Introduction: Cell count in induced sputum is a noninvasive biomarker to assess airway inflammation phenotypes. Accordingly, sputum cell counts are extensively used in the treatment of asthma and COPD. Nevertheless, the clinical application of sputum cell counts in patients with asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) remains elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate sputum cell counts in patients with ACO which are different from those in patients with asthma and COPD and also to examine the relationship between sputum cell counts in bronchial reversibility and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR).Patients and methods: A total of 374 patients participated in the study, including 142 patients with asthma, 160 patients with COPD and 72 patients with ACO. All patients underwent the following tests on the same day: pulmonary function test (PFT), BHR test or bronchodilator reversibility test and inducing sputum. They were classified into the asthma group, COPD group or ACO group based on a clinical history, PFT values and BHR test or bronchodilator reversibility test.Results: The three groups had different PFT values (p<0.001) except for forced vital capacity (FVC) between the asthma and ACO groups (p=0.378). The sputum levels of eosinophil% were decreased in patients with COPD when compared with those in patients with asthma and ACO (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). There was a difference in sputum neutrophil% and macrophage% counts among the three groups (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively); there was no difference in sputum eosinophil% counts between patients with ACO and asthma (p= 0.668) and there was no difference in the percentage of induced sputum cells between the stage of airway obstruction and the stage of BHR.Conclusion: The clinical relevance of this study provides evidence that sputum cell counts as an inflammatory biomarker could carry some information to distinguish ACO, asthma and COPD, and these biomarkers need more studies to provide diagnostic value in the differentiation between ACO, asthma and COPD.

Carbon coated spinel LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 were prepared by spray-drying using prepolymer of melamine formaldehyde resin (PMF) as carbon source of carbon coating layer. The PMF carbon coated LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 was characterized by XRD, SEM, and other electrochemical measurements. The as-prepared lithium nickel manganese oxide has the cubic face-centered spinel structure with a space group of Fd3m. It showed good electrochemical performance as a cathode material for lithium ion battery. After 100 discharge and charge cycles at 0.5 C rate, the specific discharge capacity of carbon coated LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 was 130 mAh·g −1 , and the corresponding capacity retention was 98.8%. The 100th cycle specific discharge capacity at 10 C rate of carbon coated LiNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4 was 105.4 mAh·g −1 , and even the corresponding capacity retention was 95.2%.

以柠檬酸为碳源、草酸亚铁为铁源、乙酸镁为镁源,采用喷雾干燥-碳热还原法制备了一系列镁离子掺杂磷酸铁锂(LiMgxFe1-xPO4/C)材料,并研究了镁离子对喷雾干燥-碳热还原法制备的球形磷酸铁锂材料结构和电化学性能的影响.结果表明,实验制得的LiMgxFe1-xPO4/C材料具有规则的球形空心结构和高的比容量;当Mg2+含量较小时其对磷酸铁锂晶体结构不产生影响,其中LiMg0.04Fe0.96PO4/C具有最好的充放电性能,在0.2C、0.5C、1.0C、2.0C、5.0C倍率下首次放电比容量分别为149.0、145.6、141.3、132.6、123.3 mAh/g,1.0C倍率下充放电循环100周后容量保持率大于97.3％.

Using Ru as the active component and alkali metal oxides K2O and Li2O as the promoters,Ru/γ-Al2O3 ,Ru1K10Oy/Al2O3 and Ru1Li10Oy/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared via incipient wetness impregna-tion method. The catalysts were characterized by TPR,XRD and SEM. The activity of the catalysts for CO preferential oxidation of the hydrogen-rich gas stream produced from reforming gas was evaluated in a fixed bed quartz reactor under simulative condition. The results showed that the addition of K and Li pro-moters could improve the catalytic performance of Ru/γ-Al2O3 catalyst for CO preferential oxidation in H2-rich stream,and CO selective oxidation temperatures over Ru1 K10 Oy/Al2O3 and Ru1 Li10 Oy/Al2O3 catalysts were descended obviously compared with Ru/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Ru1K10Oy/Al2O3 and Ru1 Li10 Oy/Al2O3 catalysts possessed higher CO conversion and selectivity at low reaction temperature. With the increase of reaction temperature,CO conversion was enhanced,meanwhile H2 consumption was increased, which resulted in the reduction of CO selectivity.

Carbon aerogel was prepared by means of the sol-gel method from resorcinol and formaldehyde through CO2 supercritical drying , freeze drying and ambient drying , and the resistivity and pore structure of the product were characterized via N 2 low-temperature adsorption desorption , four-probe method and SEM .Moreover , the in-fluence of carbon aerogel conductive agent on the high-rate discharge performance of Li-MnO2 battery was investiga-ted.The results indicate that (1) the carbon aerogels produced via different drying methods are of similar resistivity but distinctly different specific surface areas; (2) the carbon aerogel prepared via CO 2 supercritical drying posse-sses the highest specific surface area (1 017.85 m2/g) and the largest constant-current specific discharge capacity (101 mAh/g at a current of 100 mA); (3) the voltage plateau of the carbon aerogel prepared via CO 2 supercritical drying is 80 mV higher than that prepared via ambient drying; and ( 4 ) there is little difference in the 1 mA dis-charge capacity of different carbon aerogels .All these above-mentioned statements show that carbon aerogel con-ductive agents possess higher performance than the commercial acetylene black .

Ni-Cu/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method at pH=9 and using Na2CO3 as the precipitant. The Ni loading (mass fraction) of the catalysts was 10%. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effects of calcined temperature of support on coke deposition were studied. TPO, SEM and XPS results indicated there was no peak of higher temperature oxygen consumption on Ni-Cu/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst (support was calcined at 800 °C), which could lead to the deactivation of the catalyst. The carbon species were carbonate and inactive carbon (filamentous carbon species) on the surface of catalyst reacting for 40 h which perhaps led to the deactivation of the catalyst.

以铝箔为基材,在磷酸-硫酸混合溶液中采用直流阳极氧化法进行表面处理,使铝箔表面形成多孔氧化铝结构.采用粘附力测试、扫描电镜、循环伏安、电化学阻抗谱、恒流充放电等方法,对铝箔表面结构及以其作为正极集流体的锂离子电池充放电性能进行考察.结果表明,经过阳极氧化处理的铝箔表面形成孔径为1 ～5μm的多孔氧化铝层,使活性材料的粘附力提高了23％,在1 mol/L LiPF6的碳酸甲乙酯和碳酸乙烯酯电解液体系中的耐腐蚀性能得到明显提升.未处理铝箔的腐蚀电流密度峰值为0.267 mA/cm2,阳极氧化处理后降至0.022 mA/cm2.经过200次充放电循环后,0.5C、 1C和5C倍率下采用经阳极氧化处理铝箔的锂离子电池比容量比采用未处理铝箔的电池比容量分别高2.85％、4.42％和10.56％.

The catalysts Ni/Al2O3, Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 and Ni/CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 were prepared by the co-precipitation method at a pH of 9 using Na2CO3 as the precipitant. The Ni loading (mass fraction) of the catalysts was 10%. The ignition process on the catalysts for the autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen was investigated and the surface properties of the catalysts were characterized by XPS. The results showed that the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst could not ignite the process of autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen. However, the Ni/CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst could ignite the process of autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen at lower reaction temperature (650 degrees C) with the conversion of methane reaching 76%. The result of XPS analysis indicated that the promoters could change the binding energy (BE) of Ni2p3/2 obviously. The species of Cu in the Ni/CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst comprised Cu2O and Cu2+. The formation of ZrO2-CeO2 solid solution and a large amount of Cu2O might be the reason leading to good oxygen storage capacity and mobility of lattice oxygen of the Ni/CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst, which could ignite the process of autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen at lower reaction temperature.

采用共浸渍和程序升温碳化法制备了一系列NiMoC/γ-Al2O3催化剂,并用于甲烷三重整制合成气反应,通过XRD,H2-TPR,CO2-TPD,O2-TPO,TG-DSC等方法对催化剂进行了表征,考察了Ni的添加对催化剂的活性、表面性能和晶型结构的影响.实验结果表明,m(Ni)∶m(Mo)=0.4的NiMoC-0.4/γ-Al2O3催化剂具有较高的活性,在常压、850℃、气态空速4600mL/h、n(CH4)∶n(O2)∶n(Co2)∶n(H2O) =1.00∶0.16∶0.39∶0.30的条件下,CH4转化率达95.8％,CO2转化率接近100％,H2与CO的收率分别为99.0％和95.8％,产物中V(H2)∶V(CO)=1.85.表征结果显示,Ni的添加有助于M02C的形成,并增强了Mo与载体的相互作用,增加了催化剂表面的碱性位.由于Ni3C比碳化钼更易被氧化,从而保护了碳化钼不被氧化,在反应气氛下催化剂中的Mo物种可进一步被碳化,使得高温下NiMoC-0.4/γ-Al2O3催化剂的活性较高且较稳定.

采用Hummers液相氧化法合成氯化石墨,进而在室温下采用浸渍还原法制得石墨烯(G)负载的PtRu/G和PtRuMo/G催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、能量散射X射线谱(EDX)及扫描电镜(SEM)对氧化石墨和催化剂进行了表征,并使用交流阻抗法(EIS)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)和计时安培法(CA)测试了催化剂催化甲醇电氧化的性能.结果表明:PtRuMo/G和PtRu/G催化剂的粒径分别为4.7、6.4 nm,PtRuMo/G催化剂催化甲醇电氧化的活性和稳定性都高于PtRu/G催化剂,Mo对PtRu/G催化剂的掺杂改性具有良好的促进作用.

Nitrogen doped melamine-resorcinol-formaldehyde (MR) aerogels were prepared by sol-gel method using melamine, resorcinol and formaldehyde as raw materials. Co and Fe-based non-noble metal catalysts supported on carbon aerogels were synthesized through impregnation method followed by MR aerogels carbonization at 800 °C in N2. The catalysts have been tested using XPS, XRD, BET and RDE techniques. The average pore size of the catalysts are 8.9 nm (Fe-MR) and 16.3 nm (Co-MR), and the pore volume are 1.05 cm3/g (Fe-MR) and 2.22 cm3/g (Co-MR) respectively. The electrochemical properties of the synthesized catalysts in O2-saturated 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution are evaluated by a rotating disc electrode (RDE) technique, and the catalysts showed a good electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) supported Co-Mo nitride catalysts were prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation method and temperature-programmed reaction in N2-H2 mixed gases. The effects of cationic promoters (K, Ba, La, Ce and Zr) on the catalytic performance and surface properties were investigated. All samples were characterized by N2 physical adsorption, X-ray diffraction, and temperature-programmed reduction of H2. The results showed that the addition of promoters reduced the crystallite size of Mo2N and Co3Mo3N species and increased their surface area and dispersion. Among the catalysts, the La promoted CoMoNx/CNTs catalyst had the highest ammonia conversion which could reach 97.63% at 600 °C.

A novel kind of photocatalyst,namely NiOx-loading Fe/K2La2Ti3O10,was prepared by means of sol-gel method and impregnation method,and the photocatalytic activity of the product for hydrogen generation from water splitting was investigated.Then,the photocatalyst samples were characterized and analyzed by means of SEM,XRD,UV-vis DRS and XPS.The results show that the prepared catalysts with layered structure are sensitive to vi-sible light,and that,after the loading of NiOx,the photocatalytic activity increases to 477.3 μmol/g(calculated as the hydrogen production after 6 hours of accumulation),the band-edge absorption value has a blue shift,the direct forbidden gap widens and the redox ability of electron-hole pairs improves.Moreover,as for the photoca-talytic mechanism,lanthanum in the compound serves as the main electron donor,the loading of NiOx provides added active sites for reactant adsorbing,and the NiO groups on the surface produce captures of free electrons,thus promoting the reduction of H+ on the catalyst surface.With this action,the reduced nickel in bulk produces captures of photo-induced electrons and transfers them to the surface timely,thus decreasing the recombination ratio of electrons and holes.

Porous carbons containing nitrogen were prepared from polyacrylamide using the MgO template method which was produced by magnesium chloride hexahydrate. Particle size range of nanometer MgO was 11-26nm. After carbons were heat-treated at different temperature in inert atmosphere,MgO formed in the carbonization products was dissolved out using a diluted acid. Carbon material were characterized by XRD,SEM,pore parameters test and electrochemical measurement. The results showed that porous carbons were layer structure,average pore size was 4. 72nm. BET surface area of the carbons obtained could be reached to 1873m2/ g. The specific capacitance 176F / g was obtained at a current density 1A/g in H2SO4.

Ni/Al2O3,Ni/CeO2-Al2O3,Ni/ZrO2-Al2O3 and Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method at pH 9.0 and using Na2CO3 as the precipitant.The Ni loading(mass fraction) of the catalyst was 10%.Effects of Ce and Zr on the surface bonding energy of the catalyst were characterized by XPS,and the catalytic performances of the catalysts for the autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen were investigated by a fixed-bed reactor.The results showed that synergy of Ce and Zr can affect the bond energy of the catalyst,and Ni/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst possesses the best catalytic activity among the four catalysts.

Hydrogen production using the hydrolysis of aluminum is studied. The used aluminum cans are pretreated with different methods, such as mechanical rubbing, soaking in concentrated sulfuric acid and heat treatment, and characterized with XRD and SEM techniques. The results show that higher alkali concentration is benefit for the hydrolysis of aluminum, because the generated hydrogen bubbles on the aluminum materials prevent the precipitations from attaching on the reaction zones. Gibbsite and bayerite are present on the Al scraps surface. Pretreated Al scraps generate hydrogen much more quickly than sodium borohydride and un-pretreated Al scrap. The Al scrap pretreated with mechanical method releases hydrogen faster, while the Al scrap dealt with calcination method generates more hydrogen than other Al scraps. The area of exposed aluminum matrix and the sizes of aluminum particles are different with various pretreatment methods. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ni-Cu/ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation method using Na2CO3 as the precipitant(pH value=7,9,11 or 13).Ni loading(mass fraction) of the catalysts was 10%.The structure and reduction performance of the catalysts were characterized by XRD and H2-TPR,and the effect of pH value on the catalytic performance of Ni catalysts for the autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen was investigated.The results showed Ni/CuO-ZrO2-CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst prepared with pH value=9 had the highest activity in reaction temperature 650 ℃~ 850 ℃.The results of TPR and XRD indicated that when the pH values was 9,the formation of ZrO2-CeO2 solid solution was improved,which could improved the interaction of NiO and supports.