Good nutrition in animal production systems is essential to produce a healthy, high-quality product economically. In fish farming, nutrition is critical because feed represents 40-50% of the production costs. Fish nutrition has advanced dramatically in recent years with the development of new, balanced commercial diets that promote optimal fish growth and health. The development of new species-specific diet formulations supports the aquaculture (fish farming) industry as it expands to satisfy increasing demand for affordable, safe, and high-quality fish and seafood products Conducted experiments on studies on fish feed formulation at CIPHET, Ludhiana. The present study evaluates the importance of fish feed pellets as alternative feed ingredients for fish feed preparation. Commonly available materials i.e., debittered mustard oil cake, fish meal, maize powder, and mineral powder mixture. The crude protein content of the feed ingredients ranged from 10 to 60 % and the crude fat contents were recorded as 4 to 12%. Crude fiber contents were between 1 and 8 % and ash contents ranged from 6.9 to 38 %. In this study, results showed that the minimum volume of pellets is 700.4 mm3 and maximum volume is 925.504 mm3 and the minimum density of pellets is 0.00092 g. mm-3 and the maximum density of pellets is 0.00107 g. mm-3 of the pellets. The 0.5838g weight of the pellet will take less time to dissolve completely when compared with more 0.9127g weight of the pellet.

This study was conducted to characterize the extract collagen hydrolysate (CH) from low value buffalo skin using enzymes bromelain (B) and papain (P), including their bioactivities. Optimum levels of the two enzymes were determined by Sodium dodecyl sulphate-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and degree of hydrolysis. Levels (30 and 50 units of B/g of skin and 20 and 30 units of P/g of skin) showing maximum degradation of collagen proteins were used to extract CH and the recovered CH were correspondingly referred as B20, B50, P20 and P30, respectively. The yield of CH from skin for P20, P30, B30 and B50 was 27.38, 26.32, 20.71 and 16.19

Angiotensin-I converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) peptides were prepared from rohu (Labeo rohita) fish wastes by enzymatic hydrolysis [1.1% alcalase concentration (v/w); 130 min time; 52°C temperature and 0.8:1 solid-liquid ratio]. Ultrasound Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (UAEE) and Microwave Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (MAEE) were performed to enhance degree of hydrolysis (DH), ACEi activity, and peptide yield (PY). The ACEi peptides were examined for stability during thermal processing, varied pH treatments and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. Peptides were stable at different temperatures (25, 37, 55, 75, and 100°C) except at 121°C which reduced their stability by 7%, 6.9% and 2.2% in UAEE, MAEE and Non-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction (NAEE) peptides, respectively. Similarly, peptides retained ACEi at pH 2 to 8 and subsequent reduction at pH>8. In vitro digestion studies showed stability of all peptides to GI digestion at 0.05% pepsin, 0.05% trypsin, 0.05% chymotrypsin and the combination of 0.025% trypsin and 0.025% chymotrypsin except MAEE peptides showing less stability with pepsin (0.05%). Therefore, it is concluded that these ACEi peptides derived from rohu fish waste, stable to heat, pH and gastrointestinal enzymatic action, can be used as ingredient in functional foods, which undergo thermal processing and digestion.

Background: Hypertension is one of the cardiovascular disease that kills people silently across the globe. It can be controlled, in one of the way, by ACE inhibitory peptide extracted from aquatic resources. Methods: Rohu (Labeo rohita) fish wastes were quantified for their anatomical yield; analyzed for their proximate composition and optimized the enzymatic extraction parameters for ACE inhibitory peptides. Response surface methodology with Box-Benhken Design (RSM-BBD) was used to optimize alcalase concentration (0.5-2% v/w), hydrolysis temperature (45-60°C), hydrolysis time (60-240 min.) and solid: liquid (S/L) ratio (0.2-1) to obtain rohu fish waste peptides. Results: More waste generated in smaller (49.4%) than medium and bigger (34.5%) fish. Quantum of edible flesh (59.06%) was followed by head (23.9%), trimmings (5.18%), scales (4.19%) and swim bladder (0.65%). However, protein content was highest in swim bladder (34.1%) followed by scales (22.9%), trimmings (18.7%) and head (17.1%). Alcalase concentration (1.08%, v/w), temperature (52.10°C), hydrolysis time (129.18 min) and S/L ratio (0.8:1) were found optimum for extraction ACE inhibitory peptide with DH, ACE inhibition and PY of 19.27%, 54.98% and 51.37% respectively. Results showed the potential of extracted ACE inhibitory peptide as ingredients in functional food.

Anti-hypertensive [angiotensin-I converting cnzyme (ACE) inhibitory (ACEi) peptides are enzymatically extracted from biological material. The high cost of enzymes, low peptide yield and long hydrolysis time in enzymatic extraction paved the way for alternative ultrasound assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) and microwave-assisted enzymatic extraction (MAEE). In this study, rohu (Labeo rohita) fish wastes were homogenised and treated with ultrasound (40 kHz) and microwave (2450 MHz) before enzymatic hydrolysis using optimised concentration of alcalase® for the extraction of ACEi. The UAEE (sonication temperature: 30-70; optimum: 57.88ºC and time: 10-50; optimum: 63.4 min) and MAEE (microwave power: 180-900, optimum: 335.23 W and time 5-25, optimum: 15 min) were studied for their effect on degree of hydrolysis (DH), ACE inhibition (ACEi) and peptide yield (PY). The efficiency obtained by UAEE (5%) was higher than MAEE (4%) in terms of ACEi. In contrast, MAEE showed higher efficiency with respect to DH and PY (7 and 6.5 %, respectively) than UAEE (2.5 and 4%, respectively). The study indicated that UAEE and MAEE are efficient methods for extraction of ACE-inhibitory peptides from rohu fish waste. However, UAEE peptides shows better ACEi than MAEE. Keywords: ACE-inhibitory peptide, Alcalase, Degree of hydrolysis, Enzymatic extraction, Peptide yield, Rohu processingwaste

In recent years there is an increasing preference for bioactive peptides in food and pharmaceutical industries because of low toxicity, high specificity and less side-effects. The great demand of bioactive peptides for functional foods thereby offers the scope for the identification of novel bioactivities as well as new bioactive peptides from various bioresources. Among various bioresources one of the best bioresource is fish. Fish being nutritionally rich carries the potential of extraction of bioactive peptides from its muscle as well as by-products. Higher fish production globally leads to generation of significant quantum of non-edible tissues such as skin, fins, viscera, bones, scales, trimmings, etc. during postharvest handling and processing. These by-products are traditionally used for low value fish manure, silage or fertilizer. However, these by-products being nutritionally rich can be used for extraction of high value nutraceuticals and bioactive peptides.

Effect of different concentrations (0 % control, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7%) of pulp and paper mill effluent selected on the basis of 96 hours LC50 test (8%), on certain blood parameters in Cyprinus carpio was evaluated after exposure for 7, 15 & 30 days. The hematological parameters studied include hemoglobin concentration, total erythrocytes count, total leucocytes count, packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, mean corpuscles volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. Physico-chemical parameters i.e. pH, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved Oxygen in diluted effluent were also recorded. Decreasing trend was observed in hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration after an initial increase. Decreasing trend in total erythrocytes count and increasing trend in total leucocytes count, packed cell volume, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and mean corpuscles volume were recorded as concentration of effluent and duration of exposure increased. Minute fluctuations were observed in pH and temperature, and conductivity, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen of diluted effluent used during the study.

A webinar was organized by ICAR-CIPHET, Ludhiana, Punjab (India) to assess the response of participants for the topic on post-harvest engineering and technological aspects of the agricultural and allied sector. Dr. C.N. Ravishankar, Director, ICAR-CIFT, Cochin, Kerala delivered the expert web-talk on ‘Business Opportunities in Fish Post-Harvest’. Participants from various fields responded enthusiastically. About 1200 participants registered through google form, 700 joined the session though Youtube LIVE and total views reached about 1400 in just 10 days. Out of 736 responses in feedback, 99.5% found proper coverage of the topic, 95.8 % found duration of the webinar sufficient and 88.9 % rated the overall success of the webinar with 8-10 score on a 1-10 scale. And 99.7% of participants were interested in getting the certificate. This assessment study found the webinar a grand success of the webinar. This can be attributed to the meticulous planning by organizer, effective presentation by expert speaker, efficient competency of coordinator, broader circulation of invitation for participation and active response of participants.

The present study evaluated high pressure processing (HPP) effects on the quality attributes of acid pre-treated hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) fillets. The acid pre-treatment was done by dipping the dressed fillet in potassium sorbate (0.01%, 0.05% and 0.10% (w/v)) solution for 5 min. Samples were pressurized at 100-300 MPa for 10 min at 30 degrees C. HPP treatment significantly (P < 0.05) affected the total color difference (Delta E) and textural attributes of acid pre-treated fillets. The HPP treatment significantly (P < 0.05) improved the microbiological quality of fillets. HPP and acid pre-treatment also resulted in lower (P < 0.05) TVB-N and TMA-N values. Free fatty acid contents at higher pressure and higher acid level were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than samples treated at lower pressure level. HPP treatment at lower pressure level improved the acceptability of acid pre-treated fillets in terms of freshness and microbiological properties.

Squids perish rapidly like other fishes and require some treatment to maintain the quality for export. The microbial quality of frozen squid (Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Lesson 1830) treated with the commercial food grade chemicals imported from Spain was therefore studied. Dressed squids were treated with the chemicals Hidratech_4A (0.4%) and Whitech_3 (0.25%) dissolved in chilled freshwater (STCF) and chilled saltwater (STCS). Chilled squids not treated served as control (SNTC). Squids were quick frozen at -40°C in contact plate freezer and stored at-20±1°C. Samples were tested raw, after pre-processing, treatments and freezing and during storage at monthly intervals for 7 months. The microbial quality evaluation included Total Plate Count (TPC), Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella. Study revealed a better quality of treated samples than control. Microbiological quality of STCS was better than STCF and SNTC. E. coli counts decreased after treatment. Salmonella and V. cholerae were absent.