Hybrid cuprous halides have been a class of candidates for highly emissive materials because of their structural diversity and tunable optical properties. However, heavy-atom effect, as an effective strategy for realizing highly efficient luminescence, remains scarcely explored in hybrid halide materials. Here, high-quality pyr4Cu4X8 (pyr = C4H10N+; X = Br and I) single crystals were successfully obtained. More importantly, pyr4Cu4X8 (X = Br and I) exhibited an increase in the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) from 34.54% to 80.57% and a decrease in photoluminescence (PL) lifetime value from 64.99 to 3.34 μs based on heavy-atom effect, the PL mechanisms of which were attributed to 3MLCT/XLCT and 3CC, as verified by theoretical calculations and temperature-dependent PL results in these systems. This work not only provides the first systematic proof that the heavy-atom effect can be employed in hybrid copper(I) halides but also offers a new direction for the material design and device applications of these highly luminescent hybrid cuprous halide systems.

In recent years, organic-inorganic hybrid lead-free materials have become a promising platform for preparing various stimuli-responsive materials with excellent optoelectronic properties. Here, we synthetise a zero-dimensional zinc-based hybrid, [3,3-difluorocyclobutylammonium]2ZnCl4 ([DFCBA]2ZnCl4, 1), and thoroughly discuss its various-temperature single-crystal structures, switchable dielectric constant behavior, and optical properties. 1 undergoes reversible structural phase transitions with dielectric switching property characteristics at around 354 K upon heating-cooling cycles. Interestingly, both the crystalline phases exhibit monoclinic structure. At room temperature, the organic cations display partial disordered configurations, while at high temperatures, they become highly ordered. This asymmetric symmetry breaking originates from the reverse temperature transition between disordered and ordered states of the [DFCBA]+ cation, which modulates the material's dielectric response. Optical characterization reveals that [DFCBA]2ZnCl4 possesses a direct band gap of 4.68 eV, with its photoluminescence (PL) spectrum showing a maximum emission peak at 481 nm and a fluorescence lifetime of 7.923 mu s. Combining its outstanding dielectric switching properties with unique optical characteristics, this zero-dimensional zinc-based hybrid material demonstrates significant potential for applications in ultraviolet-responsive devices, high-insulation optical coatings, and novel optoelectronic devices.

Two-dimensional (2D) organic-inorganic hybrid halide materials have garnered significant research attention due to their tunable structural features and versatile photophysical properties. However, the significant enhancement of photoluminescence (PL) performance by modulating the composition of inorganic frameworks has rarely been reported, despite great efforts. Herein, we have successfully prepared two novel 2D hybrid lead halide compounds by regulating the halogen cation, namely, (DFCBA)2PbX4 (1 and 2, DFCBA = 3,3-difluorocyclobutylamine, X = I and Br). Interestingly, a blue shift of PL with giant quantum yield enhancement ratio of ∼4900% in these homologs was observed from 1 to 2. Optical characterization reveals that their experimental band gap increases from 2.37 to 3.07 eV, which is consistent with the observed changes in PL emission. In addition, Compounds 1 and 2 crystallize in the polar Cc space group at room temperature, and both undergo temperature-induced reversible structural phase transitions, with transition temperatures of 331 and 336 K, respectively. These results demonstrate that the halogen modulation strategy can controllably tune the evolution of structure and optical properties in 2D organic-inorganic hybrid halides, highlighting the potential of these materials for applications in tunable optoelectronic devices.

Organic-Inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have sparked a research craze in the fields of optoelectronics and radiation detection due to their tunable structure and excellent photoelectric properties. These materials can usually integrate various phase-change materials to achieve multifunctional integration. However, research in the coupling of X-ray detection fields is still insufficient. Inspired by this, this paper successfully synthesized a new type of one-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite material [(EMPD)PbBr3] (EMPD+ = 1-ethyl-1-methylpiperidine ion) (1). 1 not only exhibits dual reversible structural phase transitions but also has typical semiconductor characteristics and shows a fluorescence lifetime of microsecond level. At the same time, such a structure and performance make 1 have excellent X-ray response sensitivity and long-term operational stability, which shows great application potential in radiation detection and optoelectronic sensing fields. This work provides new ideas and material basis for designing multifunctional optoelectronic materials and devices with phase transition tunability and high detection performance.

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals have emerged as promising materials for next-generation light-emitting diodes (LEDs) owing to their solution processability, tunable emission wavelengths, narrow emission linewidths, and high photoluminescence quantum yields. Among them, anisotropic nanocrystals, including one-dimensional nanorods (NRs) and two-dimensional nanoplatelets (NPLs), offer additional opportunities for controlling transition dipole moment orientation and light out-coupling efficiency. These unique structural characteristics have enabled significant advances in LED performance beyond those achievable with conventional spherical quantum dots. This review summarizes recent progress in anisotropic semiconductor nanocrystals for light-emitting applications. We first discuss the synthesis and structural modulation of NRs and NPLs, including size and morphology control, heterostructure engineering, and doping strategies. We then review the fundamental operating principles of anisotropic nanocrystal-based LEDs, emphasizing the relationships among nanocrystal structure, carrier dynamics, dipole orientation, and device performance. Recent advances in CdSe-based, perovskite-based, and wide-bandgap semiconductor anisotropic nanocrystal LEDs are highlighted, with particular focuses on heterostructure design, charge-balance regulation, and light-management strategies. In addition, directed assembly approaches for constructing oriented nanocrystal films and their impact on light out-coupling efficiency are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges are outlined. We believe that continued advances in materials design, device architecture optimization and assembly engineering will further accelerate the development of anisotropic nanocrystal LEDs for high-efficiency next-generation display and solid-state lighting technologies.

Silicon phthalocyanine-based multi-site anchoring passivators protect perovskites against thermal and UV degradation through surface-confined adaptive binding.

Abstract Conductive hydrogels used in flexible sensors commonly suffer from poor freeze resistance, susceptibility to water loss, and low sensitivity. To address these issues, this study employed a cyclic freeze–thaw method to incorporate a urea/choline chloride deep eutectic solvent into a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium alginate (SA) double-network structure, thereby developing an ionic gel based on a hydrated low-eutectic solvent. This U-DES forms strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules (binding energy: −20.2 kcal/mol), converting free water into nonfreezing bound water. Consequently, it completely suppresses ice crystal formation (no ice-melting peak) at temperatures above −60 °C and endows the material with excellent water-retention capacity. Simultaneously, the DES provides abundant ion carriers (Cl–, choline+), endowing the hydrogel with stable electrical conductivity. The resulting PSU-4 hydrogel exhibits balanced mechanical properties: tensile strength of approximately 0.13 MPa, elongation at break of approximately 500%, and maintains good fatigue resistance even after 200 cycles at 50% strain. As a strain sensor, the PSU-4 hydrogel exhibits linear response within a strain range of 0.5–200% (GF = 0.01925, R2 = 0.98998), with rapid and repeatable signal response. Demonstrated applications include real-time monitoring of wrist and finger movements, as well as encoding gestures into Morse code (e.g., “SOS” and “YES”). This work provides a simple and effective strategy for overcoming key limitations of conventional hydrogels in the field of flexible wearable electronics.

Colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs) have attracted significant attention for light-emitting diodes (LEDs) owing to their strong in-plane dipole moments and intrinsically narrow emission linewidth. In this study, we report the synthesis of near-infrared (NIR)-emitting CdSe/CdZnSe/CdZnS core/shell/shell NPLs with uniform size and well-controlled shell composition. The optimized NPLs exhibit a PL emission peak at 715 nm, a narrow full width at half maximum of 21 nm, and a high photoluminescence quantum yield of 54%. The gradient-alloy CdZnSe/CdZnS shell effectively suppresses nonradiative recombination and enhances carrier confinement within the CdSe core. Consequently, solution-processed LEDs incorporating these NPLs achieve a low turn-on voltage of 1.8 V and a maximum luminance of 6415 cd m-2. This work establishes an effective synthetic strategy for gradient-shell CdSe NPLs and provides a promising platform for high-performance NIR optoelectronic devices.

Colloidal quantum nanorods (NRs) exhibit linearly polarized emission and fast radiative recombination owing to their two-dimensional confinement, enabling high-performance light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, due to facet-dependent growth kinetics, anisotropic shell growth often leads to preferential overgrowth along the long axis and insufficient radial (short axis) coverage. This structural imbalance weakens exciton confinement within the core and compromises the suppression of Förster resonance energy transfer. Here, we report a dual-ligand (organic phosphorus/carboxylic acids) slow-injection strategy to synthesize wurtzite CdSe/CdZnSe/ZnSeS core/shell NRs featuring compositionally graded thick shell ( ≈ 4.5 nm) with ZnSe as the dominant component. The organic phosphorus ligands create an environment of high monomer concentration (cadmium monomer concentration from 1.4% to 2% of cadmium by mass) to drive anisotropic growth, while the carboxylic acids promote isotropic growth due to their nearly equal binding energy across different crystal facets. Simultaneously epitaxial growth of compositionally graded alloy shells alleviates lattice mismatch at core/shell interfaces while reducing defect density and boosting carrier recombination efficiency. The resulting NR-LEDs achieve an external quantum efficiency of 32% for anisotropic nanocrystals. This work establishes graded thick-shell NRs as a generalizable platform for efficient, stable and polarized optoelectronics.

A zero-dimensional organic–inorganic material [C 5 H 8 NS] 2 [BiI 6 ] ( 1 ) was prepared. By chemically modifying and disrupting its symmetrical structure, [C 4 H 8 N 2 S] 4 [BiI 6 ][Bi 2 I 11 ]I 2 ( 2 ) was obtained, and ferroelectricity was achieved.

Electronics evolution drives SMMs as a frontier, overcoming conventional magnetic material limits via molecular spin coupling. Two relevant Co(II) mononuclear complexes, [Co(MOP)4(N3)2] (1) and [Co(MSP)4(N3)2] (2) (MOP = 4-methoxypridine and MSP = 4-methylthiopyridine) were synthesized through changing the substituents of ligands. The Co(II) ions in the two complexes show octahedron coordination geometries. The replacement of the O to S in the equatorial plane leads to different Jahn–Teller effect because of the shorter Co(II)-N in the equatorial plane, resulting in the significantly different slow relaxation process confirmed by ab initio calculation. The results confirm the Co(II) ion is sensitive to ligand field.

Colloidal semiconductor nanorods (NRs) are promising room-temperature single-photon sources because of their solution processability, tunable optical properties, and intrinsically linearly polarized emission. However, simultaneously achieving high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), strong polarization, and high-purity single-photon emission remains challenging in conventional binary-shell NRs due to the competing requirements of exciton confinement and core/shell lattice-strain management. Here, we report CdSe/CdZnS gradient alloy core/shell NRs with tunable aspect ratios to address these issues. The gradient alloy shell provides a smooth lattice transition, reducing interfacial strain while maintaining effective exciton confinement. At an aspect ratio of 3.8, the NRs achieve a near-unity PLQY, a high linear polarization (0.76), fully suppressed blinking, and excellent single-photon purity [g2(0) = 0.068]. Increasing the aspect ratio to 13 reduces the PLQY and enhances blinking, with power-law analysis revealing aspect-ratio-dependent on/off-state dynamics. These results demonstrate the potential of alloy-shell NRs as high-brightness, room-temperature single-photon emitters.

Solution processing remains the dominant route to high-performance perovskite/silicon tandems, but it remains challenging to simultaneously achieve industrial scalability and long-term reliability1-3. Thermal evaporation is more industrially viable, yet it has not been successfully demonstrated for large-area perovskite/silicon tandems, largely due to the thermal degradation of formamidinium iodide (FAI) during high-temperature evaporation. Here we synthesize a formamidinium-based eutectic that lowers the effective evaporation temperature of FAI by an average of 36 °C-below its degradation threshold-thereby enabling stable FAI evaporation without thermal degradation. As a result, the evaporated perovskite films have enhanced crystallinity and atomic-scale compositional homogeneity. Sequentially evaporated perovskite/silicon tandems achieve a steady-state efficiency of 31.5% (1 cm2). Benefiting from the uniformity of evaporation, we further demonstrate a thermally evaporated large-area perovskite/silicon tandem on a commercial half-cut G12 wafer, delivering a steady-state efficiency of 30% (200 cm2). Scaling the device area from 1 cm2 to 200 cm2 incurs only a 3.99% relative efficiency loss, representing, to our knowledge, the lowest reported efficiency penalty for area scaling in perovskite-based tandems. The eutectic-based tandem retains 95% of its initial efficiency after 2,000 h of damp-heat ageing (85 °C and 85% relative humidity) and has negligible power loss after 2 months of real-world outdoor operation.

Wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (WBG PSCs) have emerged as transformative photovoltaic technologies, achieving certified efficienciesexceeding 24.53% and enabling perovskite/silicon tandem cells with record-breaking 34.58% performance. Despite these advances, their commercialization remains constrained by intrinsic material instabilities—defect proliferation, interfacial energy mismatches, and halide segregation—that conventional single passivation strategies fail to address comprehensively. Recently, multiple passivation strategies have demonstrated unprecedented improvements in efficiency and operational stability by simultaneously targeting multiple degradation pathways, surpassing the limitations of isolated optimizations. This review systematically explores recent advances in defect passivation, energy-level alignment, and phase segregation suppression for WBG PSCs, with a focus on three synergistic dimensions of multiple passivation: (i) multifiled passivation (synergistic chemical/electrical/optical fields), (ii) multisite passivation (grain boundary/surface coordination), and (iii) multi-interface passivation (top/buried interface optimization). Multiple passivation strategies establish an efficient roadmap for advancing WBG PSCs. Future investigations should aim to develop theoretical frameworks to elucidate and balance competing versus cooperative passivation mechanisms, ultimately optimizing synergistic effects to approach the Shockley–Queisser efficiency limit.

Traditional homogeneous copper foils suffer from a trade-off between strength and ductility, while gradient or heterogeneous structures are mostly based on deformation processing, making it difficult to achieve controllable construction within a thickness of ≤10 μm. This study aims to directly construct a layered structure with a "fine-coarse-fine" (A-B-A) gradient grain distribution, denoted as 3L-ABA in an 8 μm copper foil via direct current electrodeposition, which utilizes composite additives to regulate electrochemical polarization and nucleation modes. Through systematic characterization and mechanical testing, it was found that the 3L-ABA copper foil exhibits a tensile strength of 604 ± 18 MPa, an elongation of 3.6 ± 0.25%, and low surface roughness Rz of 0.46 μm. Microscopic mechanism analysis demonstrates that the gradient structure achieves synergistic strengthening and toughening through surface fine-grain strengthening, intermediate coarse-grain coordinated plastic deformation, combined with dislocation density and twin strengthening. Electrochemical tests confirm that Additive A (containing collagen, bis-(3-sulfopropyl)-disulfide (SPS), thiourea and 2-mercapto-5-benzimidazolesulfonic acid sodium salt (2M5S)) induces strong cathodic polarization, promoting instantaneous nucleation and grain refinement, whereas Additive B (containing collagen and bis-(3-sulfopropyl)-disulfide (SPS) shows weaker polarization and promotes grain growth. This research provides a scalable electrodeposition solution for the microstructural design and performance regulation of ultra-thin copper foils.

Miniaturized reconstructive spectrometers with small footprint, light weight, and low cost have attracted much attention due to their ability to capture spectral information in scientific research and industrial inspection. However, the current state-of-the-art designs face challenges in the ultralow power consumption and high spectral resolution. For example, it is difficult to maintain high spectral resolution while reducing the number of integrated spectral response units. In this work, we construct a miniaturized self-powered polycrystalline perovskite spectral sensing system based on bandgap-tunable perovskite. A representative device exhibits a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 75%, reflecting the high photoelectric conversion capability of the material system. We achieve high spectral resolution comprising only 8 photodetectors by utilizing reconstruction algorithms and dimensionality reduction methodologies. Furthermore, we demonstrate narrow-band spectral sensing in the 680-800 nm wavelength range with spectral resolutions of ∼5 nm and average peak accuracies of ∼0.85 nm under the light intensity below 10 µW cm-2. The photodetectors operate without an external bias, while only the necessary power consumption for readout circuit and algorithm reconstruction. This work greatly paves the way for the development of low-power and high-resolution miniaturized spectrometers and advances the practical application of spectrometers in hyperspectral imaging.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have boosted perovskite solar cell (PSCs) efficiencies, but their ultrathin nature causes structural vulnerability under outdoor solar illumination, particularly in the ultraviolet (UV) regime, limiting long-term operation and practical deployment of PSCs. Extensive experiments with ab initio molecular dynamics reveal conventional SAMs undergo rapid structural degradation under UV irradiation, leading to molecular desorption and film collapse. Here, we introduced a SAM featuring dual-dimensional reinforcement. Vertically, multiple anchoring sites and flexible π-conjugated framework enable strong adhesion to bidirectional adjacent layers, providing exceptional interfacial UV durability. Horizontally, intrinsically structural stability and interlocked networks further prevent the film collapse caused by high-energy UV invasion. The champion device achieved a power conversion efficiency of 27.10% (certified 26.90%). After 2100 hours of maximum power point tracking (ISOS-L-2) at 65 °C, only 2% of the efficiency was lost. Moreover, the devices retained 86.7% of initial PCE after 2200 hours under high-intensity UV light (1.73-fold the intensity of natural sunlight), and 90.5% after 2035 hours of outdoor exposure, representing the highest UV stability of SAM-based PSCs.

A novel {Fe-III MeO)2(qmide)2(C6H5COO)10(MeOH)2]center dot 2MeOH (1) was successfully synthesized via the self-assembly of quinoline-derived ligand (H2qmide = 2,2 '-((quinolin-2-ylmethyl)azanediyldiyl)bis(ethan-1-ol)) with FeIII and DyIII salts. Magnetic studies demonstrate that compound 1 exhibits weak antiferromagnetic between the metal centers. However, no slow magnetic relaxation behavior is observed even under applied dc fields (up to 5000 Oe), indicating that compound 1 is not a single-molecule magnet (SMM). This work enriches the structural diversity of 3d-4f complexes, provides insights into ligand-regulated design of functional heterometallic complexes.

Metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising materials for radiation detection due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties. However, practical applications are often limited by surface defects and carrier recombination, which result in delayed charge carrier transit and reduced charge collection efficiency. Here, this study reports the successful fabrication and enhancement of CsPbBr3 single-crystal (SC) detectors specifically optimized for photon-counting radiation detection. High-quality CsPbBr3 SCs are grown using a space-confined inverse temperature crystallization method. Detectors fabricated with an asymmetric Au/CsPbBr3/Ga structure are successfully detected 5.48 MeV alpha-particle spectrum from a 241Am source in photon-counting mode. Surface passivation with phenylethylammonium iodide markedly enhances device performance by forming a 2D perovskite layer, significantly increasing the mu-tau product and improving energy resolution (ER) from 25.6% to 13.2%. Employing transient current analysis allows direct visualization of accelerated charge transport and effective suppression of deep-level defects by surface passivation. Additionally, a simple pulse discrimination algorithm effectively excludes events with low charge collection efficiency, further improving ER without the need for material modification. These findings provide important insights for optimizing perovskite-based radiation detectors.