Turbogenerator sets, the indispensible rotating machinery in thermal power plants, can be simplified into a dual-rotor bearing system. In this case, its nonlinear phenomenon largely results from the unbalanced magnetic pull (UMP) and the nonlinear oil film forces, which, however, are not well understood. In this study, a mathematical model for a dual-rotor bearing system is established, the effects of the UMP and the oil-film forces on its nonlinear phenomenon are investigated creatively. Of which, the UMP force is initially calculated by the integration of the air-magnetic energy, and the short journal bearing assumption is employed to derive the oil-film force. The fitness of the developed model is validated through the stability experiments of a 660 MW turbogenerator set. Results indicate that in the idling condition, nonlinear phenomenon of the system can be described as the period-1 and quasi-periodic motions as the rotational speed rises. At low speeds, the amplitude of oil whirl appears. With the rising rotational speed, the oil whirl turns into oil whip in the second quasi-periodic. Interestingly, the electromagnetic force can greatly alleviate the system amplitude and enhance its stability considering the UMP force. The nonlinear effect of air-gap distance of the system under load conditions is also investigated. The system is still in the quasi-periodic state with the increasing air-gap distance at low/high speed. But the system is still unstable owing to oil whirl/whip and UMP force, causing the system experiences multiple states and becomes more stable at the intermediate speed.

During the startup and shutdown processes of a reversible-pump turbine (RPT) working in pump mode, abnormal sounds and vibrations usually occur in the distributor when the guide vanes (GVs) are at a slight opening (max opening of about 6%). The objective of this paper is to apply a three-dimensional numerical CFD method to study the unsteady flow behavior in the guide vane region of a pump turbine operating in pump mode. The dynamic meshing technique is introduced to simulate the startup and shutdown processes, and it is shown to be critical in accurately capturing the details of the flow pattern variations. In addition, the RNG k-epsilon two-equation turbulence model is applied and the governing equations are discretized with the finite volume method. Moreover, the boundary conditions are set through the calculation of the transient process of the power station. The results show that the main flow between the GVs is deflected during the startup and shutdown processes. In the shutdown process, the deflection occurs when the guide vane opening (GVO) is between 1.99 and 5.32 degrees, on average. In the startup process, the deflection occurs when the GVO is between 2.83 and 4.11 degrees, on average. In these processes, the velocity field and pressure field change dramatically. Simultaneously, the hydraulic torque (HT) on the GVs has a sharp change. The abrupt change in the HT leads to vibrations and abnormal sounds.

As a highly widespread and practical construction, it is vital to investigate rotor bearing system’s structure, components, and faults in order to enhance functioning performance. The dual-segment single-span rotor bearing system is explored experimentally in this work. Case studies of systems with cylindrical lubricated bearings and elliptical lubricated bearings are investigated under normal operating conditions and angular misalignment faults. Through comparative analysis, the findings demonstrate that a misalignment defect increases the displacement of a dual-segment single-span rotor bearing system by 1.2–1.6 times when compared to the normal operating state. According to the instability factor distribution, the stability of system with elliptical lubricated bearings is 130–190% higher than that of cylindrical lubricated bearings. On the contrary, the system with cylinder lubricated bearings performs worse under normal operating conditions than the two examples under misalignment conditions. Furthermore, for the case of an angular misalignment fault, 2X, 3X, and 4X frequency component excitations produce relatively larger system disturbances in 1500–2500 rpm rotating speed region, 1000–2000 rpm rotating speed region, and 1000–1500 rpm rotating speed region of the system, respectively.

To guarantee the safe and stable operation of wind farms, this article establishes a backstepping sliding mode fault-tolerant controller for the wind turbine system to surmount uncertain problems, including actuator gain–bias faults, system modeling errors, and external stochastic disturbances. The nonlinear disturbance observer is employed for the stochastic disturbances, which can online estimate and compensate the external disturbance term. In addition, the backstepping control strategy is introduced to reduce the complexity of fault-tolerant controller design. Subsequently, combining the backstepping control algorithm and nonlinear disturbance observer, a disturbance observer-based backstepping sliding mode fault-tolerant control approach is applied for the wind turbine system. Thereinto, the terminal attractor is employed, which is mainly utilized to improve the convergence rate of the sliding surface and reduce the chattering phenomenon. The stability of the wind power closed-loop control system is rigorously verified via Lyapunov stability theory, which can obtain satisfactory control performance. Finally, numerical simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control approach can guarantee that the system state quickly reaches stability within 6–8 s, and the steady-state adjustment time is greatly reduced to 50%–62% when compared with the proportional–integral–derivative control and sliding mode control.

离心泵内的不稳定流动现象会产生压力脉动,为了改善半开叶轮小流量工况下的内部流场和压力脉动,通过在前盖板上布置周向槽,分析了周向槽对叶轮内部流动特性和压力脉动的影响.结果表明,周向槽为泄漏流提供了周向通道,泄漏流能够从槽内快速通过,降低了泄漏流的驱动力,使得主流与泄漏流的交界面向叶片尾缘移动;靠近叶顶间隙叶片进口相对液流角和低速区面积减小,轴向速度增大,泄漏流导致的不稳定流场和阻塞现象减弱,近失稳工况点对应的流量向小流量工况偏移;周向槽不仅改善了前缘溢流,使得叶轮内低频压力脉动幅值下降,而且消除了叶片前缘泄漏流形成的回流及其诱发的2.2fn特征频率.研究发现周向槽能够通过有效抑制不稳定流动及其诱发的压力脉动来改善离心泵小流量工况的运行稳定性.

The tip leakage flow formed by the tip clearance of a semi-open centrifugal pump adversely affects the energy performance and the energy waste. A T-shaped blade is proposed to be used to improve the energy characteristics. The internal flow field is simulated via the shear stress transport turbulence model to analyze the influence of the T-shaped blade on the performance of a centrifugal pump. It is shown that with the T-shaped blade, the hydraulic loss can be reduced, the Euler head can be increased, and the external characteristics can be improved. The maximum head and efficiency improvements are 3% and 1.6%, respectively. The relative flow angle near the tip clearance of the T-shaped blade decreases, and the strength of the backflow region is remarkably weakened. The area of the high entropy production region decreases, and the trend of the upstream diffusion is restrained under the design condition. The T-shaped blade can help to inhibit the diffusion of the high entropy production region to the hub under the low flow rate condition, but the entropy production and the mixing losses at the tip clearance are slightly increased. This research provides a new method for improving the energy performance of the semi-open centrifugal pump.

Vibration characteristic is an important factor in evaluating operation stability of centrifugal pump. The vibration of main shaft was measured using a laser vibrometer, internal flow field was simulated via the shear stress transport turbulence model, and distribution law of vibration and pressure fluctuation in the impeller were analysed to explore the induction factor of vibration and the inherent relationship with pressure fluctuation in a semi-open centrifugal pump under low flow rate condition. Results of the numerical simulation are consistent with the experimental data. In addition to rotation frequency caused by impeller rotation, vibration frequency also includes characteristic frequency with high amplitude induced by unstable flow. The complex vortex in the impeller is composed of tip leakage vortex (TLV), reverse flow vortex, passage vortex and tip separation vortex. The primary tip leakage vortex (PTLV) formed by the streamline spills from 0 to 0.2λ where λ is the dimensionless distance from leading edge to trailing edge collides with tip leakage flow, the leading edge overflow and reverse flow vortex at the frequency of 1.6 f n ( f n is the rotating frequency) and 2.2 f n appear, respectively. The tip separation vortex formed in the tip clearance induced a frequency of 1.2 f n . The frequency of unstable flow phenomenon was consistent with the vibration frequency of main shaft, which induced the vibration of centrifugal pump.

Tidal energy is one of the renewable energy resources in the ocean. The tide-power station can supply more continuous electricity if it produces electricity in rising tide and receding tide, which is conductive to the stable operation of power grids. So it is important that the tubular turbine can operate in both directions with higher efficiency in tide-power stations. A full three-dimensional coupled design model for tubular runner blades and guide vanes is established to take full account of the mutual influence of flow between the distributor and runner. Since the simultaneous governing equations are solved in the flow domain including both blades, the coupled performance matches further. The weighted design method for reversible runner blade is presented based on the bidirectional flow information. The designed blade is fit to operate in both directions, which combined characteristics of the two blades working nicely in the positive and negative direction respectively. The reasonable control on the comprehensive performance of reversible blades is realized by selecting the weighted coefficient flexibly.

叶顶间隙产生的泄漏涡会对半开式离心泵性能产生不利影响,为了探究不同流量工况下泄漏涡结构及其运动轨迹的变化规律,本文采用SST k-ω湍流模型对半开式离心泵进行全流道数值模拟,分析了泄漏涡的结构特征和泄漏流速度分布,改进了泄漏涡运动轨迹预测模型.结果 表明,数值模拟值得到的外特性与试验值吻合较好;叶顶泄漏流相对速度的弦向分量的最小值出现的位置与泄漏涡的初始位置重合,并且随着流量的减小向上游移动.叶片进口边负的弦向分量导致回流的形成,而法向分量的增大是导致小流量工况前缘溢流和大流量工况叶片尾缘二次泄漏流的根本原因.叶顶间隙内速度梯度较大的泄漏流会引发高熵产,并且与主流混掺形成泄漏涡,在泄漏涡周围同样引发高熵产,高熵产区面积随着流量的减小而增大.改进轨迹预测模型用叶顶间隙进口的平均速度代替了原先叶轮进口平均速度,扩展了预测范围,减小了预测结果的误差,说明改进模型能够很好地预测泄漏涡核的迁移轨迹.

采用标准的k-ε湍流模型对添加L型叶尖小翼叶片与原叶片在不同风速条件下进行三维流场的数值研究.通过分析叶尖区域流场和压力分布得到:对比原叶片,L型小翼对通过叶尖的气流具有导流作用,使通过叶尖的气流变得平缓流畅,同时小翼能有效改善叶尖吸力面的气流分离,使得气流分离位置远离叶片前缘,减小压差阻力.L型叶尖小翼加大叶尖部位吸力面与压力面的压差,增大风轮转矩,使风力机出力增加.添加L型小翼后,风力机推力系数最大增幅为0.81％,风力机功率最大增幅为4.2％.

Reverse flow has a detrimental effect on the stable and safe operation of centrifugal pumps. To study the formation mechanism and suppression of the reverse flow, a semi-open centrifugal pump with circumferential groove in the shroud was simulated. Then, the flow field and pressure fluctuation were analysed. The absolute flow angle at the blade inlet nearing the shroud was close to 180° because of the joint action of the leakage flow and blade inlet impact under low flow rate. This phenomenon resulted in the formation of a low-speed region and the reverse flow and low-frequency pressure fluctuation. The circumferential groove provided a channel for the leakage flow, which could quickly pass through the groove, and reduced the absolute flow angle at the blade inlet nearing the shroud and weakened the trend of the tip leakage flow to upstream. The low-frequency pressure pulsation was eliminated, and the amplitude of the blade passing frequency was reduced under 0.7 Qd (Qd is the design flow rate). The reverse flow thickness coefficient became zero with the circumferential groove. The proportion of the reverse flow volume to the volume of inlet pipe decreased from 14.7 % to 2.2 % under 0.4 Qd. This research indicated that the circumferential groove arranged in the shroud could effectively suppress or eliminate reverse flow.

为研究叶片根部改型对风力机性能的影响,采用SST k-ε湍流模型对改型前后的风力机叶片进行三维流场数值模拟研究.通过分析叶根区域流场和压力分布可知:根部改型可改善叶根区域的流动形态,减小叶根的失速分离区,能有效控制分离涡的发生位置,提升叶根的气动效率;根部改型可改变叶根区域叶片表面的压力分布,加大叶根部位上下面压差,从而提高叶根转矩,使风力机出力增加;根部改型后,风力机的功率最大提升2.13％,增幅明显.

The maximum and minimum water head difference of bulb turbine is only a few meters to ten meters, and the performance is highly sensitive to the change of water head, especially in low head operation, the bulb turbine performance deteriorates and vibration intensifies, this seriously affect the normal operation of the power station. Therefore, considering the free surface and water gravity, a numerical method is adopted to study the performance of prototype bulb turbines at different water head, by analysing the distribution of flow parameters with water head in hydraulic turbine, it is revealed that the stress of blade is uneven and the cause of cavitation and vibration at low head operation. The results show that: with the decrease of water head, the cavitation performance of the runner becomes worse, the low pressure area moves from the suction side to the pressure side of blade; the water torque of the guide vanes and the runner blades in different positions is different, which could cause the guide vane and blade angle asynchronism during adjustment; with the decrease of water head, the torque difference generated by the blades at different positions on the rotating shaft of the hydraulic turbine increase, the blades experience dynamic stresses, It threatens the strength of the blade and the stable operation of the unit.

The power grid demand keeps changing at any time, so the pump turbine often operates in partial load condition. The noise and vibration of the unit caused by hydraulic force have an adverse effect on the safe and stable operation of the power plant. In order to study the mechanism of hydraulic force, a model pump turbine of a pumped-storage power station was set as the research object in this paper, both the steady and unsteady numerical simulation were carried out to simulate the flow field and hydraulic force of pump turbine. Axial force will increase significantly when the unit overloaded, but it has almost no change at partial load conditions. And the axial force on the runner is mainly produced by the hub and shroud, while it can be ignored on the blade. The radial force increases sharply when the condition deviates from the rated operating point. The frequency of pressure fluctuation is 20f(n) which is caused by rotor stator. There is more low frequency pressure fluctuation at small discharge condition because of the flow separation. The amplitude and deviation coefficient increased. The heterogeneity of pressure pulsation leads to the increase of radial force at partial load condition.

In order to study the influence of gas-liquid two-phase flow on the performance and internal flow field of a centrifugal pump,the steady three-dimensional flow with different gas volume fractions was simulated by applying the Reynolds-average N-S equation and mixture gas-liquid two-phase flow model,and the compressibility of gas was taken into consideration in the simulation.Then the centrifugal pump characteristic and the gas distribution law in different gas volume fractions were analyzed.The computational results show that gas volume fraction has a certain influence on the performance of the centrifugal pump,and the efficiency and head of the pump are on the decline with the increase of it.Static pressure in the impeller increases in the radial direction,but the pressure gradient in the flow direction is different under the different gas volume fractions.The gas volume is distributed mainly in the ipsilateral direction of impeller back shroud in the flow channel of the volute.On the suction side of the blade inlet there is an obvious low-pressure area,which causes bubbles agglutination and higher gas volume fraction.With the gas entering passage flow,gas volume fraction in the suction decreases and the pressure surface rises gradually.Higher gas volume fraction causes air blocking phenomenon in the flow passage and the discharge capacity reduces.The increase of gas volume makes the turbulent motion within the impeller more and more intense,which leads to more and more energy loss.

为了研究水泵水轮机部分负荷工况尾水管涡带产生的原因和压力脉动特性,本文以模型水泵水轮机为研究对象,对内部流动进行了全流道三维数值模拟并采用熵产理论进行了分析.计算结果分析表明:数值模拟与实验值吻合较好;固定导叶和蜗壳内的总熵产很小,而转轮和尾水管内较大,在小流量工况叶片压力面产生的流动分离会导致高熵产率分布区域的出现,并且会随着流量的进一步减小而扩大;在部分负荷出现了粗壮型和纤细形两种涡带,均呈现螺旋形,涡带的形成与叶片出口环量偏离零环量有很大关系;涡带的出现会在尾水管内形成漩涡,阻塞尾水管通道,涡带跟随转轮同方向旋转,但是转速更低,因此尾水管出现幅值较大的低频压力脉动.

对离心泵而言,叶轮时序位置的改变对泵水力性能和压力脉动影响较大.本文对某两级离心泵首级和次级叶轮在七种不同时序位置下的内部流动进行了数值模拟,并对叶轮和蜗壳内部的流场和压力脉动特性进行了分析.结果表明:在设计流量下随着次级叶轮时序位置的变化,离心泵的扬程和效率分别上升了2.9％和2.4％;同时时序位置的改变影响了叶轮进口相对液流角和出口环量,改善了蜗壳隔舌处的流态,漩涡区域减小,从而降低了次级叶轮和蜗壳内部的流动损失;时序效应对次级叶轮和蜗壳压力脉动影响较大,各测点主频均无变化,但次级叶轮内测点压力脉动主频幅值降低了20.16％,蜗壳隔舌处降低了2.24％.综合比较分析不同时序位置下两级离心泵的性能,当次级叶轮旋转至首级叶轮流道中间时,离心泵的水力性能及压力脉动特性较好,研究结果可为两级离心泵设计提供参考.

Tip leakage vortex has an important influence on the performance of semi-open centrifugal pumps. Simulations based on the three-dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes were conducted to study the structural characteristics of tip leakage vortex and its effects on the internal flow field, and the Shear Stress Transport k-ω turbulence model was used to simulate the whole flow passage of centrifugal pumps with tip clearances of 0 mm and 1 mm. Then, the tip leakage vortex was analyzed using the relative vorticity transport equation. The numerical data and experimental results agreed well. The leakage vortex formed in the tip clearance led to 18.7% and 14.4% decrease in head and efficiency under design condition, respectively, and the bigger the flow rate, the fast the performance decreased. Tip leakage vortex formed at the leading edge of the blade moved along the suction surface. Whereas the tip leakage vortex formed near the middle of the blade extended to the pressure surface of the adjacent blade. This phenomenon deteriorated the flow field and induced passage vortex, thereby reducing the static pressure and blade load and changing the static pressure distribution law. The formation and development of leakage vortex could be attributed to the relative vortex stretching the term. The Coriolis force term could reflect the change of vorticity caused by leakage flow, and the viscous diffusion term served as the vorticity source.

Due to the difference of performance between high altitude power station and low altitude power station, environmental factors should not be neglected in the design process of turbine in high altitude area. In order to study the influence of environmental factors on the performance of hydraulic turbine. In this paper, Francis turbine in high altitude area is taken as the object of study, numerical study in considering the variation of pressure and temperature under the condition of different working condition on the performance of the turbine, and the turbine performance without considering the environmental factors were compared, when the altitude changes, the energy characteristics, cavitation performance and the flow pattern of the unit in accordance with different environmental factors are analyzed in order to reveal the influence of altitude factors on the overall performance of the turbine. The results show that when the water temperature drops, the efficiency of the unit decreases and the cavitation coefficient decreases, when the environmental pressure decreases, the efficiency of the unit increases and the cavitation coefficient increases, when considering the combined effects of temperature and pressure, the efficiency of the unit decreases at high altitude compared with the conventional condition. The results of this study will be of guiding significance to the design and operation of turbines at high altitude.

贯流式水轮机已成为开发低水头和超低水头水力资源及潮汐能的良好机型,但振动、出力不足等问题频繁出现.同时贯流式机组水头与转轮直径之比(H/D1)较小,受比尺效应的影响,依靠模型机所得到的水轮机性能与实际存在差异.鉴于此,文章在考虑与不考虑库区自由液面及水流重力两种情况下对贯流式水轮机真机进行数值研究,对比分析自由液面及水流重力对水轮机性能的影响,并揭示贯流式水轮机内部真实流动状态以及出力不足的原因.研究结果表明:在自由液面及水流重力影响下,贯流式水轮机进口段水流呈现明显的不均匀性,转轮内压力分布由顶部到底部逐渐增大,叶片在旋转过程中要经历周期性的压力波动;不同位置的叶片对转轴产生的扭矩不同,水轮机的出力及效率有较大幅度的下降.研究结果将对贯流式水轮机的设计及运行具有一定的指导意义.