particular drug but are also influenced by other factors such as aging, immune status, environmental contaminants, microbial metabolites, gender, obesity, and expression of individual genes Furthermore, factors such as drugs, alcohol, and environmental contaminants could induce oxidative stress, thereby impairing the regenerative potential of the liver and causing several diseases. Persons suffering from other ailments and those with comorbidities are found to be more prone to drug-induced toxicities. Moreover, drug composition and drug-drug interactions could further aggravate the risk of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. A plethora of mechanisms are responsible for initiating liver cell damage and further aggravating liver cell injury, followed by impairment of homeostasis, ultimately leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species, immune-suppression, and oxidative stress.OBJECTIVE:To summarize the potential of phytochemicals and natural bioactive compounds to treat hepatotoxicity and other liver diseases.STUDY DESIGN:A deductive qualitative content analysis approach was employed to assess the overall outcomes of the research and review articles pertaining to hepatoprotection induced by natural drugs, along with analysis of the interventions.METHODS:An extensive literature search of bibliographic databases, including Web of Science, PUBMED, SCOPUS, GOOGLE SCHOLAR, etc., was carried out to understand the role of hepatoprotective effects of natural drugs.RESULTS:Bioactive natural products, including curcumin, resveratrol, etc., have been seen as neutralizing agents against the side effects induced by the drugs. Moreover, these natural products are dietary and are readily available; thus, could be supplemented along with drugs to reduce toxicity to cells. Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics have shown promise of improving overall liver functioning, and these should be evaluated more extensively for their hepatoprotective potential. Therefore, selecting an appropriate natural product or a bioactive compound that is free of toxicity and offers a reliable solution for drug-induced liver toxicity is quintessential.CONCLUSIONS:The current review highlights the role of natural bioactive products in neutralizing drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Efforts have been made to delineate the possible underlying mechanism associated with the neutralization process.