Human gastric lipase (HGL) is a lipolytic enzyme that is secreted by the chief cells located in the fundic part of the stomach. HGL plays an important role in lipid digestion, since it promotes the subsequent hydrolytic action of pancreatic lipase in duodenal lumen. Physiological studies have shown that HGL is able of acting not only in the highly acid stomach environment but also in the duodenum in synergy with human pancreatic lipase (HPL). Recombinant HGL (r-HGL) was expressed in the baculovirus/insect cell system in the form of an active protein with a molecular mass of 45 kDa. The specific activities of r-HGL were found to be similar to that of the native enzyme when tested on various triacylglycerol (TG) substrates. The 3-D structure of r-HGL was the first solved within the mammalian acid lipase family. This globular enzyme (379 residues) shows a new feature, different from the other known lipases structures, which consists of a core domain having the α/β hydrolase fold and a cap domain including a putative ‘lid’ of 30 residues covering the active site of the lipase (closed conformation). HPL is the major lipolytic enzyme involved in the digestion of dietary TG. HPL is a 50 kDa glycoprotein which is directly secreted as an active enzyme. HPL was the first mammalian lipase to be solved structurally, and it revealed the presence of two structural domains: a large N-terminal domain (residues 1–336) and a smaller C-terminal domain (residues 337–449). The large N-terminal domain belongs to the α/β hydrolase fold and contains the active site. A surface loop called the lid domain (C237–C261) covers the active site in the closed conformation of the lipase. The 3-D structure of the lipase-procolipase complex illustrates how the procolipase might anchor the lipase at the interface in the presence of bile salts: procolipase binds to the C-terminal domain of HPL and exposes the hydrophobic tips of its fingers at the opposite site of its lipase-binding domain. These hydrophobic tips help to bring N-terminal domain into close conformation with the interface where the opening of the lid domain probably occurs. As a result of all these conformational changes, the open lid and the extremities of the procolipase form an impressive continuous hydrophobic plateau, extending over more than 50 Å. This surface might able to interact strongly with a lipid-water interface. The biochemical, histochemical and clinical studies as well as the 3-D structures obtained will be a great help for a better understanding of the structure-function relationships of digestive lipases.

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Objectives: To examine: 1) changes in the prevalence of mental disorders and perceived need for professional help among children (ages 4 to 11) and youth (ages 12 to 16) between 1983 and 2014 in Ontario and 2) whether these changes vary by age and sex, urban-rural residency, poverty, lone-parent status, and immigrant background. Methods: The 1983 (n = 2836) and 2014 (n = 5785) Ontario Child Health Studies are provincially representative cross-sectional surveys with identical self-report checklist measures of conduct disorder, hyperactivity, and emotional disorder, as well as perceived need for professional help, assessed by integrating parent and teacher responses (ages 4 to 11) and parent and youth responses (ages 12 to 16). Results: The overall prevalence of perceived need for professional help increased from 6.8% to 18.9% among 4- to 16-year-olds. An increase in any disorder among children (15.4% to 19.6%) was attributable to increases in hyperactivity among males (8.9% to 15.7%). Although the prevalence of any disorder did not change among youth, conduct disorder decreased (7.2% to 2.5%) while emotional disorder increased (9.2% to 13.2%). The prevalence of any disorder increased more in rural and small to medium urban areas versus large urban areas. The prevalence of any disorder decreased for children and youth in immigrant but not nonimmigrant families. Conclusions: Although there have been decreases in the prevalence of conduct disorder, increases in other mental disorders and perceived need for professional help underscore the continued need for effective prevention and intervention programs.

Objectives: To present the 6-month prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of mental disorders and mental health-related service contacts in a sample of children (4 to 11 years) and youth (12 to 17 years) in Ontario. Methods: The 2014 Ontario Child Health Study is a provincially representative survey of 6537 families with children aged 4 to 17 years in Ontario. DSM-IV-TR mental disorders were assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID) and included mood (major depressive episode), anxiety (generalized anxiety, separation anxiety, social phobia, specific phobia), and behaviour disorders (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, conduct disorder).The MINI-KID was administered independently to the primary caregiver and youth aged 12 to 17 years in the family's home. Results: Past 6-month prevalence of any mental disorder ranged from 18.2% to 21.8% depending on age and informant. Behaviour disorders were the most common among children, and anxiety disorders were the most common among youth. Among children and youth with a parent-identified mental disorder, 25.6% of children and 33.7% of youth had contact with a mental health provider. However, 60% had contact with one or more of the providers or service settings assessed, most often through schools. Conclusions: Between 18% and 22% of children and youth in Ontario met criteria for a mental disorder but less than one-third had contact with a mental health provider. These findings provide support for strengthening prevention and early intervention efforts and enhancing service capacity to meet the mental health needs of children and youth in Ontario.

Objectives: To present the 12-month prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and attempts in a sample of youth in Ontario. Methods: Data come from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study, a provincially representative survey of families with children in Ontario. Youth aged 14 to 17 y (n = 2,396) completed a computer-assisted, self-administered questionnaire in their home to assess the occurrence of suicidal ideation, suicidal attempts, and associated correlates, including non-suicidal self-injury, mental disorders, substance use, peer victimization and exposure to child maltreatment. Socio-demographic information was collected from the parent. Logistic regression models were used to identify correlates that distinguished between youth reporting: 1) no suicidal ideation or attempts, 2) suicidal ideation but no attempts, and 3) suicidal ideation and attempts. Results: The 12-month prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempts was 8.1% and 4.3%, respectively. All clinical and behavioural correlates were significantly higher among youth reporting suicidal ideation or attempts, as compared with non-suicidal youth. In adjusted models, depression and non-suicidal self-injury were each independently associated with elevated odds of suicidal ideation (OR = 4.84 and 4.19, respectively) and suicidal attempt (OR = 7.84 and 22.72, respectively). Among youth who reported suicidal ideation, the only variable that differentiated youth who attempted suicide v. those who did not, in adjusted models, was non-suicidal self-injury (OR = 3.89). Conclusions: Suicidal ideation and attempts are common among youth in Ontario, often co-occurring with mental disorders and high-risk behaviours. These findings underscore the need for effective prevention and intervention strategies, particularly for youth depression and non-suicidal self-injury.

This chapter examines the lives of caregivers in different settings and in different stages of the life course. It suggests that the comparative study of different caregiving experiences might assist in better understanding the key elements that shape caregivers’ lives: Those factors that assist family members in shouldering the burden of care and those that may exacerbate the negative consequences of providing such care. The chapter identifies the potentially important aspects of the caregiving process that may have implications for future studies of caregiving in a variety of different circumstances. It discusses the utility of the stress process for understanding variations in psychological distress among caregivers and explains the impact of social stressors on psychological distress. The chapter also examines the impact of stressful life experiences varies substantially according to which caregivers. It is interesting to note that these correlations are weakest among those individuals who provide care to individuals with psychiatric or developmental problems.

Mental disorders typically start in childhood and cause substantial individual and collective burdens across the life span. These disorders are also now the leading cause of childhood disability worldwide. Exacerbating the burdens, high childhood disorder prevalence has been coupled with low children’s mental health service reach. Service shortfalls have persisted despite growing research evidence on effective interventions and despite widespread recognition that timely access to adequate health, social, and educational services is a fundamental right for all children. Yet Canada has lacked recent high-quality data to inform policymaking to address these issues. The 2014 Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS) now provides these data. This study has broad national applicability given its robust design, including the use of rigorous diagnostic measures in a large representative sample in the general population. The study also has high policy relevance in providing new data on population burden and service reach for emotional and

MARIA ABASCAL MABEL ABRAHAM SETH ABRUTYN GABRIEL ACEVEDO PETER ACHTERBERG RADHA ADHIKARI JAE WAN AHN MARIA AKCHURIN RICHARD D. ALBA ARTHUR S. ALDERSON MARYAM ALEMZADEH SCOTT W. ALLARD KEERA ALLENDORF RACHEL ALLISON JUTTA ALLMENDINGER ZACK ALMQUIST DAVID L. ALTHEIDE CLAIRE ALTMAN ANTHONY ALVAREZ EDWIN AMENTA WEIHUA AN JOEL ANDREAS MEGAN ANDREW KENNETH T. ANDREWS RONALD ANGEL HILLARY ANGELO SNEHA ANNAVARAPU AMY ANSELL ROBERT J. ANTONIO RAWAN MAZEN ARAR MARIANA C. ARCAYA NOAH ARJOMAND ELIZABETH A. ARMSTRONG BRIAN ARONSON ASAD L. ASAD NOAH ASKIN PATRIK ASPERS ANSON AU

Background It is commonly believed that nature has positive impacts on children’s health, including physical, mental and social dimensions. This review focuses on how accessibility to, exposure to and engagement with nature affects the mental health of children and teenagers. Methods Ten academic databases were used to systematically search and identify primary research papers in English or French from 1990 to 1 March 2017. Papers were included for review based on their incorporation of nature, children and teenagers (0–18 years), quantitative results and focus on mental health. Results Of the 35 papers included in the review, the majority focused on emotional well-being and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity disorder. Other outcome measures included overall mental health, self-esteem, stress, resilience, depression and health-related quality of life. About half of all reported findings revealed statistically significant positive relationships between nature and mental health outcomes and almost half reported no statistical significance. Conclusions Findings support the contention that nature positively influences mental health; however, in most cases, additional research with more rigorous study designs and objective measures of both nature and mental health outcomes are needed to confirm statistically significant relationships. Existing evidence is limited by the cross-sectional nature of most papers.

education chigh school (RR=1 .60; 95% CI 1 .30-1 .96); age (<21 : RR=1 .53; 95% CI 1 .1 72.02; 22-25: RR=1 .41 ; 95% CI 1 .1 1 -1 .78; and 26-34: RR=1 .39; 95% CI 1 .1 5-1 .69); current smoking status (RR=1 .20; 95% CI 1 .00-1 .43); average exercise duration <30 minutes (never: RR=1 .22; 95% CI 1 .06-1 .39 and 1-29 minutes: RR=1 .25; 95% CI 1 .081 .45); obesity (RR=1 .19; 95% CI 1 .01 -1 .41 ); and not meeting Canadian dietary guidelines for consumption of vegetables and fruit (RR=1 .60; 95% CI 1 .42-1 .79), milk products (RR=1 .1 9; 95% CI 1 .05-1 .36), and meat and alternatives (RR=1 .89; 95% CI 1 .69-2.1 2). Compared to frequent fish consumers, infrequent fish consumers were less likely to be moderate drinkers prior to pregnancy (RR=0.85; 95% CI 0.75-0.96).

Background: The current state of research into antenatal anxiety is lacking in a comprehensive understanding of determinants. This study aims to expand knowledge in this area, with the main objective being to determine potential determinants of maternal antenatal state-anxiety.Methods: Data used for this cross-sectional study were obtained from the Prenatal Health Project: a population cohort study of 2357 women in London, Ontario. 1992 women in their second trimester met inclusion criteria for this study. The primary hypothesis was that "feelings about the pregnancy" would be a determinant of antenatal state-anxiety after controlling for other potential covariates. The abbreviated version of the Spielberger State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure state anxiety. Univariate analyses and multiple linear regression were performed to identify variables predictive of state-anxiety.Results: Stress, feeling unsure/unhappy about the pregnancy and having low self-esteem, low mastery and low social support from one's partner and family were statistically significant determinants of state anxiety during the second trimester. In addition, anxiety was found to be inversely related to gestational age.Limitations: The two main limitations of the study were the use of a self-report screening tool (STAI) as the measure of anxious symptoms rather than a clinical diagnosis, and possible recall bias of feelings about the pregnancy.Conclusions: We concluded that how a woman feels about her pregnancy was a determinant of state anxiety. This study contributes knowledge aiming to help women improve their mental health during pregnancy by identifying important determinants of state-anxiety. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

For more than 60 years, Leonard I. Pearlin's contributions to theory and research fundamentally shaped the sociology of mental health, medical sociology, and the sociology of aging and the life course. He died last year, and this article is an expression of appreciation for the person and his work as expressed by his colleagues, students, and friends. The testimonials collected here explain his seminal work and why it altered the field, describe how his intellectual leadership affected our own work, attest to his generous mentoring of students and young academics, and try to convey his character and why he has engendered such affection. The material quoted from selected Pearlin publications articulates most clearly why this work continues to resonate with sociologists concerned with the impact of society on the mental health of its members.

With the proliferation of different family forms in many western countries over the last few decades, research investigating the influence of family structure on children's socioeconomic status attainment has expanded dramatically, especially in the United States. The purpose of this study was to estimate the relative influence of family structure, maternal resources, and family mental health on predicting socioeconomic attainment in young adulthood. Data for this study were derived from a case-comparison, three-wave panel study of single-parent, and two-parent families living in London, Ontario, with interviews conducted in 1993 (wave 1), 1994 (wave 2), and between 2005 and 2008 (wave 3). There were virtually no differences in status attainment by family structure. Unexpectedly, however, we found that children raised in temporally stable single-parent families, and those whose mothers transitioned from a single-parent family to a two-parent family had higher socioeconomic status occupations for their longest job held than did children raised in temporally stable two-parent families. Maternal education was positively related to the likelihood that children would graduate from college/university. For those concerned with social policy, this implies that greater attention ought to be paid to addressing disparities in education and family income than to concerns with the kinds of families in which children grow up.

OBJECTIVES:The aim of this study was to determine if the presence of youth chronic illness moderates the association between trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms and psychological functioning in youths.METHODS:Data came from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (N = 11,813). Using the 12-item version of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), symptom trajectories were estimated by latent class growth modeling over 3 measurement occasions (when their children were 10-11, 12-13, and 14-15 years). The moderating effect of youth chronic illness on the association between maternal depression and youth psychological functioning at 16-19 years was tested using multiple regression. Three measures of psychological functioning were assessed: anger regulation (Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory), self-concept (Self-Determination Questionnaire), and depressive symptoms (CES-D).RESULTS:Four trajectories (low, decreasing, increasing, high) of maternal depression were identified. The association of maternal depressive symptoms on youth psychological functioning was modified by chronic illness; less favorable trajectories of maternal depression had a more pronounced detrimental association on youths with chronic illness compared to controls.CONCLUSIONS:Youths with chronic illness are particularly vulnerable to the negative psychological exposure of maternal depressive symptoms during the transition to adulthood. Family-centered transition of care programs in the medical setting may be beneficial in reducing the association between symptoms of maternal depression and youth psychological functioning.

Background: Physical activity during childhood is associated with a multitude of physical, behavioural, and psychological health benefits. Identification of effective population level strategies for increasing children's physical activity levels is critical for improving the overall health of Canadians. The overall objective of this study is to assess how a naturally-occurring, community-level intervention which offers Grade 5 children in London, Canada a free access pass to physical activity opportunities (facilities and programs) for an entire school year can lead to increased physical activity among recipients.Methods/Design: This study adopts a longitudinal cohort study design to assess the effectiveness of improving children's access to physical activity opportunities for increasing their physical activity levels. To meet our overall objective we have three aims: (1) to assess whether the provision of free access increases children's physical activity levels during and after the intervention compared to a control group; (2) to assess how and why child-specific trajectories of physical activity (between-children differences in level of physical activity measured across time) in the intervention group differ according to children's individual and household characteristics; and (3) to explore additional factors that are unaccounted for in the theoretical model to gain a further understanding of why the free access intervention had varying effects on changing physical activity levels. We will be addressing these aims using a mixed methods approach, including: a series of youth surveys conducted before, during, immediately after, and 4-months after the intervention; parent surveys before, during, and post-intervention; real-time tracking of the access pass use during the intervention; and focus groups at the conclusion of the intervention. Data compiled from the youth surveys will provide a subjective measure of physical activity to be used as our outcome measure to address our primary aims.Discussion: The results of this study can inform policy-and decision-makers about the sub-groups of the population that benefitted the most (or least) from the intervention to provide more specific information on how to develop and target future interventions to have a greater impact on the physical activity levels and overall health of children.

AbstractSociological research on mental illness in childhood has focused on four major topics. Studies have examined the effects that family structure has on children's mental illness. Research has also focused on the intergenerational transmission of mental illness in families. It is also clear that poverty is importantly associated with children's mental health problems. Recently, sociologists have studied the impact of neighborhood contexts and their effects on mental illness in childhood. New developments in the study of mental illness in childhood include investigations of the impact of victimization in childhood on children's mental health. In addition, sociologists have examined how social influence processes may result in the increased diagnosis of children's mental health problems such as autism.

AIM To compare the original normative data of the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) (n=2202) collected 20 years ago with a contemporary sample of Canadian infants.METHOD This was a cross-sectional cohort study of 650 Canadian infants (338 males, 312 females; mean age 30.9wks [SD 15.5], range 2wks-18mo) assessed once on the AIMS. Assessments were stratified by age, and infants proportionally represented the ethnic diversity of Canada. Logistic regression was used to place AIMS items on an age scale representing the age at which 50% of the infants passed an item on the contemporary data set and the original data set. Forty-three items met the criterion for stable regression results in both data sets.RESULTS The correlation coefficient between the age locations of items on the original and contemporary data sets was 0.99. The mean age difference between item locations was 0.7 weeks. Age values from the original data set when converted to the contemporary scale differed by less than 1 week.INTERPRETATION The sequence and age at emergence of AIMS items has remained similar over 20 years and current normative values remain valid. Concern that the 'back to sleep' campaign has influenced the age at emergence of gross motor abilities is not supported.

While extensive research has been conducted on postpartum depression (PPD), the majority has been focused on psychological risk factors and treatments. There is limited research on the explicit relationship between the degree to which individuals are informed about relevant prenatal and postnatal health topics and whether this level of knowledge influences psychological outcome. This study assesses health information levels of new mothers and their influence on PPD as measured by Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores. Data from the 2006 Maternity Experiences Survey developed by the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System ( N = 6,421) were used. The study population included mothers ≥15 years of age at the time of the birth, who had a singleton live birth in Canada during a 3-month period preceding the 2006 Census and who lived with their infants at the time of the survey. Pre- and postnatal health information components were measured using latent variables constructed by structural equation modeling. EPDS score was added to the model, adjusting for known covariates to assess the effects of information levels on EPDS score. Pre- and postnatal health information levels are associated with decreased EPDS scores. More specifically, information on topics such as postnatal concerns and negative feelings was associated with the largest decrease in score for primiparous and multiparous women, respectively ( p < 0.0001 for both). The pre-established predictors of PPD were confirmed for both samples, with life stress associated with the largest change in EPDS score for both samples ( p < 0.0001 for both). This study demonstrates a distinct role for pre- and postnatal health information in influencing EPDS scores, supplementing previous literature. Primiparous and multiparous women benefited from different information content, with information on postnatal concerns had the largest effect on the primiparous group while information on negative feelings had the largest effect on the multiparous group. Therefore, information provision should be tailored to these two groups.