The symbiotic interaction between plants and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi is pivotal to forest ecosystem functioning. The cultivation of edible ECM fungi often involve transplanting pre-colonized seedlings, while the impact of such fungal pre-colonization on the structure and function of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere and root endosphere remains poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate these effects by comparing microbial communities across four distinct niche compartments associated with Pinus radiata-Lactarius deliciosus within a well-established plantation: non-mycorrhizosphere soil (RS), ectomycorrhizosphere soil (MRS), non-mycorrhizal root tips (RT) and ectomycorrhizal root tips (MRT). High-throughput sequencing confirmed L. deliciosus as the dominant fungus in the roots and rhizosphere of pre-colonized seedlings, albeit alongside native soil fungi. A compartment-specific effect was observed: while L. deliciosus pre-colonization did not significantly alter the rhizosphere bacterial community, it selected for a distinct bacterial assemblage within the root endosphere. Metagenomic prediction indicated that endosphere bacteria in MRT and RT shared similar metabolic potential, though MRT-associated communities were enriched in biosynthetic pathways for chlorophyllide and amino acids compared to soil communities. Cultivation-based approaches isolated 31 bacterial endophytes from MRT, which were subsequently shown to exhibit multifunctional plant-growth-promoting traits, including phosphate solubilization, indole-3-acetic acid production, and the ability to enhance root development, plant growth, ectomycorrhization, and host nutrient acquisition. These findings demonstrate that L. deliciosus pre-colonization enriches for a specific, functionally versatile endospheric bacterial consortium. This study provides novel insights into the tripartite interactions among plants, ECM fungi, and bacteria, with direct implications for improving cultivation strategies for the prized edible fungus L. deliciosus.

Abstract The Kuroshio transports large amounts of heat from the tropical to extratropical Pacific, playing a crucial role in regional climate changes. However, how the temperature and heat transport changes of the Kuroshio under a warming climate remain ambiguous. In this study, based on long‐term full‐depth observations during 1965–2020, we firstly reveal that there exists an enhanced warming trend in subsurface layer of the Kuroshio. The mean and maximum subsurface warming rates reach 0.18°C per decade and 0.30°C per decade, respectively, which are much higher than those of the Kuroshio surface and global average temperature. The enhanced subsurface warming contributes 73% of the Kuroshio heat transport increase. We further indicate that the subsurface warming signals originate from sea surface warming in the downstream Kuroshio Extension region. Our findings highlight that the pronounced Kuroshio subsurface warming has considerable implications for the regional climate and ecology changes.

Subsurface Low Potential Vorticity Water (SLPVW), which originates from the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW), plays a key role in shaping and memorizing climate variability in the North Pacific. Few studies have focused on the SLPVW intruding into the South China Sea (SCS) and its subsequent influences. By combining observed and numerical model data sets, we document a pronounced and persistent intrusion of the SLPVW into the SCS during the 2014-2016 period. This intrusion was driven by strengthening the STMW subduction rate and the Luzon Strait transport (LST). Notably, the STMW subduction rate began to increase approximately 5 years prior to the 2014-2016 period, coinciding with an already enhanced LST, which together facilitated the strong SLPVW intruding into the SCS. Under the effect of the SLPVW intrusion, a subsurface intensified anticyclonic eddy was thus generated in the upper 500 m layer. The most pronounced hydrographic changes appeared in the subsurface layer (100-300 m), with temperature and salinity anomalies reaching up to 1.77 and 0.14, respectively. Maximum zonal and meridional velocity anomalies in the subsurface layer increased by as much as 30 and 25 cm s-1, representing a substantial enhancement relative to climatological mean currents. These findings offer new insights into the mechanisms driving subsurface hydrological variability in the northern SCS.

The spatial scale of Local Climate Zone (LCZ) mapping significantly affects classification accuracy and the understanding of the relationship between land surface characteristics and urban climates. Traditional "one-size unit" mapping often fails to capture actual climatic conditions and inconsistencies between LCZs, limiting its ability to precisely identify urban heat island effects. Using Hong Kong as a case study, this study investigated optimal LCZ mapping scales (LCZ-scales) based on homogenous Land Surface Temperature (LST) representation within individual LCZs through semi-variogram modelling. The impact of immediate surroundings on LCZ-scales and LST was examined using Spearman correlation analysis and Generalized Linear Models. A multi-scale LCZ map was developed and its accuracy in classifying land use and representing climate conditions was evaluated using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). Results show that, first, optimal mapping scales vary across LCZ types: 260-390 m for built types and 320-425 m for land cover types, forming a multi-scale mapping approach. Second, LCZ-scales for LCZ 1, 2, 5, A-B, C, D, E, F and G can be refined depending on surrounding LCZ configurations. Third, the "surrounding effect" on LST highlighted detailed UHI-mitigation strategies-generally, maintaining proximity to vegetation and water bodies within 900 m and 1200 m and beyond 900 m from LCZ 1 and 10 can effectively mitigate urban heat. Fourth, the multi-scale LCZ map better recognizes homogeneous land surface patterns and differentiates thermal characteristics than the "one-size unit" LCZ map. The findings of this study can inform climate-responsive urban planning, especially in urban-rural transition zones.

Heatwave events significantly impact human health, with China facing severe heat-related threats. This systematic review analyzes the spatial-temporal patterns of heatwave risk in China, the driving factors, and mitigation measures. Limitations and future development of heat action plans are also discussed. We applied the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) approach and searched for Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from 2014 to 2024. A total of 107 peer-reviewed articles in both English and Chinese were selected. The measurement of heatwaves varies widely, with the risk triangle of "hazard-exposure-vulnerability" being the most common assessment method. Heatwave risks present significant spatial-temporal patterns at city, regional, and national scales, driven by socioeconomic, demographic, and environmental factors. Mitigation strategies typically involve climate-sensitive planning, public campaigns, and public health interventions. Despite notable progress in heatwave risk assessment in China, further efforts are needed, including compound-risk assessment, mechanism analysis, multiscale assessment, improved evaluation method, and the development of systematic heat health action plans. Findings of this review provide a scientific foundation for location-based policies and offer references for other developing countries to address extreme heat.

Microscale numerical simulation models are widely applied to explore potential factors and adaptive strategies for localized high temperatures in urban surface or near-surface environments. However, few studies address the limited availability of meteorological input data and the use of multiple meteorological outputs to investigate the mechanisms between factors as a theoretical verification for simulation. This study used the WRF-UCM model outputs in Tianjin, China, as the basic background meteorological field for microclimate simulation and compared the improvement in simulation accuracy of LES-based scheme (PALM-4U) and RANS-based software (ENVI-met) in predicting pedestrian-level air temperature and relative humidity during the downscaling simulation. Subsequently, attribution analysis of land surface temperature imbalance is performed using the tworesistance model (TRM) based on surface and atmospheric simulation outputs which also aids in verifying the applicability of the one-way downscaling simulation framework. It is found that the WRF-UCM-RANS framework exhibits superior overall performance, reducing the error in 2-m height relative humidity by approximately 50 % at the same location compared to mesoscale results. The attribution results indicate that localized high temperature on impervious surfaces within urban neighborhood are primarily driven by surface resistance (rs) during the daytime heating process and ground heat storage (G) during nighttime cooling. However, surface resistance (rs) remains the dominant driving factor influencing land surface temperature throughout both daytime and nighttime. The framework reduces the challenge of obtaining initial meteorological data and provides technical support for expanding microclimate research to multi-site simulations and future scenario predictions in complex urban environment.

In this study, for the first time, we found a Subsurface Low Potential Vorticity Water (SLPVW) to the east of Taiwan Island (122 degrees $\mathit{{}<^>{\circ}}$-124 degrees E ${}<^>{\circ}\text{E}$, 21.67 degrees $\mathit{{}<^>{\circ}}$-23 degrees N $\mathit{{}<^>{\circ}}\text{N}$) via an array comprising 12 current and pressure-recording inverted echo sounders (CPIESs) from 25 June 2018 to 29 July 2019. This SLPVW exhibits remarkable intraseasonal variability, with an similar to 100-day period east of Taiwan Island, corresponding with the variability in mesoscale eddies. Compared with large-scale climatological mean circulation, mesoscale eddy can trap SLPVW as a highway westward transport. In addition, the SLPVW impingement results in a significant subsurface velocity variation (about 10 cm/s) in the 200-400 m layer. These findings shed new light on the mechanisms of the intraseasonal variation in the Kuroshio subsurface layer.

Urbanization process significantly alters land use, thereby exacerbating the growth of carbon emissions and climate change-related risks. Understanding the changes in carbon emissions induced by urban land use changes can provide crucial information for developing effective policies for emission reductions. In this study, the change patterns of land use carbon emissions (LUCEs) were evaluated using land cover data and Energy Balance Tables (EBTs) in seven megacities in China in past two decades. Urban expansion projections under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) and Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios were combined with the Constant Coefficient Riccati Grey model (CCRGM (1,1)) to predict forthcoming carbon emissions. LUCEs were projected from 2025 to 2040, and the average absolute percentage error of the CCRGM (1,1) was 0.19. The association between land urbanization and LUCEs was examined through the lens of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). Results indicate that future urban development policies should align with the SSP2-RCP4.5 scenario to effectively achieve carbon emission reduction targets. Beijing and Shenzhen reached their peak LUCEs in 2010, Shanghai and Tianjin in 2015, while Chongqing and Chengdu are expected to peak by 2030, and Guangzhou’s peak is projected to occur after 2030. The association between land urbanization and carbon emissions in Beijing, Chengdu, Shanghai, Shenzhen, and Tianjin follows an inverted U-shaped curve, while in Chongqing and Guangzhou, it forms an N-shaped curve. These findings provide valuable insights for cities facing similar challenges in promoting low-carbon development and formulating land use policies that integrate tenure security considerations.

The Luzon Strait Transport (LST) plays an important role in the heat and salt budgets, circulation variations, eddy generation, and biogeochemical cycles in the South China Sea (SCS). Due to lack of long-term observations, the LST interannual variations and the underlying dynamics remain ambiguous. Using satellite altimeter data, the longterm upper LST (upper 500 m) over the past 30 years (1993-2022) was first estimated in this study. The mean value of the LST is estimated at 4.18 Sv (1 Sv ; 106 m3 s21) with a standard deviation of 1.03 Sv at the interannual time scale. The LST interannual variations are not correlated with the upstream Kuroshio changes against the well-known "teapot effect" adopted by most previous studies but well correlated with the migration of the North Equatorial Current bifurcation (Yb) and wind stress curl anomaly (WSCa) east of the Philippines. It is found that positive/negative WSCa in the off-equatorial region associated with westerly/easterly wind anomalies in the western tropical Pacific could induce westward upwelling/ downwelling Rossby waves, corresponding to negative/positive sea level anomalies (SLAs). When approaching the eastern coast of the Philippines, negative/positive SLAs were transferred along the Philippines coast as coastal Kelvin waves through the Mindoro-Sibutu pathway. Thus, cyclonic/anticyclonic circulation anomaly formed to the east and around the Philippines, resulting in strong/weak LST. Using the time-dependent island rule theory, the LST interannual variations driven by large-scale and regional wind were quantified. This dynamic framework can interpret approximately two-thirds of the LST interannual variations, providing new insights into the dynamics of low-frequency variations of the Kuroshio intrusion into the SCS. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The strong Kuroshio intrudes into the South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait. The LST plays an important role in the physical oceanography and biogeochemical cycles in the SCS. Due to lack of long-term observations, dynamics on the interannual variations of the LST remain ambiguous. In this study, we first calculated long-term LST over the recent three decades. Using the time-dependent island rule theory, interannual variations of the LST were quantified by linking large-scale wind and oceanic waves (Rossby and Kelvin waves). The detailed dynamical processes controlling the LST interannual variations are illustrated. This dynamic framework can interpret most of the LST interannual variations, providing new insights on the dynamics of the western boundary current leaping across a gap.

Urbanization have been significantly reshaping the form of urban areas and natural landscapes, leading to complex urban morphologies. In 2012, the Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification was proposed to address this issue and has since been widely adopted in urban climate studies globally. Despite its prevalence, literature on dynamic mapping of urban morphology remains sparse, making it difficult to delve into the study of urban renewal year by year. In this study, we compared different training scales, producing dynamic mappings of urban morphology with a spatial resolution of 100 meters spanning from 2000 to 2022 in major Chinese cities, based on the LCZ scheme. The results demonstrate strong inter-year consistency, and the accuracy of urban morphology change mapping is overall higher than 70%. Additionally, our results exhibit good alignment with other LCZ mapping datasets, more suitable for the current development situation in China, and effectively discriminate between building heights and densities across different LCZ types. This dataset holds significant potential for enhancing urban morphology monitoring and advancing urban climate research.

A series of metamorphic core complexes, including the Xiaoqinling, Xiong'ershan, and Dabie Mountains, span from west to east within the Qinling-Dabie Orogen of Central China. Despite their similar formation timelines and tectonic trends, they exhibit distinct geochemical signatures and exhumation processes. In the Xiaoqinling region, magmatic source temperatures initially increase with depth from approximately 606 degrees C, reaching a peak around 847 degrees C, and then decrease to approximately 660 degrees C at greater depths, whereas in the Xiong'ershan area, they consistently decrease (811 -> 609 degrees C). The Dabie Mountains show consistent source temperatures (similar to 800 degrees C) across depths, suggesting their location above the 'kink' of Late Mesozoic Pacific subduction mantle wedge. Multi-method thermochronological analysis indicates that from 139 Ma to 85 Ma, the Xiaoqinling region cooled at 15.1 degrees C/Ma initially, followed by deceleration to 2.7 degrees C/Ma. Similarly, the Xiong'ershan and Dabie Mountains experienced two-stage exhumation processes, with cooling rates of 10.2 degrees C/Ma, 3.7 degrees C/Ma, and 20.3 degrees C/Ma, 3.2 degrees C/Ma, respectively. High-angle subduction and rollback of the ancient Pacific Plate during the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition facilitated the formation and rapid exposure of these metamorphic core complexes. Subsequent Pacific subduction reorientation during the Late Cretaceous reduced regional extension and thereby decreased the uplift and exhumation rates of these complexes.

Near‐inertial waves (NIWs) are energetic in the Bering Sea, but their downward propagation characteristics remain unknown. Here, we first report the penetration of near‐inertial energy generated by distinct synoptic wind forcing events using yearlong subsurface mooring data in this region. It is found that approximately half of the near‐inertial energy efficiently penetrates into the deep ocean in wintertime. However, in summertime with a shallow mixed layer, the downward propagating NIWs are constrained to the region of strong near‐surface stratification with the surface warming and residual winter cold water, resulting in the absence of near‐inertial energy below the permanent pycnocline. Meanwhile, the downward propagating NIWs are partially reflected upward due to the abrupt changes in stratification above the dichothermal water. Given the high vertical shear of NIWs, the present work is important for understanding ocean mixing, upward heat transfer, and sea‐ice melting in the subarctic and the broader Arctic.

Ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi play important roles in nutrient cycling and plant community establishment in forest ecosystems. Effects of EM formation on global alterations of the transcriptome and metabolome during plant-fungal interaction and the key metabolites involved in EM development are largely unknown. Here, dual RNA-Seq and untargeted metabolomic analyses were used to reveal stage-specific and core responses of Pinus yunnanensis and Lactarius deliciosus during mycorrhizal colonization. We found that L. deliciosus colonization in P. yunnanensis roots induced different transcriptional changes across three interaction stages, with a small core of genes consistently regulated at all stages. Concentrations of retinol (vitamin A) and retinoic acid increased while that of B group vitamins decreased during EM formation, which was coordinately regulated by these two plant-fungus partners, with L. deliciosus possibly playing a dominant role. Exogenous retinol altered the diameter and mantle thickness of P. yunnanensis - L. deliciosus EM tips and affected host plant growth and phosphorus acquisition. In the absence of L. deliciosus, exogenous retinol increased the root diameter and the number of root tips of P. yunnanensis. Furthermore, the concentration of auxin increased, but that of abscisic acid decreased during EM formation, and the genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction were gradually activated, and auxin and cytokinin signal transduction potentially played a positive role in this EM symbiosis. In conclusion, we propose that the interaction of P. yunnanensis and L. deliciosus alters vitamin metabolism, which may further affect plant hormone biosynthesis and signal transduction, modulating root morphology and EM traits.

Abstract. The North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) is one of the most crucial water masses in the global ocean, significantly impacting physical, biological, chemical, and ecological processes. The challenges inherent in direct continuous observation of NPIW have been limiting the understanding of its short-term variability. Utilizing 14 months of data from three moorings (146° E, 25° N, M1; 122.6° E, 22.3° N, M2; 126° E, 18° N, M3), this study reveals the characteristics of the NPIW and its consistent intraseasonal variability from 60 to days across a range of latitudes and spatiotemporal scales. Direct measurement show depth variations at 700 m, 600 m, and 550 m for M1, M2, and M3, respectively. The analysis reveals a significant association between NPIW variation and mesoscale eddies, evidenced by lead-lag coefficients of 0.6, 0.5, and 0.55 for SLA and salinity at M1, M2, and M3. During anticyclonic (cyclonic) eddies, a positive (negative) SLA corresponds to relatively warm (cooler) and saline (fresh) characteristics of NPIW. Further analysis has shown that due to the inverse S-shaped structure of salinity in the North Pacific region, the vertical movement of water masses within mesoscale eddies leads to inverse phase changes between the NPIW and deeper water. Also the circulation and water masses near the western boundary are relatively complex, mesoscale eddies also induce mixing of the surrounding water masses and thus modify the NPIW properties. The result found that under the influence of the eddy, the change in salinity in the intermediate layer can reach to 0.3 psu, and the depth of the low-salt core can vary by hundreds of meters. Therefor studying the variability of NPIW is crucial for accurately predicting mesoscale eddy transport of heat and energy to ocean's intermediate layer, and understanding its response to climate change, its role in the global carbon cycle, and its impact on marine ecosystems.

Hygrophorus robustus was originally described from Yunnan province, China. This taxon is characterized by its robust basidiomata, salmon buff lamellae, tapered toward the base of the stipe, the odor of Tricholoma matsutake, the absence of cystidia and clamp connections, and a symbiotic association with Castanopsis delavayi. In this study, the phylogenetic position of this taxon is inferred by molecular phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS). The ITS result showed that it is nested within the genus Tricholoma and is affiliated with the North American T. grave. The morphological anatomy of this species also shows that its characteristics fit the concept of the genus Tricholoma, such as regular lamellar trama. Thus, H. robustus should be taxonomically transferred to Tricholoma, and the name of the new combination should be T. robustum. However, this name was used in the genus as Tricholoma robustum (Alb. & Schwein.) Ricken. Thus, we propose a new name T. aurantiophyllum for H. robustus.

A refined spatial understanding of carbon emissions is crucial for advancing low-carbon development. This study aims to develop a comprehensive, open data-based approach for spatial modelling of carbon emissions at street level, covering five sectors: industry, transportation, residential & public service, commerce, and agriculture in Guangzhou. Two sets of open data, including statistical yearbook data and urban morphology data, were analyzed using a comprehensive methodology that integrates both bottom-up and top-down approaches to map the spatial distribution of carbon emissions. The findings delineate the carbon emission hierarchy across five distinct sectors as follows: Industrial (37.9%), Transportation (31.3%), Residential (18.6%), Commercial and Public Services (11.6%), and Agriculture (0.6%). The industrial sector emerges as the largest contributor, emitting 61.59 million tons, chiefly situated in suburban industrial zones like Huangpu and Panyu. Following closely is transportation, emitting 50.87 million tons, concentrated around Baiyun International Airport, ports, and urban areas with heavy traffic. Commercial and residential sectors emit 18.94 million tons, primarily within densely populated areas such as Tianhe and Haizhu. Agricultural emissions total 1.02 million tons, predominantly located on the city's outskirts, notably in Nansha. The findings of this study could provide information support for identifying carbon emission hotspots and developing sector-specific low-carbon urban planning strategies.

The frequency and intensity of extreme heat events have been increasing due to the combined effects of global climate change and urbanization. Urban green infrastructure, including urban green and blue space, has been recognized as an effective measure to mitigate urban heat. However, the effects of green infrastructure on heat health risk were insufficiently addressed. To address this gap, we conducted a comprehensive assessment in the megacity of Beijing with a rapidly aging population. Various data sources were collected, including remote sensing images, meteorological data from weather stations, point of interest(POI) data, and social statistics. Following the risk triangle theory, the hazard, population exposure, and social vulnerability components of heat health risk were evaluated at the census tract level. The weights of vulnerability indicators were determined using Principal Component Analysis. Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* statistics were used to identify risk hotspot areas. To evaluate the effects of green infrastructure on heat health risk, a Green Infrastructure Index (GII) was created to quantitatively measure the abundance and accessibility of green infrastructure. The analysis, using a spatially-explicit Heat Health Risk Index (HHRI), indicated that the HHRI in the central urban area inhabited by high-income population groups is 2.66 times that of its suburban counterpart. The primary driving factors of heat health risk were identified as high population density and elevated temperatures. Census tracts with abundant green infrastructure exhibited a low likelihood of becoming high-risk areas, with a probability of less than 2%, while regions with limited green infrastructure had a 54.26% probability of becoming high-risk areas. This highlights the significance of expanding the coverage of green spaces and water areas to reduce heat health risk. The findings provide valuable insights for the development of risk mitigation measures enhancing urban thermal resilience through nature-based climate adaptation.

The scientific question of precisely determining the northern boundary of the Qinling Orogenic Belt (QOB) with regard to the southern segment of the North China Craton (S-NCC) has been controversial and unresolved, as it is heavily covered by loess and lacks some geological evidence. In order to identify the concrete northern boundary of the QOB, this paper first reports the metabasalt discovered in the Qianhe River Basin in Northwestern China, on the foundation of petrography, mineralogy, geochronology and geochemistry analyses. Detailed regional geological survey presents that the Qianhe metabasalt (QMB) is in unconformable contact with the Mesoproterozoic Gaoshanhe Group. Moreover, there is the new laser ablation (LA) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) U-Pb dating for magmatic zircons that yielded a weighted mean age of 450 ± 9 Ma, revealing that the QMB occurred in the Late Ordovician rather than that in the Mesoproterozoic period as previously considered. Both major and trace elements show that the samples are characterized by the back-arc basin (BAB) basalt affinity. In addition, combined with the regional geology analysis, it stands to reason that the QMB is very similar to those of Ordovician Caotangou Group along the northern QOB (N-QOB). Accordingly, it is illuminated that the QMB belonging to the N-QOB, is more likely originated from the back-arc basin setting, and truly defines the QOB’s northern boundary in this segment, which has prominent geoscientific significance for determining the tectonic boundary in the heavily loess-covered regions.