A survey was carried out on a commercial sour cherry fruit orchard located in Lublin province in Poland to determine the influence of viruses on the fruit quality of sour cherry cv. Łutówka. Leaf samples from trees of sour cherry cv. Łutówka were tested for Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV), Prune dwarf virus (PDV), Little cherry virus 1 (LChV-1), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2), Cherry virus A (CVA), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV), Cherry rasp leaf virus (CRLV) and Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV) using the RT-PCR technique. The results indicated that PNRSV and PNRSV+CVA infected the samples. PDV, LChV-1, LChV-2, CGRMV, CNRMV, CRLV, and CMLV were not detected in any of the tested sour cherry trees. The effect of virus infection on the chemical composition of sour cherry fruits was investigated. The anthocyanin, total phenolic and vitamin C contents, and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The total phenolic compound, vitamin C contents, and antioxidant activity were significantly higher in PNRSV- and PNRSV+CVA-infected than in virus-free sour cherry fruits. The total anthocyanin content in PNRSV- or PNRSV+CVA-infected fruits was lower than in control trees. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the world about the effect of PNRSV or PNRSV+CVA infection on the anthocyanin compounds, total polyphenolic compounds, vitamin C contents, and the antioxidant activity of sour cherry fruits.

Research in recent years has shown that some species of predatory mites, considered to be typically associated with soil and litter, can also be found on plants. Such species include Blattisocius mali, which is an effective predator of acarid mites, nematodes and the eggs of moths and which can disperse by means of drosophilid fruit flies. Apart from soil and litter or storage, it has also been recorded on the bark of apple trees and the leaves of strawberries, thus suggesting its possible predation of/feeding on herbivorous mites and insects. Our goal was to examine whether B. mali could consume different development stages of two polyphagous herbivores, the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae, and the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, as well as the drosophilid fruit fly Drosophila hydei. In 24 h cage tests, single, starved B. mali females consumed all types of prey offered, i.e., the eggs, males and females of spider mites; the first-instar larvae and prepupae of thrips; and the eggs and first-instar larvae of fruit flies. The potential for B. mali to prey upon these insects and mites was confirmed. However, to estimate whether it can also effectively reduce their population, additional tests on the predator’s survival, fecundity and prey preference are needed.

Godronia canker caused by Godronia myrtilli (Feltgen) J.K. Stone is considered one of the most dangerous diseases of blueberry crops. The purpose of the study was the phenotypic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of this fungus. Infected stems were collected from blueberry crops in the Mazovian, Lublin, and West Pomeranian Voivodships in 2016–2020. Twenty-four Godronia isolates were identified and tested. The isolates were identified on the basis of their morphology and molecular characteristics (PCR). The average conidia size was 9.36 ± 0.81 × 2.45 ± 0.37 µm. The conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid or straight, two-celled, rounded, or terminally pointed. The pathogen growth dynamics were tested on six media: PDA, CMA, MEA, SNA, PCA, and Czapek. The fastest daily growth of fungal isolates was observed on SNA and PCA, and the slowest on CMA and MEA. Pathogen rDNA amplification was performed with ITS1F and ITS4A primers. The obtained DNA sequence of the fungus showed 100% nucleotide similarity to the reference sequence deposited in the GenBank. Molecular characterization of G. myrtilli isolates was performed for the first time in this study.

Fusarium temperatum Scaufl. & Munaut is a newly described taxon belonging to the Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) and a frequent causative factor of maize ear rot. The aim of the present study was to determine the responses to the disease in maize populations differing in endosperm features that were classified to flint, dent, and a group of plants with intermediate kernel characteristics. In inoculation studies, substantial variation of host response to the fungus was found among the tested maize types. The dent-type kernels contained significantly less amylose (28.27%) and exhibited significantly higher rates of infection (IFER = 2.10) and contamination by beauvericin (7.40 mg kg−1) than plants of the flint maize subpopulation. The study documents a significant positive correlation between the Fusarium ear rot intensity (IFER) and ergosterol content (the R value ranged from 0.396 in 2015 to 0.735 in 2018) and between IFER and the presence of beauvericin (the R value ranged from 0.364 in 2015 to 0.785 in 2017). The negative correlation between (IFER) and amylose content (ranging from R = −0.303 to R= −0.180) stresses the role of the endosperm starch composition in the kernel resistance to Fusarium ear rot. The conducted study indicated that the risk of kernel infection and contamination with fungal metabolites (beauvericin and ergosterol) was associated with the maize type kernels.

Summary Introduction: Common sage is cultivated in Europe and North America. It has strong antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal properties. This plant can be infected by different pathogenic fungi species, such as Alternaria alternata, Fusarium spp. (F. culmorum, F. equiseti, F. oxysporum), Phomopsis sclarea and Botrytis cinerea. Those species are the most frequently isolated fungi from sage stem base. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the causal agent of common sage wilt disease. Methods: Studies were carried out in 2018–2020. 23 fungal isolates were identified based on their morphology and with use of PCR technique. Length and width of 100 conidia growing on SNA medium were measured after 7 days. Koch’s postulates were checked and the development of one fungus isolate (no. 13) was compared on seven media: the CMA, MEA, OA, PCA, SNA, PDA and Czapek medium. Sequences of the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) were used to identify the pathogen. Results: The fungus formed 3 kinds of spores: thin-walled, hyaline, slightly folded at the base, mostly 4-cell macroconidia, oblong, hyaline one- or two-cell microconidia and oval thick-walled chlamydospores. The Koch’s postulates were fulfilled. The fungus formed the most abundant aerial mycelium on the Czapek medium, and the least on the CMA medium. On the SNA medium, the mycelium grew into the medium and the aerial mycelium was not formed. The obtained RPB2 nucleotide sequence was 100% similar to the Fusarium oxysporum sequence deposited in GenBank (NCBI). Conclusions: The results of this research can be used in further studies on the biological diversity of this species.

Fusarium head blight and the contamination of cereals with toxic fungal metabolites are particularly important problems in global agriculture. The increasingly frequent isolation of F. equiseti from cereal grain and the sparse information in the literature on the harmfulness of this fungus to oat encouraged us to conduct the present research. The aim of the study was to determine the susceptibility of oat genotypes to panicle infection by F. equiseti and mycotoxin content in the grain. Field experiments involving 10 oat genotypes were conducted over three years (2015–2017). Oat panicles were inoculated with a conidial suspension of F. equiseti, which reduced the kernels yield by 38.34%, the number of kernels per panicle by 31.16% and 1000 kernels weight by 12.66%. F. equiseti accumulated type A trichothecenes (T-2 and HT-2 toxins, scirpentriol, diacetoxyscirpenol, T-2 triol, T-2 tetraol) and type B trichothecenes (deoxynivalenol, 3Ac-DON, 15Ac-DON, nivalenol, fusarenone X) in kernels at an average level of 0.0616 and 0.2035 mg·kg−1, respectively. The highest susceptibility to scabs caused by F. equiseti was found for genotype POB 4901/10, whereas cv. Elegant exhibited the highest resistance to F. equiseti in terms of yield reduction after inoculation.

Fusarium temperatum (Scaufl. & Munaut) is one of the most important fungal pathogens that cause ear and stalk rots in maize. In this study, we sequenced genomes of two F. temperatum isolates (KFI615 and KFI660) isolated from corn ears in Poland. A total of 110.3 and 116.3 million 100-nucleotide paired-end clean reads were obtained for KFI615 and KFI660, which were assembled into 20 and 18 scaffolds with an estimated genome size of 45.21 and 45.00 Mb, respectively. These genome sequences provide important resources for understanding pathogenicity and biology of the pathogens within the Fusarium fujikuroi complex.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.

Fusarium temperatum is a new emerging species recognized as important and toxigenic pathogen of maize, prevalent in temperate region of northern hemisphere. The present study aimed to identify the variability of this species in terms of carotenoid biosynthesis under various light condition in relation to fungus mating type. Analysis of offspring subpopulation of 80 isolates obtained by crossing parental Fusarium temperatum strains indicated that light wavelength and fungal genotype significantly affected pigment yield. The highest levels of carotenoids were observed after incubation of isolates under blue light. Occurrence of the more extreme fungus phenotypes than either parent was stated in 20% to 42 % isolates depending on light condition. It means that transgressive segregation can significantly change fungus population from generation to generation and drive the species evolution. No phenotypic differences in carotenoid biosynthesis were found between MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 F.temperatum strains.

Phlebiopsis gigantea (Fr.) Jülich has been successfully used as a biological control fungus for Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref., an important pathogen of pine and spruce trees. The P. gigantea species has been known for many years, but our understanding of the relationship between various isolates of this fungus has been substantially improved through the application of DNA sequence comparisons. In this study, relationships between P. gigantea and selected Basidiomycota species was determined, based on elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1α) partial DNA sequence and in silico data. A total of 12 isolates, representing the most representatives of P. gigantea, with diverse geographic distributions and hosts, were included in this study. Phylogenetic trees generated for sequences obtained in this research, grouped the European taxa of P. gigantea and partial sequence of the genome deposed in NCBI database, in a strongly supported clade, basal to the rest of the strains included in the study. P. gigantea isolates originating from Poland, Finland, Sweden, Great Britain and partial sequence of genome formed a monophyletic group. Within this group, isolates of P. gigantea constituted two subclades, showing their partial difference like the two SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) between one and the rest of isolates. The intron and exon relationships among P. gigantea isolates were moreover resolved. The results obtained using the EF1α region should be useful in the selection of more efficient P. gigantea isolates for limiting forest tree root pathogens.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to estimate genetic relationship and diversity of Fusarium species associated with pink ear rot of maize. Three Fusarium species – F. verticillioides , F. temperatum and F. subglutinans sensu stricto were collected from contaminated corn kernels. A collection of 41 randomly selected Fusarium isolates (16 F. verticillioides , 16 F. temperatum and nine F. subglutinans sensu stricto) was screened for polymorphism with thirty decamer primers. Seventeen primers that had generated a high number of polymorphic loci were used for the analysis of genetic diversity. The primers yielded a total of 146 polymorphic loci, an average of 8.59 polymorphic bands per primer. The percentage of polymorphic bands (%P) was 46.1%. The RAPD-based UPGMA analysis demonstrated that although F. temperatum and F. subglutinans s.s. form two distinct groups they are more similar to each other than to F. verticillioides. Fusarium verticillioides was the most heterogenous species (Nei’s genetic diversity 0.180), while the least heterogenous one was F. subglutinans s.s. whose genetic diversity was 0.098. The analysis of the translation elongation factor 1-α and β-tubulin gene sequences as well as the mating type ratio were employed to support the RAPD data.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 103, No. 7First Report of Downy Mildew Caused by Plasmopara muralis on Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) in Poland PreviousNext DISEASE NOTESFirst Report of Downy Mildew Caused by Plasmopara muralis on Boston Ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata) in PolandE. Mirzwa-Mróz, W. Kukuła, K. Kuźma, M. Wit, E. Jabłońska, W. Wakuliński, and E. Paduch-CichalE. Mirzwa-Mróz†Corresponding author: E. Mirzwa-Mróz; E-mail Address: [email protected]http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0537-0783Department of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandSearch for more papers by this author, W. KukułaDepartment of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandSearch for more papers by this author, K. KuźmaDepartment of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandSearch for more papers by this author, M. WitDepartment of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandSearch for more papers by this author, E. JabłońskaDepartment of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandSearch for more papers by this author, W. WakulińskiDepartment of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandSearch for more papers by this author, and E. Paduch-CichalDepartment of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, PolandSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations E. Mirzwa-Mróz † W. Kukuła K. Kuźma M. Wit E. Jabłońska W. Wakuliński E. Paduch-Cichal Department of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland Published Online:2 May 2019https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-01-19-0034-PDNAboutSectionsSupplemental ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Given its decorative foliage and leaf discoloration in autumn, Boston ivy (Parthenocissus tricuspidata Siebold & Zucc.) is mainly used in garden compositions. The climber is commonly grown in Poland, because it is characterized by rapid growth and low soil and climatic requirements. ‘Veitchii’ is the most common variety cultivated in Poland. In May 2017, the symptoms of downy mildew on Boston ivy plants were observed in one of the ornamental plant nurseries in Mazowieckie Province (52°06′42″N, 20°59′13″E), where disease incidence reached 80%. The disease symptoms on the plants were noted first on lower and then on upper leaves. On the upper surface of the lamina, there were reddish lesions on older leaves and light green lesions on young leaves. In both cases, the injuries on leaves were delimited by veins, and on the lower surface monopodially branched colorless, straight or slightly curved sporangiophores with sporangia developed. The causal agent of downy mildew in Boston ivy was identified using morphological and molecular methods. The sporangia were hyaline, ovoid to shortly ellipsoidal, with a protruding pedicel. They measured (13.1 to) 14.7 to 22.1 (to 38.1) × (11.2 to) 12.3 to 16.3 (to 20.5) µm (n = 100). The length of ultimate branchlets of sporangiophores was (3.7 to) 5.1 to 8.9 (to 11.8) µm (n = 100). These measurements were similar to those obtained by Thines (2011). Koch’s postulates were fulfilled. The experiment was carried out twice. Five 1-year-old healthy P. tricuspidata seedlings (approximate height of 50 cm) growing in pots (diameter 13 cm) and one infected seedling were placed in a foil tunnel. The plants were sprayed with water to induce transfer of pathogen sporangia from the diseased onto healthy plants. Next, the tunnel was closed. In the control variant, six healthy plants were sprayed with water. The field experiment was carried out with three replications at a temperature 20 to 26°C and relative humidity of approximately 80%. After 10 days, the first symptoms of downy mildew were observed on the inoculated plants, whereas the control plants remained symptomless. Cytochrome c oxidase of the subunit II gene of mtDNA for the oomycetes isolated from P. tricuspidata was amplified with the use of oomycete-specific primers COX2-F (Hudspeth et al. 2000) and COX2-RC4 (Choi et al. 2015). It turned out that the downy mildew on the Boston ivy was caused by Plasmopara muralis. The sequence from the oomycete exhibited 100% similarity to a reference sequence for this pathogen (Thines 2011) deposited in GenBank (accession no. FJ394346.1). The obtained sequence was deposited in GenBank under the number MH492326. Downy mildew may seriously affect Boston ivy commercial production in nurseries. That is why further research is needed to develop recommendations for disease control. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of P. muralis on Boston ivy in Poland.The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.References:Choi, Y. J., et al. 2015. Mol. Ecol. Resour. 15:1275. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12398 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarHudspeth, D. S. S., et al. 2000. Mycologia 92:674. https://doi.org/10.2307/3761425 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarThines, M. 2011. Mycol. Prog. 10:415. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11557-010-0712-3 Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.DetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 103, No. 7 July 2019SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 DownloadCaptionApple cultivar Joya Cripps Red lesions caused by Colletotrichum fructicola (Nodet et al.). Photo credit: P. Nodet. Symptoms of Lotus powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe takamatsui (Zhou et al.). Photo credit: C. Liang. Symptoms of tar spot (Phyllachora maydis) on maize leaves (Dalla Lana et al.). Photo credit: F. Dalla Lana. Metrics Article History Issue Date: 20 Jun 2019Published: 2 May 2019First Look: 22 Feb 2019Accepted: 19 Feb 2019 Pages: 1793-1793 Information© 2019 The American Phytopathological SocietyKeywordsidentificationclimbernurseryoomycetesThe author(s) declare no conflict of interest.Cited byTwo new species of Plasmopara affecting wild grapes in the USA27 June 2022 | Mycological Progress, Vol. 21, No. 7

Spot blotch of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, is worldwide and economically one of the most important diseases. The structure of the B. sorokiniana population is not uniform. Within isolates of this species, there are strains that differ in virulence and aggressiveness. The aim of the study was to determine the variability of virulence within Polish isolates of B. sorokiniana and to test selected strains of this fungus terms of their pathogenicity in relation to different spring barley cultivars. The diversity of 70 Polish isolates of B. sorokiniana was determined based on the reaction of three spring barley test lines - Bowman, ND5883 and NDB12 with a certain susceptibility to infection by this pathogen and compared to three isolates of B. sorokiniana: ND93-1 classified to pathotype 0, ND85F - pathotype 1 and ND90Pr - pathotype 2. In the population of 70 isolates of B. sorokiniana, two pathotypes - 0 (14 isolates) and 1 (56 isolates) were identified. The mean values of leaf infection index evaluated for lines - Bowman, ND5883 and NDB12 in the case of B. sorokiniana isolates of pathotype 0 ranged: 17.08, 25.42 and 18.13, respectively, and in the case of B. sorokiniana isolates of pathotype 1: 15.57, 59.81 and 17.98, respectively. In the second experiment, the susceptibility of 8 spring barley cultivars to leaf infection by 10 selected isolates of B. sorokiniana (5 of pathotype 0 and 5 of pathotype 1) was tested. The mean value of leaf infection index calculated for analyzed cultivars in experimental combination with pathotype 0 isolates of B. sorokiniana was 1.56, and in the case of isolates of pathotype 1 was 16.58.

Based on two-year experiments on inoculated corn, including genotypes of sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata) and popcorn (Zea mays var. everta), the analysis of fumonisin FB1 content in kernels was performed. Infection degree of sweet corn was 2.00 and 2.13, which was distinctly stronger than infection of popcorn cobs (0.52 and 1.05). Despite of higher disease rating of Zea mays var. saccharata, the most dynamic increase in fumonisin FB1 biosythesis was observed in kernels of Zea mays var. everta. During the two cropping seasons, the mean level of FB1 in sweet corn ranged from 0.52 to 6.94 mu g g(-1), while in popcorn kernels from 0.96 to 28.49 mu g g(-1) in the 1st and 8th week after inoculation. Botanical varieties of maize as well as physiological state of kernels, determined by the water, amylose and starch contents, influenced on infection degree by Fusarium verticillioides and level of ear contamination by fumonisin FB1. Efficiency of biosynthesis of mentioned metabolites was inversely proportional to kernel water content.

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 102, No. 4First Report of Alternaria Black Spot Caused by Alternaria alternata on Blue Honeysuckle in Poland PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseFirst Report of Alternaria Black Spot Caused by Alternaria alternata on Blue Honeysuckle in PolandE. Mirzwa-Mróz, W. Kukuła, I. Frydrych, M. Wit, and W. WakulińskiE. Mirzwa-Mróz†Corresponding author: E. Mirzwa-Mróz; E-mail: E-mail Address: ewa_mirzwa_mroz@sggw.pl, W. Kukuła, I. Frydrych, M. Wit, and W. WakulińskiAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations E. Mirzwa-Mróz † W. Kukuła I. Frydrych M. Wit W. Wakuliński , Department of Plant Pathology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland. Published Online:8 Feb 2018https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-09-17-1452-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L. var. kamtschatica Sevast.) is becoming increasingly popular in Poland. Each year, the growing area of this plant increases significantly because it produces one of the earliest crops, and its berries contain a high concentration of antioxidants (i.e., vitamins A and C, potassium, calcium, phenolic compounds, and anthocyanins). Symptoms of Alternaria leaf spot were observed on blue honeysuckle plants growing in allotment gardens in Kanie (52°08′08″N, 20°47′14″E, Mazovia Province) and Kopalino (54°47′34″N, 17°50′02″E, Pomerania Province) in 2015 to 2016. The initial infections were noted on leaves at the end of June. Under favorable conditions, complete defoliation was observed at the beginning of August. Symptoms on leaves consisted of oval to irregularly shaped spots, 1 to 4 mm in diameter. They were initially black and later turned brown with a dark brown to black border. Over time, the center of the spots developed a gray shade. The spots were surrounded by a yellowish halo. The lesions gradually enlarged and sometimes coalesced. In 2015 and 2016, infected leaves were collected and sections (3 × 4 mm) were excised from the margin of diseased leaf tissue, disinfested with 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, transferred to potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 25 ± 2°C. Twenty single-spored isolates were obtained from the developed colonies of the fungus. On potato carrot agar (PCA), cultures were olive brown with sparse, white-gray aerial mycelium. The conidiospores were obpyriform to obclavate, light brown to dark brown, with 1 to 6 transepta and 0 to 2 longisepta. After 9 days on PCA, 100 conidia were measured to be 12 to 46 × 7 to 17 µm. Morphological characteristics were similar to those described for Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl (Simmons 2007). For the pathogenicity test, four isolates were grown on salt nutrient agar (SNA) for 10 days. Inoculations were performed on 2-year-old plants of blue honeysuckle cultivars Wojtek and Duet growing in pots. Plant leaves (three plants per isolate) were rinsed with sterile water. Next, they were inoculated with a spore suspension (∼106 spores/ml) of each isolate using a pipette. Control plants were treated with sterile water. All plants were incubated in a moist chamber (Sanyo) at 27°C during the day and 20°C during the night, 90% relative humidity, and 16-h photoperiod. After 10 days, first leaf spots developed on the inoculated plants. The control plants remained symptomless. The pathogen was successfully reisolated from the spots and confirmed to be identical with the original fungal isolate, fulfilling Koch's postulate. To confirm the morphological identification, genomic DNA was extracted from four single-spore isolates (JK8, JK2.3, JK 4.2, and Alt4). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2) region of rDNA and the translation elongation factor (TEF1-α) gene were amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (White et. al 1990) and EF1-728F (Carbone and Kohn 1999) and EF2 (O'Donnell et al. 1998), respectively. One representative sequence for the ITS and one for the TEF1-α gene were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. MF564200 and MF564197), respectively. BLAST analysis showed 99% identity with A. alternata sequences published in GenBank at the ITS (AF347031) and TEF1-α (KC584634) regions. Based on the morphology and molecular studies, the causal agent of Alternaria black spot on the blue honeysuckle was identified as A. alternata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this pathogen on blue honeysuckle worldwide.References:Carbone, I., and Kohn, L. M. 1999. Mycologia 91:553. Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarO'Donnell, K., et al. 1998. PNAS 95:2044. Crossref, ISI, Google ScholarSimmons, E. G. 2007. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Google ScholarWhite, T. J., et al. 1990. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego. Crossref, Google ScholarDetailsFiguresLiterature CitedRelated Vol. 102, No. 4 April 2018SubscribeISSN:0191-2917e-ISSN:1943-7692 Metrics Article History Issue Date: 15 Mar 2018Published: 8 Feb 2018First Look: 20 Nov 2017Accepted: 15 Nov 2017 Pages: 820-820 Information© 2018 The American Phytopathological SocietyCited byFirst Report of Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria alternata on Lonicera caerulea in ChinaHaohao Yan, Yaozu Mi, Mingyu Sang, Hailian Zang, Jiatong Xu, Yi Sun, and Chunyan Li3 November 2022 | Plant Disease, Vol. 106, No. 12Alternaria alternata (alternaria leaf spot)CABI Compendium, Vol. CABI CompendiumPositive Selection in the Chloroplastic ATP-Synthase β-Subunit and Its Relation to Virulence Factors8 October 2020 | Journal of Molecular Evolution, Vol. 88, No. 8-9

Two Fusarium species were identified in mouldy maize ears with the highest frequency during 2005–2014 in 7 seasons: F. subglutinans (3.1–42.0%) and F. verticillioides (44.1– 70.3%). Two other species were also found but with lower frequency: F. graminearum (1.0–13.0%) and F. poae (1–45.7%). In 2005 fumonisin FB 1 , and in 2013 and 2014 three fumonisins (FBs) – FB 1 , FB 2 and FB 3 – were identified in harvest samples. The Fusarium -damaged kernel (FDK) fraction contained almost the totality of mycotoxins (90.0–95.0%), while healthy looking kernels (HLK) contained only below 5.0 to 10.0%. Kernels naturally infected by F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum contained (in mg kg −1 ) up to 710.00 of fumonisin B 1 , up to 209.72 of fumonisin B 2 and up to 35.72 of fumonisin B 3 .

Investigations were carried out in 2007–2009 on the plots of the Felin Experimental Station belonging to the University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Poland. The studies comprised two breeding lines of spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta L. Thell.) – STH 3 and STH 715. Two levels of chemical protection were applied in the cultivation with minimal and complex protection. Infection of winter spelt wheat roots and stem bases was recorded in each growing season at hard dough stage (87 in Zadok’s scale). After 3 years of the study, the mean values of disease indexes for the analyzed spelt wheat lines in the experimental treatment with minimal protection were 28.53 and 40.30 respectively for STH 3 and STH 715. In the experimental combination with complex protection, after 3 years of the study the mean values of disease indexes ranged from 25.96 (STH 3) to 26.90 (STH 715). The mycological analysis showed that Fusarium spp., especially F. culmorum, caused root rot and necrosis of stem bases of spelt wheat in the experimental combination with minimal and complex protection. Moreover, Fusarium avenaceum and Bipolaris sorokiniana caused root rot and necrosis of stem bases of spelt wheat. Investigation carried out in a growth chamber on susceptibility of seedlings of three lines of spelt wheat (LO 2/09/n/2, LO 5/09/13/3, LO 5/09/5/4) to infection with Fusarium graminearum No. 8 and F. graminearum No. 45 showed that the genotypes did not differ in their susceptibility. All of them were susceptible, as indicated by high values of the disease indexes. No interaction was found between genotypes and strains of the fungus. This indicates the differential pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum species.