In industrial pollutants, phenol is a kind of degradation-resistant hazardous compound. It is generated during industrial processes in factories and treatment at sewage plants. In this study, we analyse the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 and rGO as a composite for the degradation of phenol. Hybridised titanium dioxide/reduced graphene oxide (TiO2/rGO) nanocomposites were synthesised by a simple hydrothermal method using flake graphite and tetrabutyl titanate as raw materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) specific area analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), photoelectrochemical analysis, and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) were employed to characterise the physicochemical properties of the as-prepared nanocomposites. The results showed the TiO2/rGO nanocomposites’ significant anatase phase and a small fraction of the rutile phase the same as that of the as-prepared TiO2 nanoparticles. The spherical TiO2 nanoparticles (diameter 20–50 nm) were agglomerated slightly and the agglomerates were anchored on the rGO sheets and dispersed symmetrically. The specific surface area of TiO2/rGO-4% nanocomposites was 156.4 m2/g, revealing a high specific surface area. Oxygen-containing functional groups that existed in TiO2/rGO-4% nanocomposites were almost removed during hydrothermal processing. The photocurrent response of TiO2/rGO-4% was strongest among the TiO2/rGO nanocomposites, and the bandgap of TiO2/rGO-4% was 2.91 eV, showing a redshift of absorption into the visible region, which was in favour of the high photocatalytic activity of TiO2/rGO nanocomposites under visible light (λ > 420 nm). Moreover, the samples were employed to photodegrade phenol solution under visible light irradiation. TiO2/rGO-4% nanocomposite degraded the phenol solution up to 97.9%, and its degradation rate constant was 0.0190 h−1, which had higher degradation activity than that of other TiO2/rGO nanocomposites. This is a promising candidate catalyst material for organic wastewater treatment.

Anatase TiO2 semiconductor cell and TiO1.875X0.125(2×1×1) (X is C, N, S, P) with the replacement of O with C, N, S, P atom were produced by Materials studio software.Energy band structure, density of state(DOS) and optical properties were analysed by Castep software package based on density functional theory(DFT).The results showed that nonmetal doping led to the width of gap decreased to 0.57 eV(TiO1.875C0.125), 1.93 eV(TiO1.875N0.125), 1.30 eV(TiO1.875S0.125) and 0.21 eV(TiO1.875P0.125) and their adsoption band edge had different degree of red shifts toward the long wavelength(TiO1.875P0.125> T iO1.875C0.125> TiO1.875S0.125> TiO1.875N0.125).Nonmetal doping narrowed the band gap width and made the energy band denser.Valence band and condiction band of C and P doping both moved to the low energy area, in addition, the conduction band of N and S doping moved to the low energy area but valence band hardly moved.Different numbers of impurity energy levels were generated in different state of band gap due to the hybridization and coupling between C-2p, N-2p, S-2p, P-3p, O-2p and Ti-3d.The impurity energy levels generated new visible-light adsoption areas, catching electrons from valence band and inhibiting electronic/hole combination, which enhanced the photocatalytic activity.Above all, C, P doped anatase TiO2 have narrower band width, narrower band gap, wider redshift and higher photocatalytic activity under visible-light.

This work evaluated the effects of inherent alkali and alkaline earth metals on nitrogen transformation during steam gasification of Shengli lignite at the temperature of 873–1173 K in a fluidized-bed/fixed-bed quartz reactor. The results indicated that the alkali metal Na and alkaline earth metals Ca, Mg in coal have different effects on inherent nitrogen transformation to NH 3 , HCN and char-N during the lignite steam gasification. Specifically during the steam gasification of Shengli lignite, Na and Ca, Mg not only catalyze the inherent nitrogen conversions to NH 3 , but also promote the secondary reactions of the nascent char-N as well as the generation of NH 3 from the generated HCN, meanwhile they also inhibited the inherent nitrogen conversion to HCN and char-N. The presence of Na, Ca and Mg hindered the formation of oxidized nitrogen (N-X) functional groups, but enhanced pyridinic nitrogen (N-6) and quaternary nitrogen’s (N-Q) formation in char.

Chinese long flame coal named Naomaohu was pyrolyzed at 600 degrees C under hydrogen pressures of 0.1-3.0 MPa. The resultant chars were gasified at 900 degrees C under carbon dioxide to illustrate the correlations between structure and reactivity of pyrolyzed chars. For comparison, experiments under the same conditions in the nitrogen atmosphere were also conducted. The char yield decreased markedly with increasing hydrogen pressure, whereas the char yield under nitrogen stayed constant regardless of nitrogen pressure, being certainly larger than that of hydropyrolysis. The structure of chars was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, which informed that more content of larger aromatic sheets and higher graphitic order was found, respectively, in the char pyrolyzed under higher pressures. Hydropyrolysis certainly led to more content of larger aromatic sheets and higher graphitic order in its char than those of chars pyrolyzed under the nitrogen atmosphere. The gasification reactivity of hydropyrolyzed char decreased with the increase of hydrogen pressure, indicating that the higher graphitic order and more content of larger aromatic sheets in char are related to the lower char gasification reactivity. Higher hydrogen pressure in the pyrolysis can enhance the hydrocracking of the reactive char components, decreasing yield, and gasification reactivity of the chars. The intrinsic structure features of raw char obtained at 600 degrees C have good correlations with its CO2 gasification reactivity at 900 degrees C. The successive combination of hydropyrolysis and CO2 gasification has been promised to provide an effective conversion scheme of the low-rank coals. The most efficient balance of hydropyrolysis and gasification conversions can be designed or higher reactivity of hydropyrolyzed char can be explored.

In this work the effects of different forms of sodium, chlorine and sulphur and various pretreatment methods on the evolutionary behaviors and deposition characteristics of Na species were systematically investigated. The pyrolysis experiments of Na-loaded coal samples (in which Na was loaded by NaOH and CH3COONa) blended with various Cl- and S-bearing additives were conducted in a lab-scale pressurized fixed bed reactor at 1000 degrees C, and the transformation of Na was subsequently analyzed. Finally, the mechanism on the evolutionary behaviors of Na was proposed. Experimental results show that acid elution treatment could significantly elute corrosive elements from the coal and the absence of anions in gas phase could significantly reduce Na deposition even adequate Na was loaded into the acid washed coal. However, when Cl- and S-bearing substances were added to the Na-loaded coal, abundant NaCl and Na-S-O crystals were deposited on the probes and Cl is more competitive in enhancing Na-bearing compounds deposition, compared with S. During Zhundong coal pyrolysis, the crystalline process of Na species, morphologies of the deposits and Na retention in char are significantly affected by the interactions between Na-bearing compounds and coal matrix or other inorganic species. More importantly, the deposition of crystal NaCl was decreased with rising pretreatment temperature. While the addition of CaO in coal or char was effective in capturing volatile Cl atoms and/or HCl to generate CaCl2, resulting in the absence of NaCl in the deposits during coal or char pyrolysis. Furthermore, the addition of CaO in char could also enhance the interactions between active Na species and coal matrix or minerals, resulting in the increased Na content in CaO-loaded char.

Two new monoterpene glycosides, perillanolides A and B, together with a known compound reported from the genus Perilla for the first time were isolated and characterized from the leaves of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton, Lamiaceae, a garnish and colorant for foods as well as commonly used for traditional medicine. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic evidences derived from nuclear magnetic resonance experiments, mass spectrometry and by comparing their physical and spectroscopic data of literature. These compounds, together with the previously isolated secondary metabolites of this species, were investigated for their inhibitory effects on xanthine oxidase in vitro. Of the compounds, luteolin showed the strongest inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 2.18μM. Esculetin and scutellarein moderately inhibited the enzyme, while perillanolides A and B, and 4-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyloxymethyl)phenyl-O-β-d-glucopyranoside exerted weak activities.

Three new sterols, (24R)-5,28-stigmastadiene-3β,24-diol-7-one (1), (24S)-5,28-stigmastadiene-3β,24-diol-7-one (2), and 24R and 24S-vinylcholesta-3β,5α,6β,24-tetraol (3), together with three known sterols (4–6) were isolated from the green alga Ulva australis. The structures of the new compounds (1–3) were elucidated through 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry. Compounds 4–6 were identified as isofucoterol (4), 24R,28S and 24S,28R-epoxy-24-ethylcholesterol (5), and (24S)-stigmastadiene-3β,24-diol (6) on the basis of spectroscopic data analyses and comparison with those reported in the literature. Compounds 4–6 were isolated from U. australis for the first time. These compounds, together with the previously isolated secondary metabolites of this alga, were investigated for their inhibitory effects on human recombinant aldose reductase in vitro. Of the compounds, 24R,28S and 24S,28R-epoxy-24-ethylcholesterol (5), 1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6′-sulfo-α-d-quinovopyranosyl) glycerol, (2S)-1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-[α-d-galactopyranosyl(1→2)β-d-galactopyranosyl] glycerol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 8-hydroxy-(6E)-octenoic acid weakly inhibited the enzyme, while the three new sterols, 1–3, were almost inactive.

To investigate the chemical constituents from the ethyl acetate extract of Rabdosia excise,in this paper,the compounds were isolated by ODS(octadecyl-binded silica gel) column chromatography and preparative HPLC(High Performance Liquid Chromatography),their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic methods including MS,1D and 2D NMR spectra techniques.Seven triterpenes were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Rabdosia excise,and were identified as 2α,3β,19α-thihydroxy-28-norurs-12-ene,2α,3β,24-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oic acid,hyptadienic acid,2α,3α-dihydroxyurs-12-en -28-oic acid,3-epimaslinic acid,maslinic acid,and oleanic acid.Compounds 2α,3β,19α-thihydroxy-28-norurs-12-ene and 2α,3β,24-trihydroxy-olean-12-en-28-oicacid are firstly isolated from the genus of Rabdosia.

The extraction and solvent fractionation of red alga Symphyocladia latiuscula,and repeated column chromatography led to isolation of 17 compounds:cholesterol (1),3β,5β-dihydroxy-B-norcholestan-6β-carboxaldehyde (2),6β-hydroxy-cholest-4-ene-3-one (3),1-O-myristoyl-3-O-(6'-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyranosyl)glycerol (4),1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-(6'-sulfo-α-D-quinovopyranosyl) glycerol (5),1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-[α-D-galactopyranosyl(1→6)β-D-galactopyranosyl] glycerol (6),1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosylglycerol (7),methyl hexadecanoate (8),methyl stearate (9),hexadecanoic acid (10),γ-n-butyl cis-aconiate (11),a-n-Butyl cis-aconiate (12),phenethylarnine (13),3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine (14),3-methylbutylamine (15),methyl pyroglutamate (16),n-butyl pyroglutamate (17).The structures of these compounds were identified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry,and compared with those reported in the literature.All the compounds were isolated from Symphyocladia genus for the first time.These compounds were investigated for their inhibitory effects on human recombinant aldose reductase in vitro.Of the compounds,1-O-palmitoyl-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosylglycerol (7) demonstrated moderate enzyme inhibition.