Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is driven by a tri-component system involving the pinewood nematode, Monochamus spp. beetle vectors, and susceptible pine hosts. Chemical control remains a scenario-dependent option for emergency suppression and high-value protection, but its deployment is constrained by strong regional regulatory and practical differences. In Europe (e.g., Portugal and Spain), field chemical control is generally not practiced; post-harvest phytosanitary treatments for wood and wood packaging rely mainly on heat treatment, and among ISPMs only sulfuryl fluoride is listed for wood treatment with limited use. This review focuses on recent progress in PWD chemical control, summarizing advances in nematicide discovery and modes of action, greener formulations and delivery technologies, and evidence-based, scenario-oriented applications (standing-tree protection, vector suppression, and infested-wood/inoculum management). Recent studies highlight accelerated development of target-oriented nematicides acting on key pathways such as neural transmission and mitochondrial energy metabolism, with structure–activity relationship (SAR) efforts enabling lead optimization. Formulation innovations (water-based and low-solvent products, microemulsions and suspensions) improve stability and operational safety, while controlled-release delivery systems (e.g., micro/nanocapsules) enhance penetration and persistence. Application technologies such as trunk injection, aerial/Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations, and fumigation/treatment approaches further strengthen scenario compatibility and operational efficiency. Future research should prioritize robust target–mechanism evidence, resistance risk management and rotation strategies, greener formulations with smart delivery, and scenario-based exposure and compliance evaluation to support precise, green, and sustainable integrated control together with biological and other sustainable approaches.

BACKGROUND:Pine Wilt Disease (PWD), a devastating pine disease caused by Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, severely threatens forest ecosystems. microRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial in host-pathogen interactions, but pine miRNA research is limited and their function in PWD remains unclear. Additionally, PWD lacks effective early diagnostic methods, hindering timely spread control. This study focuses on Pinus koraiensis to explore its miRNAs' role in PWD defense and potential as early diagnostic targets. RESULTS:We identified 1026 miRNAs via small RNA high-throughput sequencing, 149 of which were differentially expressed between infected and control groups. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these miRNAs regulate genes related to defense pathways, lipid metabolism, and organic acid metabolism. To overcome PWD diagnostic limitations, we developed the CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted ligation-initiated loop-mediated isothermal amplification (CAL-LAMP) method, targeting novel-miR574 and novel-miR544 with high sensitivity (detection limits as low as 1 amol L-1) and specificity. CONCLUSIONS:This study developed a novel and rapid diagnostic tool specifically for early-stage PWD-a critical advancement given the long-standing lack of effective early detection methods for the disease. By targeting specific miRNAs, the CAL-LAMP method was capable of detecting target miRNAs in asymptomatic P. koraiensis as early as 10 days post-inoculation under experimental conditions, with high sensitivity and specificity. This early diagnostic capability may provide a useful tool for the timely initiation of disease management measures, although further validation in field settings is necessary to confirm its practical utility. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, threatens Pinus seriously. Pinus koraiensis is one of the most important pine species in China and is the host for PWN. However, our understanding of the defence-regulating process following infection by B. xylophilus at the molecular level remains limited. To understand the mechanisms that P. koraiensis responds to B. xylophilus invasion, P. koraiensis was inoculated with B. xylophilus solutions and observed no obvious symptoms during the early stage; symptoms began to appear at 5 dpi. Therefore, we conducted comparative transcriptomic, metabonomic and proteomic analyses between P. koraiensis 5dpi and 0 dpi. In infected plants, 1574 genes were significantly up-regulated, including 17 terpenoid-, 41 phenylpropanoid- and 22 flavonoid-related genes. According to GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of significantly up-regulated genes, 86 GO terms and 16 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched. Most terms and pathways were associated with terpenoid-, phenylpropanoid-, flavonoid- and carbohydrate-related events. Similarly, the abundance of 36 and 30 metabolites, significantly increased in positive and negative polarity modes, respectively. Among them, naringenin and 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid exhibited significant toxic effects on B. xylophilus. According to functional analysis of significantly up-regulated metabolites, most terms were enriched in above pathways, in addition to alkaloid biosynthesis. Although the abundance of few proteins changed, response to stress term was significantly enriched in significant up-regulated proteins. Furthermore, plant receptor-like serine/threonine kinases, pectin methylation modulators, pinosylvin O-methyltransferase and arabinogalactan/proline-rich proteins were significantly up-regulated in the infected P. koraiensis compared to healthy plants. These proteins were not abundant in the healthy plant. Overall, these results indicate that P. koraiensis can actively response to PWN via various defense strategies, including events related to terpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, lipids and alkaloids. Particularly, terpenoids and flavonoids are required for the early defence of P. koraiensis against B. xylophilus infection.

Wood-decay fungi, including white- and brown-decay fungi, are well known for their ability to degrade lignin and cellulose, respectively. The combined use of these fungi can increase the decomposition of woody substrates. Research has indicated that these fungi also exhibit inhibitory effects against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causative agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). In this study, we investigated a composite microbial formulation that efficiently decomposes pine wood while inhibiting B. xylophilus. We initially established a correlation between the degradation rate of wood blocks and fungal biomass, underscoring the necessity of optimizing biomass for effective treatment. A systematic approach involving a one-way test, a Plackett–Burman design, a steepest ascent experiment, and a Box–Behnken design, was employed to optimize the fermentation process. Validation trials were conducted in a 10-L fermenter. The bioagent’s efficacy and safety were assessed through field applications in a forest, with a focus on wood degradation capacity and B. xylophilus mortality rate. Additionally, the environmental impact of the microbial products was evaluated by analysing soil quality around treated areas to ensure that the formulation did not adversely affect soil health.

Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, also known as the pine wood nematode (PWD), which causes pine wilt disease (PWD), is one of the most devastating diseases affecting pine forests globally. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are crucial in many biological processes and serve as privileged points of communication between cells and the surrounding environment. α-pinene has been found to play a crucial role in combating the infection, colonization, and early stages of pathogenesis caused by B. xylophilus. In this study, we investigated the molecular characteristics and biological functions of the GPCR gene Bx-srh-1 in B. xylophilus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed to determine the spatial expression patterns of Bx-srh-1 in B. xylophilus. The results indicated that Bx-srh-1 is expressed in the intestine and subcutaneous tissues of J2 and J3 juveniles and in the spicules of adult males and vulvae of adult females. RNA interference (RNAi) was used to analyze Bx-srh-1 gene function, and we examined the expression patterns of Bx-srh-1 in B. xylophilus under α-pinene stress. The RNA interference indicated that Bx-srh-1 was involved in the reproductive ability and pathogenicity of B. xylophilus; the expression levels of Bx-srh-1 significantly increased after the exposure to α-pinene for 12 h, and they peaked at 48 h. Silencing Bx-srh-1 may therefore lead to a reduction in B. xylophilus reproduction and pathogenicity. These results demonstrate that Bx-srh-1 is related to the feeding behavior, reproduction, pathogenicity, and resistance to α-pinene process of B. xylophilus.

[目的]建立稳定的食线虫真菌淡紫紫孢菌遗传转化体系,并获得插入突变体.[方法]介导的方法,以淡紫紫孢菌20-7的分生孢子为受体,将新构建的携带beta tubulin基因的质粒转化进入淡紫紫孢菌的细胞中,通过优化诱导乙酰丁香酮(AS)的浓度、诱导培养时间、农杆菌终浓度OD660值、共培养AS的浓度、共培养时间和共培养温度等因子,建立高效遗传转化体系,获得致病力不同的突变体.[结果]共培养过程中使用萌发孢子是成功建立淡紫紫孢菌遗传转化体系的必要条件;淡紫紫孢菌萌发的孢子与农杆菌EHA105在25℃共振荡培养48 h时,且在共培养阶段当乙酰丁香酮浓度为200 μg·mL-1(pH5.5)时转化效率最高,转化效率为1 200～3 200个转化子/106分生孢子,阳性抗性转化子比率为96％;转化子PCR表明,T-DNA已整合到淡紫紫孢菌的基因组中;Southern杂交验证表明,83.3％的转化子为T-DNA单拷贝插入;成功建立了可靠的淡紫紫孢菌的遗传转化体系,并从20个转化子中筛选到16个致病力变异的突变体.[结论]本研究成功构建了农杆菌介导的、以beta-tubulin基因为选择标记的淡紫紫孢菌高效遗传转化体系,并获得致病力变异的插入突变体,为淡紫紫孢菌的基因功能、致病机制研究及优良菌株选育奠定了基础.

[目的]研究不同株系松材线虫对红松致病力的差异,探究感病红松早期防御酶活性变化与致病力之间的关系,为红松松材线虫病防治提供参考.[方法]以4年生红松幼苗为研究对象,人工接种辽宁清原株系(QH-1)、江苏南京株系(NM-1)与重庆株系(CM-1)松材线虫,每株接种2000条,并在接种1～7天分别对幼苗进行叶片取样,测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)与过氧化物酶(POD).在完成早期防御酶活性统计后,持续对接种红松幼苗进行病害(针叶变色、嫩枝变化)观察,分析各株系松材线虫致病力差异.[结果]QH-1、NM-1和CM-1接种红松幼苗后,上述4种防御酶活性变化趋势存在明显差异,且接种QH-1处理组防御酶活性变化幅度大于其他线虫处理组.致病力统计结果表明,QH-1、NM-1与CM-1对红松均有致病力,其中QH-1致病力最强,NM-1与CM-1无明显差异.防御酶活性变化幅度与致病力统计结果表明,强致病力松材线虫导致红松幼苗防御酶活性变化幅度最大.[结论]4年生红松接种不同致病力松材线虫后,发病早期防御酶活性变化存在差异,且强致病力松材线虫株系导致接种红松防御酶活性变化幅度大于弱致病力松材线虫株系.

由松材线虫引起的松材线虫病对松林构成了严重威胁,松材线虫病的防控受到社会极大关注.30多年来,韩国为了遏制松材线虫病的扩展蔓延,减少灾害损失,保障生态安全,对松材线虫病采取立法及检疫、化学防治、清理病死树及疫木无害处理、预防性造林、检测和监测等措施,取得了良好的防治效果.文中回顾韩国松材线虫病发生过程,分析其流行特点,介绍防控措施及成效和近期研究现状,提出韩国松材线虫病防控成效对我国松材线虫病研究与防控的主要启示,即制定和完善松材线虫病防治相关法规,分类施策、综合治理,建立适合我国国情的松材线虫病防控体系和加强科学研究,提高科技支撑水平.

The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle., is one of the most dangerous invasive species in the world, causing devastating pine wilt disease (PWD) in pine trees from many countries. The PWN is now established in 18 provinces in China from the south to north, and it has expanded to some areas of Liaoning Province with temperatures that are beyond the ideal range. It has been reported that Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc., one of the representative pine trees of Liaoning Province, has been infected by PWNs. To investigate the pathogenicity of the PWN in P. koraiensis, the reproductive ability of PWNs on fungal culture was compared among three isolates: QH-1, NM-1, and CM-1 (QH-1 from Liaoning Province, NM-1 from Nanjing Province, and CM-1 from Chongqing Municipality). Four-year-old P. koraiensis seedlings were inoculated with QH-1, NM-1, and CM-1 at a rate of 2000 per seedling. Pathogenicity, external symptoms, and nematode migration were all monitored on a daily basis over the next few days. The results from the experiment showed that all three PWN isolates caused wilt in P. koraiensis seedlings, with QH-1 being more virulent than NM-1 and CM-1. In addition, QH-1 exhibited greater reproductive and migration abilities in the seedlings than NM-1 and CM-1. These results indicate that the virulence of the B. xylophilus isolates QH-1, NM-1, and CM-1 can differ in terms of seedling mortality, migration ability, and reproductive ability (in trees).

Pine wilt disease is caused by the pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) and leads to wilting and death of pines. It is one of the most damaging diseases of pines worldwide. Therefore, accurate and rapid detection methods are of great importance for the control of B. xylophilus. Traditional detection methods have some problems, such as being time-consuming and requiring expensive instruments. In this study, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) were used to establish a set of intelligent detection and analysis system for B. xylophilus, called LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a analysis, which integrated field sampling, rapid detection and intelligent control analysis. The process can be completed within 1 hour, from sample pretreatment and detection to data analysis. Compared with the single LAMP method, the LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a assay uses species-specific fluorescence cleavage to detect target amplicons. This process confirms the amplicon identity, thereby avoiding false-positive results from non-specific amplicons, and the large amounts of irrelevant background DNA do not interfere with the reaction. The LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a assay was applied to 46 pine wood samples and the samples carrying B. xylophilus nematodes were successfully identified. To meet the needs of different environments, we designed three methods to interpret the data: 1) naked eye interpretation; 2) lateral flow biosensor assay; and 3) integrated molecular analysis system to standardize and intellectualize the detection process. Application of the B. xylophilus detection and analysis system will reduce the professional and technical requirements for the operating environment and operators and help to ensure the accuracy of the detection results, which is important in grass-root B. xylophilus detection institutions.

Pine wilt disease (PWD) has caused extensive mortality in pine forests worldwide. The longicorn beetle Monochamus saltuarius, as the vector of the invasive species Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, plays an important role in the infection cycle. Although the gut microbiota and its contribution to health and disease have been extensively documented, it is unclear whether B. xylophilus affects the longicorn gut microbiota because of a lack of understanding of potential temporal changes in the microbial composition of the vector beetles. In this study, we collected beetles at the emergence and mating stages, and divided them into two groups according to whether they carried nematodes. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, 174 bacterial species were identified that belonged to 112 genera, 53 families, and 8 phyla. Bursaphelenchus xylophilus increased the microflora abundance and diversity of the infected M. saltuarius. In addition, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were more abundant in infected M. saltuarius at the same developmental stage. Some of the bacteria in these two phyla were the key species in the co-occurrence network of intestinal flora and represented a unique module in the co-occurrence network of infected M. saltuarius. We found some high abundance colonies in the intestinal tract of infected M. saltuarius during the emergence period that were mostly related to metabolism. Compared with the emergence period, there were more similar microorganisms in the intestinal tract of M. saltuarius during the mating period. With the change in growth environment and continuous feeding, the intestinal microorganisms gradually stabilized and became single species.

[目的]研究松材线虫对长白落叶松的致病性,致病过程中的迁移运动和超氧化物歧化酶SOD的活性变化,为松材线虫对长白落叶松的致病机制研究及长白落叶松的松材线虫病害防控提供理论依据.[方法]以2年生盆栽长白落叶松幼苗为研究对象,人工接种辽宁清原株系(QH-1)、江苏南京株系(NM-1)与重庆株系(CM-1)松材线虫,每株接种2 000条,分别于接种1、2、4、7、10、15与25天后在落叶松幼苗接种点上下进行等距(1.5 cm)茎段截取与茎段横截面病害观察,计数不同截取茎段线虫,统计分析不同株系松材线虫在落叶松幼苗内的移动能力,同时接种后1～7天分别对接种幼苗叶片取样,用于SOD活性变化分析.接种35天后统计接种幼苗发病率与再分离线虫数量,结合不同株系松材线虫的移动能力与接种幼苗SOD活性变化,分析不同株系松材线虫对长白落叶松幼苗的致病性.[结果]QH-1、NM-1与CM-1均能导致2年生长白落叶松幼苗萎蔫,但接种QH-1的幼苗首次发病时间比NM-1和CM-l早5天.接种35天后,QH-1、NM-1和CM-1接种的长白落叶松幼苗的发病率分别为100％、70％和60％,感病指数分别为100、43.3与40.接种QH-1、NM-1和CM-1后的萎蔫幼苗中均可分离到松材线虫,平均每株线虫量分别为(23 457±2 862)条、(14 090±2 190)条与(15 857±2 079)条,差异显著(P＜0.01).QH-1、NM-1和CM-1接种长白落叶松后移动能力存在明显差异,其中QH-1移动能力强于NM-1与CM-1.QH-1、NM-1和CM-1接种长白落叶松幼苗后SOD活性变化趋势存在明显差异,其中QH-1处理组SOD活性上升幅度与下降幅度大于NM-1和CM-1处理组.横截面观察结果表明,在长白落叶松幼苗在接种QH-1、NM-1和CM-1后,QH-1对长白落叶松的破坏程度最重.[结论]辽宁清原、江苏南京与重庆株系松材线虫对2年生长白落叶松幼苗均具有致病性,其中辽宁清原株系松材线虫对长白落叶松幼苗致病性最强,江苏南京与重庆株系松材线虫对长白落叶松致病性低于辽宁清原株系.部分接种幼苗无明显病症但能分离到少量线虫,表明长白落叶松发病与否和树体内松材线虫的数量和移动能力有关.

为确定四川省蓬溪县九叶青花椒种植区发病植株花椒根结线虫的种类,进而为九叶青花椒根结线虫病防治提供依据,本文根据根结线虫雌虫与2龄幼虫的形态特征及雌成虫的会阴花纹、雌虫酯酶同工酶图谱,并结合特异性扩增及rDNA-ITS扩增,根据ITS序列构建系统发育树,对该地区九叶青花椒根结线虫病的病原进行了种类鉴定.结果 表明该病原为南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita (Kofold&White) Chitwood.这是我国首次在九叶青花椒上发现南方根结线虫.

采用紫外分光光度计法,测定马尾松枝条木质部过氧化氢酶、 苯丙氨酸解氨酶、 过氧化物酶、 多酚氧化酶活性并对其进行比较分析,从生理生化学角度揭示马尾松抗性家系抗松材线虫病的机制.结果表明:随着松材线虫的侵染,抗病家系的4种防御酶活性变化表现不同.其中,不同家系间过氧化氢酶活性差异均不显著;马尾松枝条接种松材线虫6h后,组织中苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性达到最高值;过氧化物酶活性不同时间段的差异不显著,不同家系间差异极显著;在相同的时间,各马尾松抗性家系枝条中多酚氧化酶活性明显高于CK,在不同时间段,不同家系间,差异均极显著.因此,多酚氧化酶可作为马尾松抗松材线虫病早期鉴定的重要生理指标.

In 1930s,pine wood nematode was reported as a new species called Aphelenchoides xylophilus by Steiner and Buhrer in the United States, and later it was ultimately retitled as Bursaphelenchus xylophilus,which was certified as the true reason of pine wilt in Japan in 1971. The distribution of pine wood nematode in the world is not very common at present, and it causes a great threat to pine forests over the world. In this paper,we present the occurrence,current status and management situation of pine wilt disease,emphatically on the distribution, the hosts, the vector insects of the pine wood nematode. The status of pine wilt disease and control measures was summarized and its management strategy is put forword in China.

Genetic adaptation to new environments is essential for invasive species. To explore the genetic underpinnings of invasiveness of a dangerous invasive species, the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , we analysed the genome-wide variations of a large cohort of 55 strains isolated from both the native and introduced regions. Comparative analysis showed abundant genetic diversity existing in the nematode, especially in the native populations. Phylogenetic relationships and principal component analysis indicate a dominant invasive population/group (DIG) existing in China and expansion beyond, with few genomic variations. Putative origin and migration paths at a global scale were traced by targeted analysis of rDNA sequences. A progressive loss of genetic diversity was observed along spread routes. We focused on variations with a low frequency allele (<50%) in the native USA population but fixation in DIG, and a total of 25,992 single nuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) were screened out. We found that a clear majority of these fixation alleles originated from standing variation. Functional annotation of these SNP-harboured genes showed that adaptation-related genes are abundant, such as genes that encode for chemoreceptors, proteases, detoxification enzymes, and proteins involved in signal transduction and in response to stresses and stimuli. Some genes under positive selection were predicted. Our results suggest that adaptability to new environments plays essentially roles in PWN invasiveness. Genetic drift, mutation and strong selection drive the nematode to rapidly evolve in adaptation to new environments, which including local pine hosts, vector beetles, commensal microflora and other new environmental factors, during invasion process.

To find the biological effect of space mutagenesis on P.chlamydosporia.Totally 29 strains isolated from the colonies of survival space-induced strains were tested not only for their biological characteristics,such as morphology,colony growing rate,dry weight of mycelium,spore production,and the parasitism to the eggs of Meloidogyne incognita,but also for salt tolerance and benomyl resistance.The results showed that the biological characteristics of space-induced strains of P.chlamydosporia were significantly different from the original strain.For space-induced strains,the colony growing rate and dry weight of mycelium showed higher negative mutation rates,the spore production showed greater positive mutation rates,and the pathogenicity against the eggs of M.incognita was more great,for instance,the improved parasitic rates of Pc-m-4,Pc-m-6,Pc-m-10,Pc-m-15 and Pc-m-123 were 92.33％,93.67％,91.67％,90.67％ and 90.33％,respectively,higher than the parasitic rate of original strain (81.00％),besides,Pc-m-6 had a good resistance to the benomyl and Pc-m-10 was able to survive in the high salinity condition.The influence of space mutagenesis on P.chlamydosporia was significant,and the superior strains obtained showed potential in biological control of M.incognita.

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, motile, bacterial strain, 34C10-3-10T, was isolated from symptomatic bark tissue of a Populus ×euramericana canker. The isolate could grow between 10 and 37 °C, at pH 5 to 11, and in 0-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain was oxidase and catalase positive. The ubiquinone of strain 34C10-3-10T was Q-8. The polar lipid profile of strain 34C10-3-10T included diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phospholipid, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine; the major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C14 : 0 and C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain 34C10-3-10T and the type strains of reference species Wohlfahrtiimonas chitiniclastica S5T and Wohlfahrtiimonas larvae KBL006T were lower than the proposed species boundary cut-off for ANI. The DNA G+C content was 37.1 mol%. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, strain 34C10-3-10T represents a novel species of genus Wohlfahrtiimonas; the name Wohlfahrtiimonas populi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 34C10-3-10T (=CFCC 12747T=KCTC 52796T).

Strain 011410T, isolated from air at the foot of Xiangshan Mountain, Beijing, China, was Gram-reaction-negative, facultatively anaerobic, oval-shaped, motile with two flagella and catalase- and oxidase-positive. Growth of strain 011410T was observed at 4-41 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 4.5-10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and at salinities of 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-2 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain 011410T was a member of the genus Paracoccus and was related most closely to Paracoccus aestuarii B7T (96.62 % similarity) and Paracoccus sediminis CMB17T (96.48 % similarity). The major fatty acid was identified as C18 : 1ω7c, with smaller amounts of C18 : 0, C10 : 0 3-OH and summed feature 2 (C14 : 0 3-OH and/or iso-C16 : 1 I). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10), with Q-9 as a minor component. Polar lipid analysis indicated the presence of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, one unknown phosphoglycolipid, five unknown phospholipids, one unknown aminolipid, one unknown glycolipid and two unknown polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of the strain was 63.5 mol%. On the basis of the data from this polyphasic characterization, strain 011410T represents a novel species, for which the name Paracoccus aerius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 011410T (=CFCC 14285T=KCTC 42845T).