During the vegetative growth stage of kidney bean(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)in solar greenhouse,the two kinds of leaf fertilizers were sprayed on the leaves.Two months later,photosynthetic capacity,quality and yield effects were surveyed.The results showed that both Alstrong,a high efficient biofertilizer containing 5-aminolevulinic acid(ALA)as the main effective component,and Green life,a compound liquid fertilizer,could increase the relative chlorophyll content,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs),instantaneous carboxylation efficiency(Pn/Ci),photosynthetic performance index(PIABS)and probability of a trapped exciton moving an electron into the electron transport chain beyond QA-(ψ0).The relative chlorophyll content enhanced 25%,and Gs was 110% higher than the control.At the noontime,when the light intensity and the temperature were highest in a day,the improvement by fertilizers on photosynthetic capacity was more significant,especially in the treatment of Alstrong,suggesting that the fertilizer could effectively alleviate photosynthetic midday-depress.Additionally,they could dramatically improve fruit yield and quality.Compared to the control,the free amino acid content increased for 1-2 times.

It was found in previous paper that the anthocyanin accumulation in peach fruit skin was promoted by genistein (GNT) but inhibited by cGMP. Which is quite different from the prevailing hypotheses in this field. In this study, we once again observed that GNT promoted anthocyanin accumulation in grape berry skin in vitro. The anthocyanin accumulation induced by GNT was dependent on light exposure. However, a dark period about 10 - 12 h was necessary during GNT induction. This may suggest that light is unnecessary for the direct physiological responses for berries to GNT treatment, but necessary for anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, it was found that if the berries were treated with cGMP at once following GNT pretreatment, the GNT-induced anthocyanin accumulation was significantly inhibited. However, if cGMP treatment was conducted 12 h after GNT pretreatment, the inhibition of cGMP was no longer observed, suggesting that the GNT-induced physiological responses might be completed in 12 h. Detection by semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed the expression of the genes including PAL, CHS and UFGT, which are related with anthocyanin biosynthesis, were up-regulated by light exposure and GNT treatment in grape skin, while LDOX seemed no response to these two factors. Treatment with cGMP inhibited RNA accumulation of PAL and CHS induced by GNT, suggesting that GNT and cGMP be of antagonism in regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in grape skins.

中国古典园林艺术是拟自然的作品,强调与自然结合的诗意象征和宇宙观,并在形式上承载寓寄内涵,传达精神化实质.通过实景的创造和对自然神韵的领悟和把握,在有限的实际空间中,营造出无限的艺术意境,使园林中的物质世界生出诗意的幻象,透射出和谐之美.

Genistein(GNT),a natural isoflavone from soybean,was used to study the effect on peach(Prunus persica L.) coloration in the orchard and detached conditions.The results showed that application of GNT at concentrations of 40-120 μmol·L-1 at 22 d before harvest significantly promoted anthocyanin accumulation,and tended to increase the soluble solid content,the flavonoid content and single fruit weight,but tended to decrease the flesh firmness and the chlorophyll content of the skins,suggesting that GNT might prompt fruit maturity.In detached peach fruits,it was observed that GNT also promoted anthocyanin accumulation,but cyclic GMP(cGMP) inhibited the promotion induced by GNT,suggesting that GNT-induced anthocyanin accumulation might be related with cellular cGMP signal transduction.Because the promotion of GNT on anthocyanin accumulation was stable and significant,it is speculated that the natural substance may be used in fruit production.

The roles of 1-methylcycloprpene (1-MCP) with concentrations of 0.5,1.0 and 1.5 μL·L-1 on the pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai cv.Huanghua) fruit postharvest physiology and membrane lipid peroxidation were investigated for two years at room temperature (26～33℃).The results indicated that 1-MCP significantly inhibited pear fruit respiration rate,postponed the peaks of respiration and ethylene release,reduced lipoxidase (LOX) activity and malodialdehyde(MDA) content.Thus,the fruit quality was preserved.As compared with the control,1.0 μL·L-1 1-MCP treatment inhibited the decline in superoxode dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities.Therefore,1-MCP was potential to be applied in the commercial storage of ‘Huanghua’ pear fruits.

Effect of foliar application of genistein,an isoflavone from soybean,on bagged fruit coloration and quality of Zaoshuomi flat peach cultivar(Prunus persica cv.Zaoshuomi) was studied.The fruits were bagged with sulfate paper and plastic bags.Compared with the control,results showed the anthocyanin content of bagged fruit with paper bag was increased by 70%,of plastic bag was decreased by 6%;foliar spraying with genistein solution made the anthocyanin accumulated by 16%to 73% in the unbagged and bagged fruit.In the genistein treated peaches,the soluble sugar content was increased by 4% to 26% and the titratable acid content was reduced by 10% to 28%,resulting in much higher ratio of soluble sugars and titratable acids.On the other hand,bagging decreased the soluble sugar content by 8% but increased the titratable acid content by 20%.The results also showed that foliar spraying of genistein with concentrations of 40 to 80 μmol/L had no obvious harmful effect on the peach leaves,evaluated by the measurements of the MDA content and relative electrical conductivity.Thus,foliar spraying with suitable concentrations of genistein might improve the bagged flat peach quality without any obvious harmful effect.Additionally,possible mechanisms of genistein promoting anthocyanin accumulation were discussed in the paper.

The leaves of flat peach(Prunus persica var.platycarpa Bailey cv.Zaoshuomi) were used to study the effects of folia spraying of genistein(GNT) on the content of pigment,carbohydrate,chlorophyll fluorescence properties and some antioxidant enzyme activities.The results indicated that 40 μmol/L GNT significantly increased the content of chlorophylls,starch and soluble sugar in the leaves.The kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence showed that GNT application at 40μmol/L depressed fluorescence quantum yields,including the maximal fluorescence(Fm) and the variable fluorescence(Fv) of leaves at dark,the maximal fluorescence(Fm′) and the variable fluorescence(Fv′) of leaves in light,but increased the actual photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ(ΦPSⅡ),photochemical quenching(qP) and non-photochemical quenching(NPQ),electron transport rate(ETR),photochemical rate(PCR).It was found that energy trapped by PSⅡ reaction centers in GNT-treated leaves was more allocated to photochemistry reaction(Pc) and antennae heat dissipation(Hd),so the excess energy of PSⅡ reaction centers(Ex) was decreased.The measurements of antioxidant enzymes revealed that the effect of GNT treatment on flat peach chlorophyll fluorescence might be related with its promotion on the activities of antioxidant enzymes.

It was reported that 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) could promote anthocyanin formation of Fuji apple fruit skin. However, ALA is too expensive to be used for apple production. In order to explore new cheaper methods for increasing apple fruit coloration, experiments were conducted with 13-year-old trees of Fuji apple cultivar treated with the precursor of ALA biosynthesis, L-glutamic acid (Glu) at the early stage of fruit skin color development. The results showed that 200～800 mg/L Glu significantly promoted anthocyanin accumulation of the skin and increased the soluble sugar content, whereas the chlorophyll content was reduced quickly. Glu treatment also increased levels of endogenous ALA, which is a metabolite of Glu in plants. The results obtained here did not prove any interrelation between anthocyanin accumulation and the activities of enzymes, including SOD, POD, CAT, APX, PPO and PAL.

Two plant endogenous substances, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and genistein (GNT), were proposed to promote anthocyanin accumulation of apple fruits in the paper. When 300 mg·L~ -1 ALA was applied to‘Fuji’apples 43 days before mature harvest, the rate of anthocyanin accumulation and the final content were both almost doubled compared with that of the control. When ALA was applied to the detached fruit discs followed by 48 hour continuous white light irradiation about 160 μmol·m~ -2 ·s~ -1 , the anthocyanin content rose about 2 times as high as that of the light control, and the latter 2 times as high as that of the dark control. A significant promotion on anthocyanin accumulation was firstly observed in treatment with GNT, where the anthocyanin content in the treated‘Fuji’apple discs was about 10 times as high as that of the dark control, about 2 times as effective as ALA treatment. Furthermore, 80 μmol·L~ -1 GNT treatment could significantly promote anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Golden Delicious’apple discs, which has seldom been reported before. Additionally, the results showed that promotion of ALA and GNT on anthocyanin accumulation under continuous light was related with induction of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, because it increased temporarily after ALA and GNT treatments. ALA and GNT are hopeful to be potentially used in fruit production.

In this paper, the post-harvest physiology of strawberry (cv. Toyonoga) was investigated for the effects of 1-MCP on the respiration, the activities of protective enzymes, the accumulation of active oxygen species and the fruit quality. The results indicated that 0.6～0.9 μL/L 1-MCP significantly inhibited respiration of strawberry fruit, and maintained higher levels of SOD activity, but decreased the LOX activity and the production rate of ■. The accumulation of H2O2 and MDA was beneficial for keeping fruit quality.

苹果果实成熟之前20 d,利用外源5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA)100～500mg/L处理,不影响果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜含量,但明显促进果皮花青素积累,其中效果最明显为300 mg/L.经该浓度ALA处理的果实无论套袋与否,其果皮花青素含量比对照高出1倍以上.ALA处理明显增加果实可溶性固形物含量,降低酸度,提高固酸比.此外,ALA处理不影响果实硬度和货架期,而且在果实上没有明显的残留.