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The discharge arc of a high-current gas spark switch has a strong mechanical effect on the electrode and adjacent objects. The measurement of this mechanical effect on the electrode plays a very important role in switch design and the theoretical study of spark discharge. However, in traditional stress measurement systems, the spatial electromagnetic interference caused by the discharge and the high electrode voltage affects the measurement accuracy and can even damage the experimental instrument. In this paper, an electrode impact stress measurement system based on PVDF piezoelectric film is designed to measure the electrode stress under a strong spatial electromagnetic field and high voltage. The experimental results show that the system can measure the impact pressure of high-voltage and high-current gas spark switch electrodes. The starting time of the stress measurement waveform shows that the shock to the electrode is formed in the initial stage of current buildup. The measured results clearly show the high magnetic field force component in the electrode impact pressure waveform. The shock waveforms induced by different pulse capacitor values, breakdown voltages, and loads are examined. It is found that the shock stress waveforms applied to the electrodes are affected by the peak value of the current, dI/dt, and the discharge duration.

A lack of host country experience is the fundamental reason for the foreign partner to establish international joint ventures (IJVs) with the local partners while host country experience has also been identified as the primary antecedent of IJV termination. Building on the organizational learning perspective, we propose that the host country experience presents two dynamic but contrasting effects on IJV termination, constituting a U-shaped curvilinear relationship between them. Specifically, we argue that there exist both cooperative and competitive learning and the host country experience changes from complementing to substituting the partnership as the foreign partner adapts from learning about to learning from the partner. Because the contributions of learning depend on environmental conditions, we further conjecture that the curvilinear relationship is steeper for IJVs with multiple partners and in growing industries but flatter for those located in more marketized provinces. An event history study that traces 803 IJVs established in China in 2000 till 2017 has lent support to the hypotheses. Overall, the study challenges previous one-sided arguments by highlighting the dynamic nature of learning while portraying the contingencies.

The activated carbon injection (ACI) into flue gas for removing mercury has been known as an effective technology to control mercury emission from coal-fired power plants (CFPP). However, it has not been found wide commercialization because the following problems have not been solved properly of the high consumption amount, low utilization rate of the sorbent, improper injection location, inhomogeneous mixing between sorbent and flue gas, and the very complex flue duct conditions. The numerical simulation is a powerful computational method and cost-effective way to provide a reasonable prediction of mercury removal effect and to optimize the system design strategy. In this work, the numerical simulation of a kind of biomass-based sorbent of NH4Br instead of activated carbon injected into flue gas for demercuration was carried out for a 300 MW CFPP to predict the impacts of the operational parameters on mercury removal efficiency. The flue gas flow field and sorbent particle trajectories were predicted, the influences of operational parameters including injection velocity, injection amount, particle size and flue gas mercury concentration on mercury capture were discussed. The results indicate that the injection amount and particle size are the key factors affecting mercury removal efficiency. The systematical optimization strategy was proposed based on the simulation results, which provides the solid database for engineering design and industrial application.

国际投资协定实体条款改革和投资者与东道国争端解决机制程序改革并行不悖.例外条款在协定文本和仲裁实践中呈现背离的发展趋势.近年来,国际投资协定纳入例外条款的数量和种类均快速增长,表明主权国家在"正当性危机"的背景下强化国家规制权,并回应新的安全风险.国际投资仲裁庭适用例外条款时,则在条款效力、适用阶段等问题上采用限缩解释,以防止例外条款滥用.中国在未来谈判和修订国际投资协定时应以总体国家安全观为立足点,以利益平衡为出发点,补充纳入并区分种类设置例外条款,同时在《外商投资法》的配套立法中适当构建例外条款适用路径,既要发展也要安全,推动形成全面开放新格局的同时维护中国的合法规制权.

The reform of international investment arbitration is now in the multilateral phase and it is critical for China to evaluate its positions and options. The design of international investment arbitration should address the inherent tension between localness of substantive obligations and internationality of arbitral procedures. In theory, it is impossible for investment arbitration to pursue and realize the objectives of judicial independence, accountability and participation simultaneously and equally. In practice, traditional investment arbitration and European Union’s International Court System (ICS) proposals are driven by judicial independence for an impartial platform and accountability for a just forum respectively. They are also dominated by the relations between the disputing parties and relations between contracting states respectively. The 2012 U.S. Model Bilateral Investment Treaty better balances the tension between judicial independence and accountability as well as the relations between economic efficiency and political feasibility. Despite failing to reconcile all three objectives, the U.S. and E.U. both chose the design plans more suitable for their comparative advantages. China’s approach to investment arbitration reform should reconcile China’s national interests and the world demand, balance the relations among contracting states, disputing parties and stakeholders, and enhance the internal stability and progressiveness. Meanwhile, China should adopt the designs most suitable for China’s comparative advantages in key provisions, such as compulsory arbitrator list, finality of first award with limited appeal, and limited participation of stakeholders in order to accommodate both national interests and international justice.

In hydrous ethanol-diesel dual-fuel combustion modes, premixed hydrous ethanol would have an impact on the diesel combustion and soot production. In this work, based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model coupled with kinetic mechanism, the influence of premixed hydrous ethanol on combustion and soot formation of n-heptane spray flame in the combustion vessel was investigated, and the influence of different parameters of premixed atmosphere on the n-heptane spray combustion was also explored. The simulation results indicated that the premixed atmosphere could inhibit the n-heptane spray combustion. The ignition delay (ID) time and the flame lift off length (FLoL) gradually increased, and the soot generation decreased with a rise of water content and ethanol premixed equivalence ratio. In addition, compared with the chemical inhibitory effect of oxygenated ethanol molecule on the ID time of n-heptane, the impact of the decrease in charge temperature caused by the hydrous ethanol vaporization on the ID time was more obvious. It could also be found with the reduction in the ambient O2 concentration, the ID time and FLOL of n-heptane increased, and the soot generation significantly reduced. However, if the initial ambient temperature was high as 1000 K, the combustion of hydrous ethanol would enhance the charge temperature, which counteracted some combustion delay effect caused by the premixed atmosphere.

본 연구는 다문화 연구 분야에서 논란이 되고 있는 구체적인 연구문제를 해결하는 것이 목적이다. 다문화 연구에 있어서 연구의 분석단위가 국가인지 아니면 한 국가내의 지역인지가 논쟁이 되고 있다. 수십 년 동안 다양한 분야의 연구자들이 이러한 이론적 논쟁에 매달려 오고 있다. 본 연구는 Minkov and Hofstede(2012)의 연구 방법과 세계 가치 조사(World Values Survey)의 최신 데이터를 활용하여 비교문화 연구에서 분석의 단위가 국가가 바람직한지 아니면 지역단위가 바람직한지를 검증해 보고자 한다. 이를 위해 슈와르츠 가치관 값을 활용하여 5개 그룹, 19개국 239개 지역의 문화적 가치 차이를 분석한다. 5개 그룹은 아시아, 라틴 아메리카, 동유럽, 아랍 세계, 그리고 영국이 포함된다. 분석결과 국가간 문화차이보다 국가 내 문화적 차이가 큰 경우도 있고(중국·페루·러시아 등) 작은 경우(미국·요르단 등)도 발견되었다. 하지만 전체적으로 국가간 차이보다 지역간 차이가 작아서 비교문화 연구에서 연구의 분석단위는 한 국가 내 지역보다는 국가단위가 바람직한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 시간이 지날수록 국가 클러스터가 모이는 패턴이 달라진다는 사실도 발견했다. 본 연구는 비교문화 연구에서 논쟁이 되고 있는 국가 및 지역 단위의 분석단위 적합성에 대한 이론적 기반을 제공하고 다국적 기업들 간의 시장 전략 수립에 유용할 정보를 제공한다.

The purpose of this research was to determine how geographic distance affects corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities within China. Our argument focuses on whether the impact of the distance between countries on CSR activities also applies to the impact of the distance within a country between Chinese enterprises and local governments and the central government on CSR. Most previous studies of the impact of geographic distance on CSR focused on the distance between countries, reporting opposing claims. Multinational enterprises (MNEs) need to overcome the liability of foreignness (LOF) in host countries: the greater the distance, the worse the disadvantage. MNEs will choose CSR to shorten the distance from the host country. Hence, CSR activities should have a positive relationship with the distance from the host country. Conversely, due to the various differences caused by distance, it is difficult for the national sovereignty of the home country and the host country to resonate, so the distance between CSR activities and the host country should be negatively related. In this study, 5147 companies listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from the China Stock Market and Accounting Research (CSMAR) database from 2009 to 2018 were selected as the research objects to analyze the impact of the geographical distance between companies and the Central Government and local governments on CSR activities within China. Our results show that the effect of the distance between countries on CSR also applies within countries, and our results support the argument that distance and CSR are negatively correlated. This research enriches the understanding of CSR practices of Chinese domestic companies and provides new inspiration for multinational companies that plan to enter China in overcoming LOF.

掺混正戊醇能够降低柴油机颗粒物排放,但掺混正戊醇对柴油混合燃料颗粒物的形貌结构和氧化活性的影响规律尚不明确.该研究采用高分辨率透射电子显微镜、拉曼光谱仪和同步热分析仪研究了柴油机中分别燃用不同掺混比的正戊醇/柴油混合燃料时生成颗粒物的形貌、纳观结构和氧化活性.结果表明,正戊醇掺混体积比分别为0、15％和30％的3种混合燃料燃烧颗粒物的微观形貌相似,低倍率时表现为由基本碳粒子聚合而成的团聚形貌,高倍率时呈现出典型的"外壳-内核"结构;随着正戊醇掺混比例的增加,颗粒物的基本碳粒子直径减小,微晶长度减小而微晶曲率增加,D 1峰与G峰的峰面积比增加.说明颗粒物结构更为无序,石墨化程度降低.同时,随着正戊醇掺混比例的增加,3种燃料燃烧颗粒物的氧化温度逐渐降低,依次为:616.9、609.9和583.6℃,说明其对应的氧化活性逐渐升高.分析表明,正戊醇/柴油混合燃料燃烧生成的颗粒物高氧化活性与其更为无序的纳观结构相关.

The economic and political foundations of current international economic law are shaking. How to cope the big changes of our time, such as a power shift from the west to the east, the rise of populism and nationalism, climate change, sustainable and inclusive development, technology and human right protection? One of these burning issues is sustainable energy. This two-volume book on The Great Energy Transition in the European Union provides a timely and wide-ranging review of the smart grid transition in the European Union (the EU). Energy transition is a whole-of-society transformation and reflects the underlying change of governance model which the book has conceptualized as the paradigm shift of international economic law. The book provides a thorough analysis of the energy transition, in particular the desirable decentralization in electricity markets in the EU. The core argument of the book is that smart grids are a way forward to promote...

Securing a reliable and affordable energy supply is a topical issue in energy law and policy. In a region of abundant energy resources but poor energy supply, Central Asian states have undertaken to corporatize, unbundle and in some cases privatize their energy utilities in recent years and have gradually (and at least partially) reorganized energy sector in a market-oriented way. This welcome book explores the regulation and reform of energy markets and critically explains the resistance to market reform in Central Asia by examining institutional constraints on the application of textbook principles in the different states and in the region more generally. The main part of this book is divided into eight chapters. The book first sets the scene by describing the structure of Central Asia’s energy sector, its investment requirements, the social problems of meeting these requirements, and the geopolitical connotations of energy infrastructure investments. The book then explores important issues on regional market disintegration and reorganization, corporatization of energy utility, demonopolization, price deregulation and regulatory independence, energy price regulation, consumer protection and payment collection in the rest of the chapters, respectively. In general, the book finds that the supply-security-driven reform of energy sector in Central Asia remains stuck in transition despite the corporate restructuring of energy utilities, liberalization of regulatory architecture (at least in principle) and reorganized regional energy network.

The Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS) system comes at crossroad. In context of ISDS reform, the Public-Private Debate surrounding international investment agreements (IIAs) could be specified as a balance between public legitimacy and private efficiency, tempering tensions between fast and fair resolution of investment disputes. From the perspective of fast resolution, party autonomy and cost management of the ISDS system should be retained and refined. From the perspective of fair resolution, ex ante (in-put) legitimacy and ex post (out-put) legitimacy should be enhanced to manage the procedural and substantive deficits, by establishment of state’s appointed arbitrator-roster and restricted review of awards by a permanent annulment committee. Therefore, this article proposes a Chinese perspective on Multilateral Investment Dispute Resolution (MIDR) system of balance between public legitimacy management and private efficiency refinement. The institutional structure of MIDR should be of internal balance, moderating three tensions between state and arbitrator, between investor and host state, and between state and arbitral tribunal during ex ante and ex post process of dispute resolution. The process of establishment of MIDR should be of external balance, moderating tensions between procedure and substance of MIDR, between MIDR and existing institutions, and between legal rights of MIDR stakeholders and political will of leading states.

A uniform model for conflict prediction and airspace safety assessment for free flight is presented. This model is inspired by classical electromagnetic theory. The free flights in the airspace are considered as charged particles in this model. By dividing the airspace into elementary grids, the electric static potential of the grid’s vertices is then used to predict the conflict between trajectory pairs. Furthermore, the average of vertices’ potential of grids can be interpreted as the safety level, in terms of conflicts between free flights, of the whole airspace. The application of the proposed model is not limited to free flight scenario, however, it can be applied in general aviation airspace and/or UAV operating airspace without difficulty. Two dimensional version of the proposed model is presented in this article. And numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed model.

A tri-component skeletal mechanism consisting of n-hexadecane, iso-cetane and 1-methylnaphthalene was developed. These surrogate components were selected because they can accurately reflect not only the physical and chemical properties of practical diesel fuel but also the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines. In addition, the carbon number of fuel surrogate is much closer to that of the real diesel fuel, what's more, n-hexadecane and iso-cetane are important reference compounds for the cetane number (CN) rating. A skeletal mechanism for this tri-component diesel surrogate fuel was formulated based on decoupling methodology, which contained: a detailed H-2/CO/C-1 mechanism, a reduced mechanism of C-2-C-3, and the sub-mechanisms of n-hexadecane, iso-cetane and 1-methylnaphthalene, including 234 reactions and 83 species. After that, the skeletal mechanism was widely verified against various fundamental combustion experiments for each pure component and their mixtures. Furthermore, the experimental results of real diesel fuel in both fundamental burners and homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine were also used to validate the skeletal mechanism. Results showed that the calculated results agreed well with the experimental data including ignition delay times (IDTs), primary species concentrations, laminar flame speed and in-cylinder pressure of HCCI engine. Overall, the developed compact skeletal mechanism is suitable for the combustion simulation of diesel and each component.