一、品种概况 (一)培育背景 海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradias)隶属于软体动物门(Mollusca),瓣鳃纲(Lamellibranchia),翼形亚纲(Pterimorphia),珍珠贝目(Pterioodae),扇贝科(Pectinidae).海湾扇贝属于暖水性贝类,原产于美国东海岸.1982年由张福绥引进中国并开展人工养殖,已成为我国扇贝养殖的三大品种之一,2014年产量约76万吨,主要集中于山东、河北、辽宁.常年可收获,以春季质量较好.海湾扇贝闭壳肌肥大,味道鲜美,营养价值高,经济效益好,深受广大消费者和养殖单位欢迎.

Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria),also known as black cod,is a sleek,black-skinned and valuable cold water benthic fish species that lives in the north Pacific Ocean.They possess high content of unsaturated fatty acids.Sablefish have been cultured in British Columbia of Canada,and in recent years,they were introduced into the aquaculture industry in Shandong Province in north China.In this study,we reported the observation of furunculosis found in cultured sablefish in China.AF-1,a strain of bacterial pathogen was isolated from the diseased sablefish.Sablefish infected with this bacterium showed typical symptoms of furunculosis such as subcutaneous hemorrhage in the abdomen and the fin,abscess,ulcer and liver congestion.AF-1 was confirmed to be the pathogen of sablefish furunculosis through the artificial injection experiment,in which the injected fish showed the same symptoms.A series of methods including biochemical and biophysical tests and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and gyrB genes were used to identify the pathogen.The API ID32E results showed that AF-1 belonged to Aeromonas sp.The 16S rRNA and gyrB genes were amplified and sequenced,and the submission numbers were KU359246 and KU362567.Phylogenetic analysis of gene sequences showed that AF-1 was Aeromonas salmonicida.The chemotherapeutant sensitivity test showed that AF-1 was resistant to 13 antibiotics such as penicillin,amoxicillin and cephalothin,but was sensitive to another 16 antibiotics such as fumequine and florfenicol.According to the antibiotics sensitivity test result,florfenicol was added into diets to control furunculosis in sablefish.Our study indicated that A.salmonicida could infect cultured sablefish in our country,and provided information on the disease control in cultured sablefish.

采用实验生态学的方法对裸盖鱼(Anoplopoma fimbria)幼鱼进行工厂化养殖试验,以了解和分析其生长特征.在地下海水温度(10.42±0.45)～(13.65±1.22)℃的条件下,经过210 d的养殖试验,裸盖鱼幼鱼由初始平均体重(33.27±5.82)g增长到(805.20±113.79)g,平均增重量最大值为(193.42±29.23)g/月,平均日增重量(3.68±0.61) g/d,最大日增重量(6.45±0.97) g/d.裸盖鱼幼鱼体长与体重呈幂函数关系,回归方程式为:W=0.017 4 L2.9436(R2 =0.973 1).水温对裸盖鱼幼鱼的增重、存活率及饵料系数均有影响,结果显示,最适养殖水温为(11.32±0.75)～(12.68±0.92)℃,与1龄以上裸盖鱼的最适水温基本一致,在该水温范围内,裸盖鱼幼鱼生长迅速,饵料系数相对较低,存活率较高.研究表明,裸盖鱼喜低温,生长速度快,养殖效益显著,是极具开发前景的冷水性养殖鱼类.

采用实验生态学的方法对1龄裸盖鱼(Anoplopoma fimbria)进行工厂化养殖试验以了解其生长特性.在自然水温(10.6±1.1 ～16.5±0.8℃)条件下,经过330 d左右的养殖试验,1龄裸盖鱼由初始平均体重650.3±85.7 g增长到2064.2±378.1 g,平均日增重3.9±1.8 g/d,最大日增重7.3±1.0 g/d.5月份平均增重量达到全年最高值,为220.0±32.2 g/月.其平均体重随日龄变化的关系符合方程y=8E-06 x3-0.045 2x2+11.421x +310.13(R2 =0.967 1),体重增长率方程为dy/dt=24E-05x2-0.090 4x+ 11.421.水温对裸盖鱼的体重增长、饵料系数及存活率均有影响.研究表明,裸盖鱼的最适生长温度为10.6±1.1 ～12.6±0.6℃,在该温度范围内,其体重增长快,饵料系数相对较低,存活率较高.国内外研究表明,裸盖鱼生长迅速,生长温度低,病害少,肉质鲜美,养殖效益显著,是适宜冷水养殖的高档鱼类.

In this research, the external morphology, meristic and metric characters, and structure of digestive tract of 30 ind sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria (1 to 2 years old) with body length ranging from 35 to 50 cm and body weight ranging from 400 to 600 g were measured and studied using the common messuring method in order to understand the germplasm. The results were as follows:The fish is spindle-shaped, and covered with mackerel scale, and its body shows with grey back and white abodmon. Observed numbers of sablefish are:first dorsal fins:16-18 , second dorsal fins :12-14 , ventral fins:6-7 , pectoral fins:14-16 , anal fins:15-16 , lateral line scales:144-170, upward gill rakers:5-6, downward gill rakers :14-16, vertebrae:57-61, pyloric caeca:4-6;measurable parameters ratio of sablefish are:Tl/Sl:1. 15 ± 0. 02, Sl/H:5. 27 ± 0. 08, Sl/Lc:3. 06 ± 0. 08, Lc/Lmx:3. 21 ± 0. 05, Lpc/Hpc:3. 19 ± 0. 17, Sl/Lpc:5. 46 ± 0. 20, Lc/Io:3. 26 ± 0. 28, Lc/Oh:6. 73 ± 0. 31, Li/Sl:1. 18 ± 0. 17, Wi /Wb:0. 048 ± 0. 004, Wio/Wb:0. 103 ± 0. 014. In this research, the germplasm of A. fimbria aged 1-2 years was studied, which could be provided basic information in A. fimbria breeding.

Penglai sea cucumber (Apostichopussp.) is a newly developed aquaculture species. The nutrient composition in the body wall of Penglai sea cucumber has not been investigated widely. The current study measured the nutrient composition of Penglai sea cucumber and compared with other sea cucumber species. Results showed that the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash of the body walls of Penglai sea cucumber were 91.29%, 5.25%, 0.23% and 3.09%, respectively, The contents of crude protein and crude ash were higher than those ofApostichopus japonicus, whereas the contents of moisture and crude fat were lower than those ofA. japonicus. The total amino acids (TAA) content of Penglai sea cucumber was 53.76%, which was significantly higher than that ofA. japonicus. Furthermore, the flavor amino acids (FAA) content was 25.63%, which accounted for 47.66% of TAA. The FAA contents were higher than those ofA. japonicus,suggesting that Penglai sea cucumber might be more delicious than other sea cucumber species. In addition, the contents of PUFA and “DHA+EPA” were 26.47% and 12.08%, respectively and the UFA/SFA ratio was 3.19 in Penglai sea cucumber, which were higher than those inA. japonicus. The body wall of Penglai sea cucumber has great content in major and trace element, VB6, VB1, and suitable Ca/P ratio. The content of VB1 was 1.3 mg/100 g, which was higher than that ofA. japonicus. In conclusion, Penglai sea cucumberbears betternutrition condition, and is a promising species for aquaculture and stock enhancement.

The sperm,and eggs of sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus derived from China and Korea were collected by synchronous spawning induction,and direct cross and reciprocal crosses were conducted between the two populations of sea cucumber.The fertilization was observed in the reciprocal crosses and fertilization and early embryonic development were successively observed in the direct cross between Chinese sea cucumber♀×Korean red sea cucumber♂under light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy.The sperm of Korean red sea cucumber was found to attach to the egg surfaces of Chinese sea cucumber rapidly and the acrosomal reaction was observed successfully.The inerspecifc sperm activated the meiosis of Chinese sea cucumber egg and induced the releasing of polar body 1(PB1) and polar body 2(PB2),and then the male and female pronuclei fused into zygotonuceus and the cleavage began subsequently.The fertilization rate was found to be 91% in the direct cross between Chinese sea cucumber♀×Korean red sea cucumber♂and 94% in the reciprocal crosses(Korean red sea cucumber♀×Chinese sea cucumber♂).Meantime,normal embryonic development was observed,with hatching rate of 75% in the direct cross and 90% in the reciprocal cross.In addition,polyspermy was observed in this experiment.

In order to discuss the effect of the bio-floc in water on the main digestive and immune enzyme activity,the experiment was conducted with two objects.One was the bio-floc that formed in 200-liter tanks with addition of different carbon sources(glucose,sucrose,corn starch,sweet potato powder and mixtures) with the temperature of 18.221.9 ℃ and the salinity of 3032.And another object was the juvenile sea cucmber Apostichopus japonicus that bred for 2 months with the weight of(0.9±0.1) g.The results showed that adding amylum or sucrose in water body was beneficial to improve the activities of digestive enzyme(including amylase and protease) of juvenile sea cucmber,Pepsin activities in juvenile sea cucmber which fed in compound carbons group(0∶3∶4∶2∶1) were significant higher than other groups.Compared with single carbon,compound carbons may be more beneficial to increase pepsin activities.ALP activities in the body wall of juvenile sea cucmber which fed in compound carbons group(1∶2∶4∶1∶2) were the highest(2.66 U/mg); But in the corn starch group,SOD activities(204.66 U/mg) in the body fluid of juvenile sea cucmber were siginificant higher than other treatment groups(P<0.05).And the bio-floc that supplemented with carbon sources may enhance the immunity of juvenile sea cucmber.

In order to raising lavae of white race sea cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus) in large scales,the survival and growth of larvae under different environments should be investigated.In present study,the larval survival and growth of white and ordinary A.japonicus at different salinities(25,29,33 and 37),temperatures(19,21,24 and 27 ℃),and stocking densities(0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6 ind/mL) were compared in order to optimize rearing condition.It was found that salinity 25,19 ℃ and stocking density 0.6 ind/mL are optimal;high survival and growth were observed.

Prior to the allotriploid induction,the feasibility of fertilization between Crassostrea hongkongensis(Lam and Morton,2003) eggs and C.gigas(Thunberg,1973) sperm had been verified before.Results showed that cleavage rate of(24.40±3.79) % of the interspecific hybrid can be received with the eggs immersed in 25℃ seawater for 1.5h.The zygotes treated for 25 min with a hypotonic solution of 10 salinities at 20min after fertilization can yield the highest triploidy rate of 68.65%,and the hatchery rate of 12.71%.No statistical advantages of growth rate and survival rate were found in allotriploid group compared with control group.The survival rate and shell length of allotriploid group were(0.116±0.023)% and(103.50±0.85)μm at the 9th day after insemination.However,the survival rate and shell length of control group were(42.17±2.74)% and(123.25±8.60)μm.All allotriploid hybrid larvae died before metamorphism.