Stadiums have been one of China’s most well-known and influential foreign aid projects that attract considerable attention. After 2000, a series of reforms in China’s foreign aid generated significant influences on the designs of China’s foreign-aided buildings, especially on large constructions such as stadiums. The authors aim to explore the development of China’s foreign-aided stadiums after 2000 and analyze the influential aspects on the design processes. Critical regionalism for ingratiation is identified as the main architectural feature. The study is conducted through a detailed analysis of the foreign aid mechanism, case projects, first-hand materials, and interviews with Chinese architects involved. The authors consider these stadiums to represent a unique critical regionalism with cultural and climate elements embedded. It can be regarded as a considerable supplement to the current scholarship on Chinese contemporary architecture and Chinese sports buildings.

From the 1950s to the 1970s, China exported 16 foreign aid stadiums, which occupied a considerable proportion of China’s foreign aid construction and stood out due to their unique qualities. This study aims to explore the historical development of these stadiums in the initial period to clarify the development trends of early China’s stadium aid and the main factors influencing it. According to an exploration based on a series of historical studies, qualitative comparative analyses, interviews and case studies, this study reveals that China’s foreign stadium aid transitioned from labour support to design support under the influence of governmental, architectural and additional factors. This study fills a gap in the academic literature, provides new perspectives for current research into China’s foreign aid construction, and provides indispensable supplements for Chinese sports architecture and modern architecture.

The China-aided conference building has garnered global attention due to its diplomatic implications, symbolic representation, iconic stature, and bilateral cultural expression. These constructions play a significant role in the cross-cultural communication of Chinese architecture under the One Belt and One Road Initiative (BRI). Despite the prevalence of such buildings with China’s aid, there exists a substantial gap in the systematic and comprehensive research on this topic. This study constructed a database of 157 China-aided conference buildings, spanning from 1962 to 2022. This data was subsequently analyzed by a mosaic approach, employing a model of six indicators across two dimensions: macro characteristics and building ontology. The results indicate that the macro-distribution characteristics mirror China’s trends in international cooperation and development and are closely tied to China’s political policies and economic conditions. Chinese architects exhibit eclectic expressions, incorporating modern architectural language, local culture, and Chinese architectural culture. These findings also highlight the ongoing evolution of the Chinese architectural knowledge system. This research complements Chinese architecture and China’s aid, offering designers, researchers, and policymakers in cross-border architecture a comprehensive perspective and design trends of China-aided conference buildings. This is particularly beneficial for the cross-cultural communication of overseas architectural cooperation under the BRI.

The seaweed cottage is a traditional residence in the Jiaodong (胶东) region that has existed for hundreds of years. During its development, its architectural form was evidently reconstructed and redeveloped. Based on historical documents, interviews, field investigations, and mapping, the author summarizes the village environment, overall layout, and architectural attributes of Dongchu Island Village (东褚岛村, DIV) to address the common needs of historical heritage protection. In order to examine in depth, the spatial evolution of the five stages in the past one hundred years, the Wangs' grocery seaweed courtyard located on the southwest corner of Middle Street was selected as a typical research object. Analyzed as two clues, the village and dwelling, three key factors are identified as influencing spatial change: Characteristics of the time, economic industry, and personnel structure.

Since the late 1950s, China has exported numbers of construction aid projects, among which stadiums occupy a considerable proportion and stand out from other types of China-aided buildings due to their unique qualities. These large-scale projects are located in different geographical and cultural contexts. Critical regionalism has been an influential architectural approach in designs of China-aided stadiums. Through a detailed analysis of case projects, site investigation, first-hand materials, and interviews with designers, the authors aim to explore and highlight critical regional approaches in designs of China-aided stadiums. Three categories of design approaches are revealed: bio-climate, standard-adaptive and symbol-oriented approaches. What design approaches Chinese architects prefer to use at different times and under different conditions, and what can be achieved by using such approaches are also explored. This paper tries to supplement the current scholarship on Chinese architecture. [GRAPHICS] .

The number of China-aided stadium projects has greatly increased since 2000, along with new working models and architectural characteristics. As government-financed construction projects, these stadiums could not escape the influence of the Chinese government. This study aims to explore such influence on the design and management processes of China-aided stadium projects after 2000 and identify their variations and characteristics through an interview-based study using statistical and qualitative text analysis methods. The results show that the governmental influence exists, and various processes received different degrees of influences from the Chinese government, among which the pre-design, design and tender and bid processes receive more. Such influences are generated through various approaches including the official setup of the pre-design process, the requirement to use Chinese building codes (standard), the strict control of investment costs, the compulsory guiding principles for design, and the opacity of the bid evaluation, etc. This research represents new knowledge to link the political aspects with the architectural outcomes, generates references for future oversea projects and concludes to better understand the implementation model of the China-aided construction system.

Since the 1950s, China began to provide aid constructions to developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Among these constructions, stadium projects occupied a significant proportion, and produced great influence due to its high investment, large scale and obvious image. Since Chinese standards were required to be used in the design, management and construction process of China-aided stadiums, whether and how the Chinese standards can be well applied to various recipient regions becomes one of the key issues, which is worthy of the specific study. This is increasingly more significant in recent years, with the social and economic development of the recipient areas. Conflicts between the Chinese standards and the local ones may happen and compromises are required to solved the problem. Therefore, this study aims to explore the exportation of Chinese standards in China-aided stadium projects after 2000 based on interview studies. Statistical analysis and content analysis research methods are used in the analyzing of the interview contents. This study tries to explore the current situation, problems and solutions (countermeasures) when using Chinese standards in China-aided stadium projects after 2000. The applicability and practicability of Chinese standards are also evaluated, and the guidance and suggestions for future construction projects are summarized.

In the past 60 years, China has constructed over 1,400 buildings in the developing world, many of them stadiums. This study examines how China uses stadiums as diplomatic means to demonstrate its cultural, economic and socio-political engagement in less-developed nations. To address the Chinese economic, cultural and intellectual intervention, this article uses three representative stadium projects built in Africa as case studies. Firstly providing physical venue for sports activities and then creating institutional network for further economic, cultural and political engagement, the Chinese built stadiums became effective catalyst for enhancing bilateral relations between China and the receipt countries. China's stadium diplomacy revealed a soft, and ultimately progressive mode of cultural engagement in transnational architectural practice. The authors argue that the implication of this architectural engagement lies in the fact that the Chinese state played a mediating role in producing and delivering architectural forms with various political motivations. Notwithstanding, the involved architects and engineers took the cultural and technical challenges and experimented adaptable design in aid projects.

Foreign aid is a form of international relationship between countries. Building projects are a major form of foreign aid. In the past 60 years, China has constructed over 1400 buildings in the developing world, and many of them are stadiums. This study explores how China exported its overseas-aided stadiums in the developing world and considers the importance of these buildings from an architectural perspective. Through an examination of firsthand materials, this study explains the historic vicissitude of China-aided stadium architecture, analyzes the architectural features of these buildings, and presents case studies of representative examples from each historic stage. The investigation of these buildings from three periods in the 20th and 21st centuries fills a gap in the study of Chinese architecture and modern architectural history.

1950年代以来,我国向多个受援国家及地区输出了众多的援外建筑,体育建筑的数量占了较大比例.由于其地标性的影响作用与持久性的使用时间,体育建筑相比其他类型的援外建筑占有突出地位.而援外体育建筑自身是否能够充分融入当地成为关键问题.本文旨在通过基于调研与采访的案例分析,探讨我国援外体育建筑设计的创作中对于地域文化的理解与表达,总结这种表达方式惯用手法与变化趋势,并为未来的援外体育建筑设计提供参考依据.

Since the 1960s, China has exported a large number of foreign aid buildings to numerous recipient regions, initially as a member of the socialist camp spreading their post-war influence on developing countries, then as catalyzer of diplomacy and economic development. Among these constructions are a considerable proportion of stadiums. Because of their landmark effect and lasting time of use, these oversea stadiumsstandoutfromothertypesofChina-aidbuildings.Fromneighboringcountries in Asia to brotherhood countries in Africa, Latin America and Oceania, these largescale projects are located in different and complex geographical and cultural contexts. However, most of these projects were designed by Chinese architects from domestic design institutions. The integration of these buildings into the local environment and urban context becomes a significant issue for architectural design. Through detailed analysis of the representative case projects, and interviewing of people involved in the design and management process, we aim to explore and discuss regional design attempts and common methods used by Chinese architects when designing these cross-border stadiums, so as to provide reference for architectural design of this category in the future.

As two classic teaching modes, "CBL" and "PBL" have their own superiority and deficiency. In the teaching experience of "Building Construction", the writer reasonably combined these two teaching modes to form the new type of teaching mode: "CBL+PBL" based double track teaching mode, which has been well proved by practice results to be capable to improve the students' enthusiasm, to improve teaching effect, and to promote the diversification of teaching methods.

援外是中国外交政策的一部分,中国在海外援建的一千多座工业和民用建筑,是中国无私帮助发展中国家、友好互利、经济合作和文化交流的实体见证.文章回顾20世纪50年代到70年代、改革开放和21世纪初期三个时期中国设计院在海外的设计和经历.援外建筑项目体现了较为明显的政策导向,同时也展现了一种“革新的现代主义”,它们既是中国社会变革的产物,也是一种因地制宜的积极尝试.

Tessellation plays a significant role in architectural geometry design, which is widely used both through history of architecture and in modern architectural design with the help of computer technology. Tessellation has been found since the birth of civilization. In terms of dimensions, there are two- dimensional tessellations and three-dimensional tessellations; in terms of symmetry, there are periodic tessellations and aperiodic tessellations. Besides, some special types of tessellations such as Voronoi Tessellation and Delaunay Triangles are also included. Both Geometry and Crystallography, the latter of which is the basic theory of three-dimensional tessellations, need to be studied. In history, tessellation was applied into skins or decorations in architecture. The development of Computer technology enables tessellation to be more powerful, as seen in surface control, surface display and structure design, etc. Therefore, research on the application of tessellation in architectural geometry design is of great necessity in architecture studies.

This paper centers on the influence on architectural geometry by emergent design under the principle of emergence theory and the help of computer software, and how this will generate positive effects and what should also be concerned during such procedure.