Hypertension in the neonatal period and early infancy in underdiagnosed due to the absence of the attention and the difficulties of diagnostic procedures. Although the neonatal systemic hypertension is rare, but it can, cause serious medical problem with an increased risk of cardiorespiratory failure, cerebral distress and growth failure. Arising questions in their daily work got the authors to review the literature. They analyse procedures and criteria of measuring of neonatal blood pressure and values of neonatal hypertension. In addition to a list of the origin of hypertension they discuss the most frequent causes. The symptoms of the neonatal hypertension and the examinations were drawn up a chart. By choosing of the therapy is accented the important of knowing pathomechanism, recommended drugs, their doses and limits due to the side effects. Time of the diagnosis of hypertension and adequate treatment influence the prognosis fundamentally. The authors call the doctors attention to the early measure of blood pressure, clear the etiology and the permanent control of touched organs.

Anomalies of the vesicoureteric junction are important, particularly obstruction and reflux, as they may predispose to urinary tract infection. Over a 5-year period, 52 babies were referred with dilatation of the urinary tract detected antenatally or/and postnatally by ultrasound. Sixteen had an anomaly of the vesicoureteric junction: 9 had vesicoureteric reflux, 3 had ureteroceles, 1 had urethral stenosis with secondary reflux and 3 had stenosis of the vesicoureteric junction. Ten patients underwent 14 surgical procedures. The mean time to reconstructive surgery was 9.3 months. Ultrasonography showed regression of the dilatation in all patients who underwent surgery. Seven patients with minor dilatation are still under observation. In only 1 case was there loss of renal parenchyma. With conservative medical treatment the patients are 1 year old before reconstructive surgery is undertaken; with reflux, however, progression may indicate earlier surgery.

A retrospective multicentre study of 341 children with persistent/recurrent, isolated haematuria is described. The haematuria was isolated for at least half a year in the beginning of observation. 47.8% of the patients became symptom-free. In 18.4% the haematuria remained isolated, in 13.8% it was combined with greater than 250 mg/day proteinuria greater than 2 years later. The occurrence of associated proteinuria was 8.6% between the 3rd to fifth years, and 37.0% after the 5th years. 14 cases had Alport's nephropathy. The percentage of more serious azotaemia was 1.7 (Ccreat: 10-50 ml/min/1.73 m2) and 0.3 (Ccreat: less than 10 ml/min/1.73 m2). Mortality was 0.58%, rate of hypertension 1.2%. Most of the patients who developed severe azotaemia, had persistent microscopic haematuria in the beginning. The haematuria was associated with hypercalciuria in 19.9%. In 14.3% of the overall group of patients urolithiasis developed 2-15 years after onset. All of them had hypercalciuria. Our findings suggest that symptoms of isolated haematuria may last for a long-term period and need systematic control. When proteinuria and/or hypertension associates to haematuria a worse prognosis can be expected.

A retrospective multicentre study of 341 children with persistent/recurrent, isolated haematuria is described. The haematuria was isolated for at least 6 months at the beginning of observation. The duration of follow-up was 2–5 years in 201, 5–10 years in 119, 10–15 years in 19, and over 15 years in 2 cases. Of these patients 47.8% became symptom-free. In 18.4% the haematuria remained isolated; in 13.8% it was combined with proteinuria over 250 mg/day more than 2 years later. The occurrence of associated proteinuria increased progressively with time. It was 8.6% between the 3rd and 5th years, and 37.0% after the 5th year. Renal biopsy was performed because of the symptoms of glomerular disease in 47 cases at an average time of 12 months following the appearance of proteinuria. Proteinuria appeared after a 2–5, 5–10, 10–15 and more than 15 years follow-up period in 16, 23, 6, and 2 patients respectively; 14 of them had Alport's nephropathy. The percentage of more serious azotaemia was 1.7 (creatinine clearance: 10–50 ml/min per 1.73 m2) and 0.3 (creatinine clearance: < 10 ml/min per 1.73 m2). Mortality was 0.58%. Most of the patients who developed severe azotaemia had persistent microscopic haematuria at the beginning. The prevalence of hypertension was only 1.2%. The time of its appearance was above 5 years in 2 and below 5 years in 2 cases. All these patients had chronic glomerulonephritis. The haematuria was associated with hypercalciuria in 19.9%. In 14.3% of the overall group of patients urolithiasis developed 2–15 years after onset. All of these had hypercalciuria. Our findings suggest that symptoms of isolated haematuria may last for a longterm period and need systematic control. When proteinuria and/or hypertension is associated with haematuria a worse prognosis can be expected.